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Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] is an essential subsistence cereal for food security in dryland farming systems of the semiarid tropics (e.g., in sub‐Saharan Africa) and has improved tolerance to drought, heat, and salinity stress compared to other domesticated cereals. Assessing the variation on phenology is critical toward devising effective adaptative management strategies for crop adaptation to current and future climate change. In this context, pearl millet presents a vast genetic diversity, exhibiting sensitivity to temperature and photoperiod. Hence, this study aims to describe the genotypic variability in the phenological responses of pearl millet to temperature and photoperiod, particularly affecting leaf number with implications on the overall total time to flowering. The dataset encompassed 21 publications from seven countries, with experiments conducted from 1965 to 2023, including three field studies from the United States. Broad variability has been reported for phyllochron values ranging from 45 to 111°Cd leaf−1, with a mean value of 67°Cd leaf−1. Thermal time to panicle initiation ranged from 340 to 594°C, but no response to photoperiod duration was found due to the nature of dataset. Maximum number of leaves per shoot ranged from 11 to 25, showing response (1.55–2.15 leaf h−1) to photoperiod due to variations in thermal time to flowering (from 875 to 1346°Cd). Thermal time to flowering increased ca. 323°Cd h−1 under day durations longer than 13.3 h, below which basic vegetative phase duration was close to 1033°Cd. Based on the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator simulations, different combinations of the above responses (in silico cultivars) generated a great range of times to flowering (44–120 days) for locations in Senegal, Brazil, India, and United States. The findings of this study can help breeders to explore the phenological genetic variability of pearl millet and provide inputs for crop growth models to evaluate future in silico scenarios. Core Ideas: Pearl millet is essential to food security in dryland systems and to mitigate climate change.Variation in crop phenology could assist in designing effective climate‐adaptative strategies.Pearl millet phenology's dataset includes historical data with 21 papers from seven countries.There was large genetic variability in total number of leaves (11‐25 leaves shoot−1), phyllochron values (45–111°Cd leaf−1), photoperiod sensitivity (1.55–2.15 leaves h−1) and thermal time to flowering (875–1346°Cd).In silico cultivars generated a great range of simulated flowering times (44–120 days) at varied locations in Senegal, Brazil, India, and United States. Plain Language Summary: Pearl millet is an important crop in dry regions like sub‐Saharan Africa and has traits that make it more resilient to harsh environmental conditions compared to other crops. Scientists wanted to understand how pearl millet's growth is affected by factors like temperature and daylight to help farmers better manage the crop in changing climates. The study found that pearl millet has a large genetic diversity, and its growth is influenced by temperature and daylight. Different varieties of pearl millet reacted differently to these factors, affecting when the plant would flower, how many leaves develop, and how fast these leaves appear. This research can help plant breeders to develop new varieties of pearl millet that are better suited to different environments and also to test crop models to develop scenarios for predicting pearl millet performance under future climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Tillering is generally considered counterproductive for grain yield in maize (Zea mays). However, recent research defies that idea and suggests that the effects of tillering on grain yield depend on the yield-environment. Aims: To synthesise the impact of tillering on maize grain yield across a wide range of environments. Methods: Literature regarding tillering in maize was assessed to create a multi-environment database of grain yield per unit area and per plant of side-by-side comparisons of grain yield of tillered versus de-tillered treatments. Regression analyses and mean comparisons were used to compare the performance of tillered and de-tillered crops. Key results: The maximum plant density in the database was 7 plants m−2. Tillered crops out-yielded de-tillered crops irrespective of the de-tillered grain yield (y -intercept = 841 kg ha−1, P < 0.01 and slope = 1, P = 0.91). For the lower tercile of yield-environments (i.e. lower than 5269 kg ha−1), the frequency of lower yields on tillered crops was higher (all database = 0.21, Pampas = 0.5) than in the mid or high terciles (all database < 0.13, Pampas < 0.18). Across environments, individual plant yield was higher for tillered crops (42 g plant−1 or 16% difference), but that difference decreased as the de-tillered individual plant yield decreased turning into zero below 136 g plant−1. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the data set, tillering was generally beneficial or indifferent for grain yield, but detrimental effects may be recorded in very low yield-environments. Implications: Tillering does not condition maize yield across most environments. Tillering (equivalent to branching in broad leaf species) is promoted by management practices adopted in marginal environments for maize production. Farmers generally consider tillering to be counterproductive for grain yield in maize (Zea mays), but we found that across a wide range of environments, tillering is generally positive or indifferent for grain yield determination. Therefore, farmers should not consider tillering as a conditioning trait when selecting maize hybrids for cultivating this crop in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The yield of maize (Zea mays L.) crops depends on their ability to intercept sunlight throughout the growing cycle, transform this energy into biomass and allocate it to the kernels. Abiotic stresses affect these eco‐physiological determinants, reducing crop grain yield below the potential of each environment. Here we analyse the impact of combined abiotic stresses, such as water restriction and nitrogen deficiency or water restriction and elevated temperatures. Crop yield depends on the product of kernel yield per plant and the number of plants per unit soil area, but increasing plant population density imposes a crowding stress that reduces yield per plant, even within the range that maximises crop yield per unit soil area. Therefore, we also analyse the impact of abiotic stresses under different plant densities. We show that the magnitude of the detrimental effects of two combined stresses on field‐grown plants can be lower, similar or higher than the sum of the individual stresses. These patterns depend on the timing and intensity of each one of the combined stresses and on the effects of one of the stresses on the status of the resource whose limitation causes the other. The analysis of the eco‐physiological determinants of crop yield is useful to guide and prioritise the rapidly progressing studies aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to combined stresses. Significance Statements: Drought, nitrogen deficiency, warming temperatures and neighbour crowding reduce the grain yield of plants. Here we analyse how these stresses impact on maize crops in the field when combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Un breve recorrido a lo largo de los cambios fundamentales referidos a la lectura y la percepción del tiempo y su impacto en los modelos de análisis utilizados en la historiografía del arte, permite dar cuenta de la importancia del anacronismo y el montaje no solo como otros modos de mirar la historia, sino como mecanismos discursivos en la producción artística visual. La apropiación, el vaciamiento, la fragmentación y la yuxtaposición se presentan como operaciones alegóricas asociadas que generan resignificaciones, valiosas alternativas de acercamiento al objeto de estudio y nuevas capas de sentido ante la lectura crítica de determinados acontecimientos históricos y sus correspondencias en el campo de las artes.

With the widespread use of imaging modalities performed for the staging of prostate cancer, the incidental detection of synchronous tumors is increasing in frequency. Robotic surgery represents a technical evolution in the treatment of solid tumors of the urinary tract, and it can be a valid option in the case of multi-organ involvement. We reported a case of synchronous prostate cancer and bifocal renal carcinoma in a 66-year-old male. We performed the first case of a combined upper- and lower-tract robotic surgery for a double-left-partial nephrectomy associated with radical prostatectomy by the transperitoneal approach. A comprehensive literature review in this field has also been carried out. Total operative time was 265 min. Renal hypotension time was 25 min. Blood loss was 250 mL. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course. No recurrence occurred after 12 months. In the literature, 10 cases of robotic, radical, or partial nephrectomy and simultaneous radical prostatectomy have been described. Robotic surgery provides less invasiveness than open surgery with comparable oncological efficacy, overcoming the limitations of the traditional laparoscopy. During robotic combined surgery for synchronous tumors, the planning of the trocars’ positioning is crucial to obtain good surgical results, reducing the abdominal trauma, the convalescence, and the length of hospitalization with a consequent cost reduction. Rare complications can be related to prolonged pneumoperitoneum. Simultaneous robotic prostatectomy and partial nephrectomy appears to be a safe and feasible surgical option in patients with synchronous prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma.

Salvatore Putignano, Pietro Gareri, Alberto Castagna, Giuliano Cerqua, Pasquale Cervera, Antonino Maria Cotroneo, Francesco Fiorillo, Roberto Grella, Roberto Lacava, Antonio Maddonni, Saverio Marino, Alice Pluderi, Daria Putignano, Filomena RoccaAssociazione Geriatri Extraospedalieri – Geriatria Italiana Territoriale, Tenore 17, Naples, ItalyAbstract: A significant percentage of elderly subjects (50%–80%) suffering from sub-acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease, with or without moderate or severe cognitive memory decline and with or without associated behavioral and psychological symptoms, shows a complex syndrome. This syndrome is related to the progressive impairment of health conditions and/or stressing events (ie, hospitalization), characterized by confusion and/or stupor, which are consequently difficult to manage and require a great deal of care. Geriatric patients often suffer from multiple chronic illnesses, may take numerous medications daily, exhibit clinical instability, and may experience worsening of medical conditions following cerebral ischemic events and thus have an increased risk of disability and mortality. There are several studies in literature which demonstrate the efficacy of citicoline, thanks to its neuroprotective function, for the recovery and in postischemic cerebral rehabilitation. It has been shown that, even soon after an ischemic stroke, administration of oral citicoline (500–4000 mg/day) improves the general conditions evaluated with the Rankin scale and the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale 12. In particular, it has been shown that the CDP-choline improves the cognitive and mental performance in Alzheimer's dementia and vascular dementia. We have evaluated the administration of citicoline in geriatric patients following a protocol of intravenous study on improvement of individual performances.Keywords: geriatric syndrome, citicoline, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, comorbiditiesCorrigendum for this paper has been published

Este trabajo aborda una aproximación al estudio sobre la sombra en las artes visuales como tema, motivo y discurso estético. Se intenta mostrar cómo, a lo largo de la historia, la sombra ha ganado autonomía a partir de la gradual valoración de sus cualidades narrativas. En este sentido, su vínculo con lo siniestro aparece con fuerza durante el Romanticismo, período durante el cual también surge lo sublime como categoría estética. La sombra en el arte abandona, de a poco, su rol complementario respecto a los efectos de la luz para adquirir una poderosa carga significativa propia. Su relación con el sujeto referente la muestra como el doble que nos presenta el otro lado del ser y, en otras ocasiones, como signo indicial de un cuerpo iluminado.

El objeto de esta línea de investigaciónª, es el de documentar micro procesos cotidianos que pueden favorecer la inclusión de los sujetos en las instituciones educativas. Se han indagado sistemas de aprendizaje que describen las relaciones entre dos entornos educativos cotidianos: familia y escuela en las continuidades-discontinuidades que presentan. Para este propósito se han ponderado los ejes temáticos referido a " deberes escolares" y actividades "tutoriales" por ser éstos espacios cotidianos de interacción entre alumnos, docentes y padres. Se ha ponderado el nivel de análisis psicológico en lo referido a procesos cognitivos involucrados en las actividades de aprendizaje en sus contextos. Dados los altos índices de "fracaso escolar" la investigación se ha centrado en el estudio de los primeros ciclos de educación básica y media.The purpose of this line of research in Educational Psychology is to identify the elements that favor school's inclusion. This study aims to examine activities and learning systems permitting to describe the relationships between two different quotidian educational environments: school and family. It undertakes the description and analysis of the continuity-discontinuity lines that exist between them. In order to do that, two different topics have been given a special significance: "homework" and existing "tutoring practices". Both of them are considered as daily interaction spaces between students, teachers and parents. Here, a special care is given to the psychological analysis referred to the cognitive processes involved in different learning activities in their contexts. The investigation is focused on the study of the firsts levels of elementary and high school education, given the high ratio of "school failure" found there.

En el presente texto se reflexiona acerca de la producción del artista argentino Ernesto Deira (1928-1986) a la luz de algunas características que hacen al arte contemporáneo. Tomando como disparador el políptico Nueve variaciones para un bastidor bien tensado (1965), se presentan algunos de sus elementos constitutivos –el cuerpo fragmentado, cosificado y desmaterializado; la indeterminación, la repetición, la seriación, el exceso y el desplazamiento–, como poderosos antecedentes de lo que ocurrirá con las producciones artísticas a partir de los ochenta. Más de treinta años después, buena parte de la obra contemporánea retoma con fuerza estos rasgos, renovando y multiplicando sentidos.

The use of narrow row spacing for the different landscape positions of a field could punish maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. Two experiments were conducted (2006/07 and 2007/08) at different landscape positions in the Inland Pampas of Argentina. Hybrid DK190MG was grown at the commonest plant density used at each landscape position (approximately 5.1 plants/m2 at the summit, 6.5 plants/m2 at shoulder-slope position, and 7.6 plants/m2 at foot-slope position) with three row spacings (0.38 m, 0.52 m, and 0.38 m in a 2×1 skip-row pattern). At the silking stage of maize crops, soil water content (0–200 cm depth) and maximum light capture differed (0.05

Previous studies documented the stability of maize (Zea mays L.) kernel oil concentration for a wide range of kernel weights promoted by contrasting post-flowering assimilate availabilities per kernel (i.e., source--sink ratios). These studies mainly modified the sink size with a low impact on the source size. In this study, we focused on kernel oil concentration response to source-sink ratio alterations promoted by different timings and intensities of shading during the effective grain-filling period. Two crosses with contrasting kernel oil concentration ('DK752' x DK752 and DK752 x '5MG') were tested. Kernel oil concentration was positively related to the embryo-kernel ratio (r = 0.96, P < 0.001) and embryo oil concentration (r = 0.94, P < 0.001) and crosses differed in both traits. Severe shading (85% reduction of incident solar radiation) at early stages of kernel growth reduced the final embryo-kernel ratio and the embryo oil concentration of both crosses. Contrarily, moderate shading (45% reduction of incident solar radiation) did not modify the kernel oil determinants. Kernel oil concentration and kernel weight declined when severe shading shortened the kernel growth period. Our results collectively sustain the hypothesis that maize kernel oil concentration is commonly sink-limited. We established that kernel oil concentration of both crosses was reduced when post-flowering plant growth rate per kernel was less than 50% of kernel growth rate. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2009.05.0238

Previous studies have documented pollen effect on maize (Zea mays L.) kernel oil concentration and the stability of this trait for a wide range of post-flowering source/sink ratios. Few efforts, however, have been devoted to establishing the functional relations among pollen source, source/ sink ratio, and kernel oil concentration. Kernels of a normal oil content hybrid (DK752) self-pollinated and those of the same hybrid but pollinated with a high oil pollinator genotype (5MG) were sampled during the grain-filling period to evaluate the effect of different post-flowering source/sink ratios on kernel and embryo growth dynamics and oil deposition in the embryos. Final weight of kernels and embryos were related to post-flowering source/sink ratio, but embryo oil concentration was not modified. Pollen source affected both embryo weight (~31 and 41 mg for DK752xDK752 and DK752x5MG, respectively) and embryo oil concentration (~330 and 380 g [kg.sup.-1] for DK752xDK752 and DK752x5MG, respectively). Final weight of kernels and embryos were closely related to variations in their growth rates ([R.sup.2] = 0.79-0.82). The robust relationship between embryo growth rate and kernel growth rate determined the steady embryo/kernel ratio (~12.6 and 16.1% for DK752xDK752 and DK752x5MG, respectively) and kernel oil concentration of each cross (~68 and 93 g [kg.sup.-1] for DK752xDK752 and DK752x5MG, respectively).