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Context: Rosai–Dorfman disease, also known as Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, is a benign proliferative disorder of histiocytes. It typically affects lymph nodes; however, extranodal disease is being increasingly reported. The latter entity poses exceptional diagnostic challenge clinico-radiologically by forming mass lesions. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the investigation of choice to avoid unnecessary surgery as the majority are self-limiting. Aims: The objective is to assess the utility of FNAC in the diagnosis of Rosai–Dorfman disease and to highlight the diagnostic difficulties. Material and Methods: The cytology features of 12 cases of Rosai–Dorfman disease were analyzed and correlated with histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Results: The present study included six nodal and six extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease. The cytology smears showed a variable number of large histiocytes exhibiting characteristic emperipolesis. Ten cases diagnosed as Rosai–Dorfman disease on cytology were confirmed on histopathology. The presence of granulomas, atypical histiocytes, insignificant emperipolesis, and eosinophil infiltration were the challenges we faced. Conclusions: FNAC, a simple and cost-effective method with its unique cytology features is the first line of investigation in the diagnosis of Rosai–Dorfman disease.

BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the tropical infectious diseases with 249 million cases occurring in 2022. The World Health Organization-South East Asia Region (WHO-SEARO) accounted for about two percent of the total malaria burden. Early diagnosis is the mainstay of effective management of any disease and its importance is well recognized in malaria. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study conducted from April 2023 to May 2024 on 100 febrile patients who were sent to Clinical Pathology department for screening of malarial parasites at Government General Hospital, Kakinada. The main objective of the study was to analyse the utility of Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (MRDT) in the diagnosis of malaria and to compare both MRDTs and peripheral blood smear microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria. RESULTS After taking a consent form, blood samples were collected and screened for malaria parasites microscopically and by using MRDTs. Data collection forms were filled with relevant information and obtained results for MRDTs and for peripheral blood smear were recorded. The collected data were statistically analyzed using MS Excel sheet. The age group range from 2yr to 83yr. In this study peripheral blood smear microscopy was considered as a gold standard method. The sensitivity and specificity of MRDT antigens were calculated and found to be 96.6% and 60% respectively. The negative predictive value was found to be 92.85% where positive predictive value was 73.3%. CONCLUSION MRDTs should be used along with microscopy to avert complications associated with delayed diagnosis and similar studies are required to identify high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by distinct molecular subtypes that influence treatment strategies and patient outcomes. This study explores the significance of immunohistochemical (IHC) profiling in breast carcinoma, focusing on key biomarkers: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/Neu). OBJECTIVE To find the correlation of ER, PR and Her2/neu IHC markers with clinical features, tumour size, lymph node involvement and histopathological grade. METHODS A three year prospective observational cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, in integration with Department of General Surgery and Radiotherapy at Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 55 cases of breast carcinoma were included in the study. The histopathological grading of the breast carcinoma was done according to the Nottingham modification of the Bloom Richardson grading system. All the cases underwent immunohistochemistry for ER, PR and Her2neu expression. Correlation of ER, PR and Her2neu with various prognostic factors was done. RESULTS The study included a total of 55 cases, out of which 22/55 (40%) were below 40yrs and 33/55 (60%) were above 40yrs. 60% of the tumors were in the size range of 2-5 cm (T2). 34.5% of the tumors belong to N2 category and 58.2% of the tumors were of high grade. 43.6% of the patients fall under Stage IIIA group. 78.2%) were of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of No Special Type (NST). About 51% of the patients were ER/PR negative. Half of the patients (51%) were Her2/neu negative (Grade I (0/1+)), 25.5% were Her2/neu positive (Grade III) and 23,6 % were unequivocal. CONCLUSION Our study contributes to the body of evidence regarding histological grading and receptor expression in breast cancer within Asian populations. The observed lower rates of ER and PR positivity, alongside the relatively high prevalence of Grade III tumors, highlight the need for ongoing research to understand the factors influencing these trends and to optimize treatment strategies tailored to specific patient demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]