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The majority (90%) of native terrestrial mammal species living in the Dominican Republic are bats, and two-thirds of these species are endemic to the Caribbean. However, recent molecular studies using DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene have suggested at least a 25% underestimation of biodiversity in bats throughout the world. A recent survey of bats in the Dominican Republic documented 15 of the 18 known species on the island of Hispaniola. Phylogenetic analysis of 132 individuals resulted in well-supported monophyletic species-level clades (maximal bootstrap values) with intraspecific variation ranging from 0% to 4.7% and interspecific variation ranging from 14.1% to 32.5%. A phylogeographic pattern separating the northern and southern Dominican Republic was recovered in 3 species of bats (Macrotus waterhousii, Pteronotus parnellii, and Pteronotus quadridens). The inclusion of broader geographic sampling across the Neotropics indicated that 3 widely distributed species (Eptesicus fuscus, Molossus molossus, and Monophyllus redmani) have high sequence divergence among insular or between insular and continental populations. Further systematic study is needed to identify morphologically cryptic species and their implications for conservation priorities in the Caribbean.

2. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bat Macrotus waterhousii French: Macrotus de Waterhouse / German: Waterhouse-GroRohrblattnase / Spanish: Macroto de Waterhouse Taxonomy. Macrotus waterhousii J. E. Gray, 1843, “Hayti [= Haiti].” Six subspecies are recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. M.w.waterhousiiJ.E.Gray,1843—SBahamas,CaicosIs,Hispaniola,andBeataI. M.w.bulleriH.Allen,1890—N&CMexico(SonoraandTamaulipastoJaliscoandHidalgo),includingMariasIsoffNayarit. M.w.compressusRehn,1904—NBahamas(GrandBahamaBankandWatlingIs). M.w.jamaicensisRehn,1904—Jamaica. M.w.mexicanusSaussure,1860—fromNWMexicoStoGuatemala. M. w. minor Gundlach, 1864 — Cuba, including Isla de la Juventud, and Grand Cayman I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 85-108 mm, tail 28-47 mm, ear 22-28 mm, hindfoot 11-16 mm, forearm 47-56 mm; weight 12-18 g. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bat has long dense fur; hairs measure 8-12 mm dorsally and 7-10 mm ventrally. Pelage varies from reddish or yellowish gray, especially in males, to grayish brown. Bases of hairs are white. Bahamian population has lighter pelage. Uropatagium is well developed, devoid of hair, and ends at the 9-14mm calcar. Snout is narrow but not elongated and has 4-6 mm noseleaf and cleft lower lip. Ears are notably long, joined at bases by membrane over forehead. Tragus is longer than noseleaf. Testes are 2-7 mm long. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 60, with 16 biarmed and 28 acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Ychromosome is minute acrocentric. Karyotypes reported in Mexico, Jamaica, and Hispaniola are identical. Habitat. Tropical dry forests in western Mexico and Bahamas and various ecosystems in Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. In Hispaniola, Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bats have been captured in pine forests up to 1300 m in Sierra del Baoruco and Rak Bwa forests. Food and Feeding. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bats mainly eat insects, especially Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Odonata in Cuba and Coleoptera and Diptera in Jamaica. Seeds have been found occasionally in feces. When feeding on insects, they often use night roosts or feeding perches where they discard wings and legs of large insects. Prey is probably gleaned from surfaces rather than captured in the air. Fat reserves are lower in dry seasons. Captive Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bats readily attack smaller species of bats and can become cannibalistic. Breeding. Breeding of Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bat seems to vary across its distribution. It is considered monoestrous. Throughout most of its distribution, parturition mainly occurs in April-May. Pregnant females can be found beginning in February, and lactation lasts until August. In Jamaica, pregnant females have been observed in October and lactation in December. On the mainland, male spermatogenic cycle is initiated in June, and sperm are available in August. Males are not reproductively active in their first autumn. Penis lacks bony baculum and specialized erectile accessory corpus cavernosus bodies. Mating system appears to be polygynous. Activity patterns. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bats is nocturnal, exiting roosts 26-68 minutes after sunset and returning 19-51 minutes before sunrise. It has two clearly defined feeding bouts. Flight is slow and highly maneuverable. It roosts mostly in cool caves or crevices, although it has been observed in anthropogenic structures but not in roofs where temperatures can be too high. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bat forages in understories, apparently moving no more than 5 km from roosts. Although colonies of up to 500 individuals have been reported, usually colonies do not exceed 50 individuals of both sexes. Occasionally, sexes are segregated in cave chambers, and maternity roosts are not uncommon during breeding season. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bat is widely distributed and common and occurs in protected areas. It is locally extinct in Puerto Rico, Grand Cayman, and the Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, Barbuda, and Saint Martin). Fossil records are known from Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Grand Caicos, Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, Anguilla, Barbuda, and the Bahamas in Great Abaco, Andros, the Exumas, and New Providence. Bibliography. Anderson (1969), Anderson & Nelson (1965), Buden (1975), Fleming et al. (2009), Genoways et al. (2005), Krutzsch et al. (1976), Morgan (2001), Rodriguez-Duréan & Christenson (2012), Silva-Taboada (1979), Simmons (2005), Solari (2018b), Speer et al. (2015), Timm & Genoways (2003)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 489, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

Despite a long history of scientific collection of bats, Hispaniola remains the least studied island of the Greater Antilles. Using standardized trapping methods during the wet and dry season at four major caves — Honda de Julian, La Chepa, Los Patos, and Pomier #4, we sampled a total of 1,472 individuals in four families, 11 genera and 12 species (of 18 recorded for the island). We report significantly fewer captures on the second night of sampling. We document seasonal variation in abundance of Macrotus waterhousii, Monophyllus redmani, and Artibeus jamaicensis, that results in 1–4 more species captured in the wet season. Additionally, singleton captures at all caves except for Honda de Julian produced wide confidence intervals in estimates of richness. Finally, we highlight the role of caves as major ecosystems for maintaining Hispaniolan mammal biodiversity. The high diversity recorded at La Chepa, together with possible declines at the historically very diverse Los Patos, highlight the conservation i...

Macrotus waterhousii is a phyllostomid bat whose diet is poorly known, particularly in semiarid and temperate central Mexico. In this work additional information is reported from food remains discarded by this bat, including taxonomic composition, frequencies and size range of consumed insects; the assessment of a prediction on prey hardness of food insects, at the ordinal level; relative energy reward of insect prey in the sample; a comparison of the composition of the food sample from the arid study locality against one from a subtropical-temperate site; and brief comments on the known ecological importance of particular prey in the arid site. A sample of insect food remains discarded by Macrotus waterhousii bulleri, was recovered from under a roost in semiarid northern Queretaro, Mexico. The taxonomic identity, estimated relative abundance, size, hardness, and ecological relations of prey species in the sample were studied and results were compared with reference to feeding ecology. A comparison of the data with available information on food taken by Macrotus waterhousii mexicanus in temperate-subtropical central Mexico was made. Information on the importance of the most relevant identified insects was extracted from literature and analyzed. In Queretaro, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera were frequent; moths dominated but, as a single species, the (winged) ant, Atta mexicana was most frequent. Nocturnal insects were frequent; diurnal ones may have been gleaned at night. A sample from Estado de Mexico featured Orthoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera. Wingspan range of frequent prey in Queretaro was 25-80 mm, but moths over 70 mm were over one fifth of the sample. Prey hardness estimation was similar to that for Macrotus californicus. Some insects identified are of ecologic and agricultural relevance. Insects known to be seasonally abundant in the environment were also abundant in the sample, presumably captured according to that availability. However this bat, aside from eating insects of moderate size in proportion to its jaw size, is also capable of capturing large moths and these may represent a significant energy intake. Most insects are nocturnal species. The taxonomic composition of the food samples from both areas suggests that M. waterhousii (sensu lato) may be mostly an opportunistic predator. Local insect fauna composition and dynamics may be hypothesized to influence food taken by M. waterhousii. Several insect species consumed by this bat in semiarid Queretaro have crucial roles in the ecology of arid land vegetation, as well as some economic importance for agriculture as pests.

Se estudiaron los patrones de emergencia y estados reproductivos de las poblaciones de murciélagos en cuatro cuevas de la República Dominicana. Se capturó un total de 12 especies: Mormoops blainvillei, Pteronotus parnellii, Pteronotus quadridens, Chilonatalus micropus, Natalus major, Artibeus jamaicensis, Brachyphylla pumila, Erophylla bombifrons, Macrotus waterhousii, Monophyllus redmani, Phyllonycteris poeyi y Eptesicus fuscus. Los murciélagos se capturaron de forma más o menos continua entre las 18:15 y 23:00h. De un total de 1,445 ejemplares a los cuales se les determinó el sexo, 969 fueron machos (67.1%). Los resultados obtenidos con respecto a la actividad reproductiva muestran cómo las especies presentes en las cuevas se encuentran en estados reproductivos diferentes, registrándose ejemplares preñadas o lactantes, pertenecientes a dos familias dominantes: Mormopidae y Phyllostomidae. Además, que se contrastaron reportes de Cuba y Puerto Rico donde se muestra que algunas especies podrían tener épocas reproductivas más largas que las reportadas actualmente.

In the auditory system, tuning to sound level appears in the form of non-monotonic response-level functions that depict the response of a neuron to changing sound levels. Neurons with non-monotonic response-level functions respond best to a particular sound pressure level (defined as "best level" or level evoking the maximum response). We performed a comparative study on the location and basic functional organization of the auditory cortex in the gleaning bat, Macrotus waterhousii, and the aerial-hawking bat, Molossus molossus. Here, we describe the response-level function of cortical units in these two species. In the auditory cortices of M. waterhousii and M. molossus, the characteristic frequency of the units increased from caudal to rostral. In M. waterhousii, there was an even distribution of characteristic frequencies while in M. molossus there was an overrepresentation of frequencies present within echolocation pulses. In both species, most of the units showed best levels in a narrow range, without an evident topography in the amplitopic organization, as described in other species. During flight, bats decrease the intensity of their emitted pulses when they approach a prey item or an obstacle resulting in maintenance of perceived echo intensity. Narrow level tuning likely contributes to the extraction of echo amplitudes facilitating echo-intensity compensation. For aerial-hawking bats, like M. molossus, receiving echoes within the optimal sensitivity range can help the bats to sustain consistent analysis of successive echoes without distortions of perception caused by changes in amplitude.

Se hace la descripción de la colección de murciélagos del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Santo Domingo. Se atiende a la composición de la colección y la distribución geográfica de sus especímenes; se hace una actualización taxonómica. Se examinaron 723 especímenes, pertenecientes a seis (6) familias, 17 géneros y 18 especies, estando representadas todas las especies reportadas para La Hispaniola. Todos los géneros son monoespecíficos, con excepción de Pteronotus Gray, 1838 con dos especies. Las fechas de colecta datan desde 1961 y se extienden hasta el 2008, correspondiendo la mayor parte de registros a la Región Suroeste de la República Dominicana. Las especies más abundantes en la colección resultaron ser generalistas en cuanto a selección de refugios, tales como los filostómidos Artibeus jamaicensis y Macrotus waterhousii y el molósido Molossus molossus. Cabe destacar la presencia de especies de cuevas calientes (Pteronotus parnellii, P. quadridens, y Phyllonycteris poeyi), así como especies raras: Chilonatalus micropus, Lasiurus minor y Natalus major.

Strong hurricanes can cause population reductions in West Indian birds and bats, but the genetic consequences of such reductions have not been documented. For three species of phyllostomid bats, we report on the genetic effects of three strong hurricanes that struck the northern West Indies in 2004. Hurricane Ivan devastated Grand Cayman and severely depressed populations of several bat species. Despite being smaller than pre-hurricane levels, the population of Artibeus jamaicensis (the only species we could resample) on Grand Cayman contained greater mitochondrial haplotype diversity but similar microsatellite allelic diversity compared to pre-Ivan levels. We suggest that hurricane-aided dispersal from Cayman Brac introduced two new haplotypes into the Grand Cayman population. In the Bahamas, two other phyllostomids (Erophylla sezekorni and Macrotus waterhousii) did not suffer population losses or changes in genetic diversity as a result of Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne. Our results suggest that strong hurricanes usually have greater demographic than genetic effects but that hurricane-aided dispersal can occasionally introduce new genotypes or haplotypes into island bat populations.

A new species of nematode, Torrestrongylus tetradorsalis n. sp., is described herein, based on specimens recovered from the small intestine of the leaf-nosed bat, Macrotus waterhousii, from the Biosphere Reserve “Sierra de Huautla” in the state of Morelos, Mexico. The new species is included in Torrestrongylus because it features a bursa of the type 3 – 2, a divided cephalic vesicle with an anterior half in the shape of an umbrella, and a posterior widened half. The new species can be distinguished from the only other congener T. torrei Pérez-Vigueras, 1935 by four key features: first, by the absence of cervical alae in both males and females; second, by the relatively longer second half of the cephalic cap; third, by the configuration of the dorsal ray, that does not have a medial terminal ray, and finally, by the structure of the spicules. This is the second species in the genus, previously known from bats of the families Phyllostomidae and Molossidae in Cuba, and now in Mexico.

The members of the Phyllostomidae, the New-World leaf-nosed family of bats, show a remarkable evolutionary diversification of dietary strategies including insectivory, as the ancestral trait, followed by appearance of carnivory and plant-based diets such as nectarivory and frugivory. Here we explore the microbiome composition of different feeding specialists: insectivore Macrotus waterhousii, sanguivore Desmodus rotundus, nectarivores Leptonycteris yerbabuenae and Glossophaga soricina, and frugivores Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus jamaicensis. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene from three intestinal regions of three individuals per species was amplified and community composition and structure was analyzed with α and β diversity metrics. Bats with plant-based diets had low diversity microbiomes, whereas the sanguivore D. rotundus and insectivore M. waterhousii had the most diverse microbiomes. There were no significant differences in microbiome composition between different intestine regions within each individual. Plant-based feeders showed less specificity in their microbiome compositions, whereas animal-based specialists, although more diverse overall, showed a more clustered arrangement of their intestinal bacterial components. The main characteristics defining microbiome composition in phyllostomids were species and feeding strategy. This study shows how differences in feeding strategies contributed to the development of different intestinal microbiomes in Phyllostomidae.

In this investigation, we use variation in wing morphology, echolocation behaviour, patterns of habitat use and molecular diet analysis to demonstrate that six species of sympatric insectivorous bats in Jamaica show significant differences that could explain resource partitioning among the species. High-intensity echolocating species that used shorter, broadband signals and had shorter, broader wings (Pteronotus macleayii, Pteronotus quadridens, Mormoops blainvillii) foraged most in edge habitats, but differed in timing of peak activity. P. macleayii and M. blainvillii differed in diet, but low sample size precluded diet analysis for P. quadridens. High-intensity echolocating species that used longer, more narrowband signals and had longer, narrower wings (Molossus molossus, Tadarida brasiliensis) foraged most in open areas and differed in diet from the other species. Two disparate species were most active in clutter (dense vegetation). Pteronotus parnellii used high-duty-cycle echolocation apparently specialized for detecting fluttering targets in clutter. Macrotus waterhousii used low-intensity, broadband echolocation calls and presumably uses prey-generated sounds when foraging. These two species also differed in diet. Our data show that differences in morphology and echolocation behaviour coincide with differences in habitat use and diet, resulting in minimal overlap in resource use among species.

An effective method yielding taxon-specific markers from the genome of a single individual would be valuable for many types of scientific investigations, including systematic, forensic, conservation, and evolutionary studies. We explored the use of cosmid libraries, with insert sizes averaging 35 kb, to streamline the process of locating sequences of DNA that can serve as taxonomic markers from the specific to the ordinal levels. By screening approximately 2.6% of the leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus waterhousii) genome, we identified several potential DNA fragments that appear to be synapomorphic for a variety of taxonomic levels. A more thorough analysis of the markers documented that 17 Macrotus-specific clones represent three distinct DNA generic markers, whereas 30 microchiropteran clones represent multiple copies of a single family of repetitive DNA. The Microchiroptera taxon markers hybridize with representatives of most of the Microchiroptera families; however, no hybridization was detected for members of the superfamily Rhinolophoidea. These results demonstrate that cosmid libraries can be a valuable source for isolating taxon-specific markers from mammals even when the insert size is as large as 35 kb.

Ensembles of species show distinct characteristics that may permit resource partitioning but few studies focus on more than one or two traits. Using seven sympatric Jamaican bats, I examined features which could allow for spatial, temporal, behavioural and dietary partitioning including wing morphology, echolocation characteristics, flight behaviour, habitat use, and diet. Using acoustic arrays I compared activity patterns at different sites to determine temporal and spatial partitioning and generated flight paths to determine flight speeds. From captured bats I measured wing morphology to examine morphological differences and did genetic analysis of guano to determine dietary partitioning. Morphology, call structure and flight speeds suggested division into cluttered, edge and open foraging habitats. Species sharing habitats partitioned them in time. I found little dietary overlap among species or between seasons. In summary, the ensemble exhibited partitioning in all five dimensions I examined, suggesting multi-dimensional features may aid in ensemble resource division.

Bats possess a genome approximately 50-87% the size of other eutherian mammals. We document that the events that have achieved or maintained a small genome size in the Mexican leaf-nosed bat Macrotus waterhousii have resulted in a lower copy number of interspersed and tandemly repetitive elements. These conclusions are based on examination of 1726 randomly chosen recombinant cosmids, with an average insert size of 35.7 kb and representing 2.6% of the haploid genome of M. waterhousii. Probes representative of microsatellites [(GT)n, (CT)n, (AT)n, (GC)n] and a tandem repeat (rDNA) were used to estimate frequency of repetitive elements in the M. waterhousii genome. Of the four dinucleotides, (GT)n was present in 33.5% of the clones, (CT)n was present in 31.0% of the clones, and (AT)n and (GC)n were not represented in any of the clones examined. The 28S rDNA and a repetitive element from M. californicus were found in three and four clones, respectively. The dinucleotides (GT)n and (CT)n occurred together in the same clone more frequently than expected from chance. Although our data do not allow us to empirically test which mechanisms are maintaining copy number of repetitive DNA in the bat genome, the nonrandom association of these different families of repetitive DNA may provide insight into a mechanism that proportionately reduces diverse families of repetitive DNA that are known to be amplified by very different mechanisms.

Population dynamics, roost selection and reproductive patterns of some cave bats from Western of Mexico. Almost half of bat species that occur in Mexico use caves as permanent or temporal roosts. However, the ecological studies about cave bat communities are scarce. In this work we studied the population dynamics, roost selection and reproductive patterns of some bats present in El Salitre Cave, Colima, Mexico. We carried out monthly samplings between August 2003-March 2005 using a harp trap for bats capture, we took their biological data and marked some of them with plastic rings. We also explored the cave to locate bat colonies and register microclimatic conditions in each cave section. We captured a total of 16 409 bats of which 31% were Mormoops megalophylla, 24.5% Pteronotus personatus, 23% P. davyi, 8.2% P. parnellii, 5.8% Natalus mexicanus and 5.3% Glossophaga soricina. Macrotus waterhousii, G. morenoi, Desmodus rotundus, Balantiopteryx plicata, and Glyphonycteris sylvestris represented only 2.2% of the captures. Some bat species used the cave as a permanent day roost while others as a seasonal one, and their population size varied markedly along the year and between rainy and dry seasons. Most bat population peaks were linked with their reproductive periods. The Pteronotus species and N. mexicanus exhibited sexual segregation during the breeding season. The mormoopids and N. mexicanus occupied deeper parts of the cave with temperatures >25.8°C and relative humidity >99%. The phyllostomids occupied intermediate sections where the ambient was less hot and humid, with temperatures of 23.2-28.3°C and humidity of 74-89.9%. Some individuals of B. plicata and G. sylvestris were seen occasionally occupying one chamber near the entrance two, where temperature and humidity were of 23.2°C and 84.2%, respectively. The mormoopids and N. mexicanus showed a pattern of seasonal monoestry, synchronized with rainy season. Glossophaga soricina had a pattern of bimodal seasonal poliestry, with one reproductive peak to early of dry season and another to last of this season. Macrotus waterhousii did not exhibit a seasonal pattern, with parturitions occurring throughout the year. Our results indicate a seasonal replacement between several species as well as seasonal movements to other caves. The data indicate that the carrying capacity of the cave is mainly determined by the availability of roosting sites. The selection of roosting sites is linked to the close relationship between microclimatic conditions and the species physiological characteristics. The reproduction of mormoopids and N. mexicanus was mostly influenced by rainfall which determinates food availability. Estudiamos la ecología poblacional y reproducción de algunas especies de murciélagos presentes en una cueva del oeste de México. Entre agosto 2003-marzo 2005 capturamos 16 409 individuos de los cuales 86.7% pertenecieron a miembros de la familia Mormoopidae, 7.4% a Phyllostomidae, 5.8% a N. mexicanus y 0.1% a B. plicata. Los números poblacionales de las especies varían notablemente a lo largo del año y entre temporadas. Segregación sexual durante la época reproductiva sucede en Pteronotus y N. mexicanus. Los mormópidos y N. mexicanus ocuparon las partes más profundas de la cueva donde imperan temperaturas >25.8°C y humedad >99%. Los filostómidos ocuparon las secciones intermedias con temperaturas de 23.2-28.3°C y humedad de 74-89.9%; B. plicata y G. sylvestris ocuparon una cámara con temperatura de 23.2°C y humedad del 84.2%. Los mormópidos y N. mexicanus exhibieron un patrón monoéstrico estacional, G. soricina presentó un patrón poliéstrico bimodal estacional y M. waterhousii exhibió un patrón reproductivo continuo. Nuestros resultados indican un reemplazamiento estacional entre varias especies, así como movimientos estacionales hacia otras cuevas. La selección de los sitios de percha esta ligada a las condiciones microclimáticas del refugio y la fisiología de las especies. La reproducción de las especies insectívoras esta influida por la precipitación que determina la disponibilidad del alimento.

We developed 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the buffy flower bat (Erophylla sezekorni) and 10 loci for Waterhouse's big-eared bat (Macrotus waterhousii). In E. sezekorni, we tested 65 individuals from three islands, Cuba, Exuma, and Abaco. Mean number of alleles per locus was 10.7 (range 5-20). In M. waterhousii, we tested 39 individuals from one island, Exuma. Mean number of alleles per locus was 6.9 (range 4-13). We will use these markers to study the phylogeography and mating system of these species.

The hypothesis that tandemly repeated DNA sequences may facilitate chromosomal rearrangements was tested by comparing a conservatively evolving karyotype of a bat species (Macrotus waterhousii) with data published for a rapidly evolving karyotype of an equid species (Equus zebra). Empirical data generated from the phylogenetic screening of rapidly evolving repetitive DNAs from approximately 0.1% of the M. waterhousii genome showed only one sequence that was repetitive in M. waterhousii but low in copy number or absent from the outgroup Artibeus jamaicensis. This compares to 34 such clones containing sequences which were repetitive in E. zebra but were low in copy number or absent from the outgroup Ceratotherium simum. The bat sequence represents a single family of repeated sequences, whereas six families of sequences were identified in E. zebra. Southern blot analysis suggested that the sequence from M. waterhousii is interspersed rather than tandemly repeated, as are the sequences in E. zebra. These data support the above hypothesis and suggest that species with conservatively evolving karyotypes have fewer numbers and families of rapidly evolving DNA sequences than do species such as the equids that possess a karyotype that is considered to have undergone rapid karyotypic evolution.

Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843:21. TYPE LOCALITY: Haiti. DISTRIBUTION: Sonora and Hidalgo (Mexico) to Guatemala; Bahama Isis; Jamaica; Cuba; Cayman Isis (NW of Jamaica); Hispaniola and Beata Isis. SYNONYMS: bocourtianus, bulleri, compressus, heberfolium, jamaicensis, mexicanus, minor. COMMENTS: Includes mexicanus; see Anderson and Nelson (1965:25). See Anderson (1969a, Mammalian Species, 1)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 178, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Anderson, S., and C. E. Nelson. 1965. A systematic revision of Macrotus (Chiroptera). American Museum Novitates, 2212: 1 - 39.","Anderson, S. 1969 a. Macrotus waterhousii. Mammalian Species, 1: 1 - 4."]}

The islands of the West Indies are home to 56 species of bats, half of which are endemic to the region. Recently, researchers have begun to characterize the echolocation calls of the bat fauna of the West Indies. However, the majority of species have not yet been characterized and no studies have been conducted on most West Indian islands, including the islands of the Bahamas. Exuma, a small island in the Bahamas, has six species of bats classified in four families (Molossidae, Natalidae, Phyllostomidae, and Vespertilionidae). We used an ultrasonic detector (Avisoft UltraSoundGate 116) to study the echolocation calls of these bats, focusing on three species whose calls have not been previously described, Erophylla sezekorni, Macrotus waterhousii, and Nyctiellus lepidus. Each of these species uses low-intensity, frequency modulated echolocation calls and exhibits intraspecific call variation both among individuals and within individual call sequences. Despite this variation, we were able to accurately classify each species using discriminant function analysis. Accuracy rates varied from 94% (M. waterhousii) to 100% (E. sezekorni, N. lepidus). We also provide a preliminary description of the echolocation calls of two additional Exuman bat species, Lasiurus borealis and Tadarida brasiliensis. The echolocation calls of L. borealis and T. brasiliensis appear similar to their mainland counterparts; however, more study is needed to characterize the calls of these two species on Exuma.

Geographic variation was assessed among West Indian populations of Macrotus waterhousii . Though statistically significant mensural differences were found among five previously named subspecies, only two names have been retained for all populations. The two subspecies are redefined on the basis of morphology, geography, and clinal trends ( M. w. minor on Cuba and the northern Bahamas; M. to. waterhousii on Jamaica, Hispaniola, and the southern Bahamas). Several new locality records are mentioned.

Subfamilial relationships within the New World leaf-nosed bats, family Phyllostomidae, and intergeneric relationships within the subfamily Phyllostominae are examined with the use of albumin immunology. Phylogenetic relationships indicated by the albumin data show a high level of congruence with those suggested by both anatomical and chromosomal studies. Immunological data indicate that the subfamily Phyllostominae is a paraphyletic unit containing lineages from which other phyllostomid subfamilies have been derived. The albumin data further suggest that diversification within the Phyllostomidae proceeded rather rapidly with three and possibly four extant lineages originating as part of the basal phyllostomid radiation. The phylogenetic associations of currently recognized subfamilies and genera revealed by the immunological data together with chromosomal and morphological data suggest the need for a taxonomic revision of the family Phyllostomidae.

Four ecologically distinctive Neotropical bat species of the family Phyllostomidae were collected and their retinae surveyed immunohistochemically for the presence of neurotransmitter candidates: glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P (SP), methionine enkephalin, serotonin (5-HT) and two enzymes, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH). In all four species immunoreactivity (IR) to GAD, TOH and SP was found. GAD-IR and SP-IR showed little interspecies variation whereas TOH-IR differed interspecifically in a pattern that matched the systematic relationships and the ecological characteristics of the bats. 5-HT-IR, which has not previously been reported from mammalian retinae, was found in fibers in the inner nuclear layer and in the outer and inner plexiform layers of Macrotus waterhousii, which is a relatively underived insectivorous phyllostomid bat, but was not found in the retinae from frugivorous or nectarivorous species.

Analysis of the chromosomes of Glossophaga soricina, Monophyllus redmani (Glossophaginae), Phyllonycteris aphylla, Erophylla sezekorni , and Brachyphylla nana (Brachyphyllinae) revealed that there are no detectable differences in the G- and C-band patterns of the karyotypes of these species. Data from these species are compatible with the hypothesis that the karyotype of Macrotus waterhousii is most like that primitive for the family Phyllostomatidae (Patton and Baker, 1979). The karyotype of these five genera can be derived from that of Macrotus waterhousii by five pericentric inversions, seven fusions, and one fission. If the primitive karyotype for the family Phyllostomatidae is similar to that of M. waterhousii , then these members of the Glossophaginae and the Brachyphyllinae have shared a common ancestor after evolving this highly derived karyotype. These data cast doubt on the validity of the subfamily Brachyphyllinae, which may be more properly classified as a subtaxon of the Glossophaginae. The magnitude of classical morphological variation and the magnitude of chromosomal variation do not appear to be correlated.

The phyllostomid bat, Macrotus waterhousii, undergoes delayed development. Implantation occurs early in the nine-month gestation, but the blastocyst remains relatively dormant until the sixth month when a chorioallantoic, hemodichorial placenta forms and a two and one-half to three-month growth pattern occurs leading to parturition. The barrier in the chorioallantoic placenta at first includes maternal capillary endothelium, but during the early part of the rapid growth phase the endothelium is replaced by blocks of syncytial trophoblast which penetrate the basal lamina. The basal lamina then apparently thickens and remains as the intrasyncytial lamina. Thus, the definitive barrier for maternal nutrients consists in order of passage of syncytial blocks, intrasyncytial lamina, syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, fetal basal lamina and capillary endothelium.

Females in various stages of reproduction were collected from southern Arizona. Pregnant animals were placed in a controlled environment and given an ample diet of mealworms and crickets. This new environment had no effect on the gestation period, and pregnancy proceeded normally for 7 months. Plasma thyroxine concentration and histological sections of the thyroid were studied from animals in various stages of pregnancy and during lactation. Plasma thyroxine (T4) was highest during the last trimester of pregnancy (5.4 μg/100 ml) and lactation (5.2 μg) and lowest during the first and second trimester (2.0 and 1.9 μg) of the 9-month gestation period. No correlation was found between thyroid follicle dimensions and the fluctuation in plasma thyroxine.

The karyotypes of two subspecies of bat, Macrotus waterhousii Gray (Phyllostomatidae), have been studied and compared. Specimens of M. water¬housii mexicanus from Morelos and Guerrero, Mexico, as well as specimens in one sample of M. waterhousii californicus from Sonora, had a karyotype with a diploid number of 46 including a telocentric Y-chromosome in the male complement. An¬other sample of M. waterhousii californicus from Sonora, as well as samples from Arizona and California, had a diploid number of 40. Of these samples, the Arizona specimens also revealed a telocentric Y-chromosome and in addition a secondary constriction on the supposed X-chromosome, whereas the California sample was characterized by a pronounced achromatic region near the centromere on one of the large pairs of telocentric chromosomes and the existance of a meta or submetacentric Y-chromosome in the male. This appears to be the first major karyo type variation of bats reported at the subspecific level.

Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843:21. TYPE LOCALITY: Haiti. DISTRIBUTION: Sonora to Hidalgo and Colima (Mexico) to Guatemala; Bahama Isis.; Jamaica; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Hispaniola; Beata Isl. COMMENT: Includes mexicanus; see Anderson and Nelson, 1965, Am. Mus. Novit., 2212:25. Reviewed by Anderson, 1969, Mamm. Species, 1: 1 -4. ISIS NUMBER: 5301405008007001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Chiroptera, pp. 111-215 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 159, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352990, {"references":["Anderson, S., and C. E. Nelson. 1965. A systematic revision of Macrotus (Chiroptera). American Museum Novitates, 2212: 1 - 39."]}

The reproductive biology of the bat Macrotus waterhousii was investigated anatomically and physiologically several times monthly throughout the year. The male spermatogenic cycle is initiated in June; sperm are available in August. Testicular hypertrophy is accompanied by increased levels of testicular ascorbic acid and circulating plasma testosterone. Sperm are present in the seminiferous tubules and later the epididymides from August to early December. Regression in testicular size begins in late September and testes are involuted by early December. Levels of testicular ascorbic acid and plasma testosterone decline at this time, although detectable amounts of both are present year-round. Mature sperm are absent from the male tract after late November or early December. The accessory sex gland complex and Cowper's glands undergo an annual cycle in synchrony with the testicular cycle. The accessory complex contains fructose, the concentration of which varies seasonally in direct proportion to glandular hypertrophy. Only trace levels of fructose are elaborated by Cowper's glands undergo an annual cycle in synchrony with the testicular cycle. The accessory complex contains fructose, the concentration of which varies seasonally in direct proportion to glandular hypertrophy. Only trace levels of fructose are elaborated by Cowper's glands. In contrast to vespertilionid bats, where the accessory glands remain enlarged and active when testes involute, those in Macrotus regress. The penis differs structurally from that of other temperate North American bats, primarily by lacking a bony baculum and specialized erectile accessory corpus cavernosus bodies. Males are not reproductively active in their first autumn.

Information on bats inhabiting the islands in the Gulf of California is scanty and includes reports by Reeder and Norris (1954), Banks (1964a, 1964b, 1964c), and Orr and Banks (1964). Distributional records for Baja California were given by Orr (1960), Jones et al. (1965), and Woloszyn and Woloszyn (1982). The present paper reports noteworthy distributional records and observations concerning habits and reproduction for five species of bats collected from five islands in the Gulf of California. These results were made possible by the efforts of biologists who participated in two trips to the islands. The first trip was in May 1975 and the second was part of the Expedition "Anepantla" in June and July of 1979. Bats were collected with mist nets in brushy areas, glens, and over dry stream beds. Additionally, skulls and postcranial skeletal material were obtained from caves. Specimens reported in this paper are deposited in the Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma. Leptonyeteris sanborni Hoffmeister.-Isla San Jose: two adult females were captured on 28 June 1979. Skulls of this species were collected along with those of Macrotus and Plecotus (see accounts below) from a cave on the island. Isla del Carmen: 27 individuals were netted during the first days of July 1979. Fifteen were females without embryos and 12 were males with abdominal testes. Mean (range) body weight of the 27 specimens was 19.8 (18.4-28.4 g). Many of the bats had cactus pollen on their faces. These localities represent the first records of Leptonycteris for islands in the Gulf of California. The records are not unexpected, however, because L. sanborni has been reported from peninsular Baja California (Baker and Cockrum, 1966; Woloszyn and Woloszyn, 1982) and is common on the west coast of Mexico (Sonora-Baker and Cockrum, 1966; Sinaloa-Jones et al., 1972). I follow Davis and Carter (1962) in using the name L. sanborni. The specific name verbabuenae was proposed by Martinez and Villa-R. (1940) and its taxonomic status has been discussed at length by Ramirez-P. and Alvarez (1972) and Watkins et al. (1972). Macrotus waterhousii californicus Baird.-Isla San Jose: one skeleton was obtained from a cave along with remains of Leptonycteris and Plecotus on 1 July 1979. Isla del Carmen: one male was captured on 4 July 1979. Isla San Esteban: one male was caught on 9 July 1979. Specimens collected from San Jose and San Esteban were adults with scrotal testes measuring (in mm) 1 by 1 and 3 by 2, respectively. During the evenings of capture, these bats were observed flying over beaches, eating pill bugs (Isopoda). Villa-R. (1967) reported Macrotus from Isla San Jose; the specimens reported herein for Isla del Carmen and Isla San Esteban are new records. Jones et al. (1965) reported this species as being one of the most common bats in southern Baja California. I follow Anderson and Nelson (1965) in arranging californicus as a subspecies of M. waterhousii; however, Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976) have presented evidence that M. californicus should be recognized as a distinct species. Pipistrellus hesperus australis Miller.-Isla Montserrate: one nonpregnant adult female was captured on 20 May 1975. Isla Santa Catalina: one adult male was netted 3 July 1979 with scrotal testes measuring (in mm) 3 by 1. Two specimens of this species were reported by Banks (1964a) for Isla Montserrate; Orr and Banks (1964) first recorded specimens from Isla Santa Catalina. Pipistrellus hesperus australis occurs in southern Baja California (Jones et al., 1965; Woloszyn and Woloszyn, 1982). Plecotus townsendii pallescens Miller.-Isla San Jose: ten skulls of juveniles were collected on 1 July 1979 from a cave along with remains of Leptonycteris and Macrotus. This material represents the first record of this species from the island. Orr and Banks (1964) reported a single specimen of Plecotus from Isla Santa Catalina. Antrozous pallidus minor Miller.-Isla Santa Catalina: two adult males and one nonpregnant adult female were captured 3 July 1979. The males had descended testes measuring (in mm) 4 by 2 and 5 by 3. These specimens represent the first records of Antrozous for an island in the Gulf of California. Martin Vol. 67, No. 1 212

Patton, 1. C., and R. 1. Baker (Department of Biological Sciences and The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409) 1978. Chromosomal homology and evolution of phyllostomatoid bats. Syst. Zool. 27:449-462.-Gand C-banding analyses were used to determine chromosome homology from representatives of bat families Mormoopidae, Noctilionidae and Phyllostomatidae, subfamily Phyllostomatinae. The karyotype of Macrotus waterhousii 2n = 46, F N = 60 is proposed as primitive for the Phyllostomatoidea. The major strategy involved in karyotypic evolution of taxa analyzed appears to have been reduction of the number of autosomal linkage groups by Robertsonian fusion from the 22 of Macrotus waterhousii to near 15 for the majority of taxa. Chromosome arms were found to be highly conserved. The X chromosomes of all taxa did not vary and were similar to the pattern thought to be characteristic of the primitive X of mammals. Two systematic groups appear recognizable within the Phyllostomatoidea above the family level (Phyllostomatidae in one group and the Noctilionidae and Mormoopidae in the other), whereas three systematic groups are discernible within the Phyllostomatinae. The three groups within the Phyllostomatinae include Macrotus waterhousii in the Macrotus-group, Tonatia minuta, Mimon crenulatum, Phyllostomus discolor and P. hastatus in the Tonatia-Mimon-Phyllostomus-group, and Micronycteris nicefori, M. brachyotis, and M, minuta in the Micronycteris-group. Tonatia bidens and Micronycteris megalotis were karyotypically so divergent that based solely on chromosomal data they could not be placed with any grouping. Examples are shown where extensive chromosomal evolution has been accompanied by little morphological evolution and where extensive morphological evolution has been accompanied by little chromosomal evolution. Such examples are the basis for questioning the hypothesis that chromosomal changes altering the position of regulator genes are a primary mechanism in the evolution of the large magnitude of morphological differentiation in the class Mammalia. [Phyllostomatoidea; Phyllostomatidae; Phyllostomatinae; Mormoopidae; Noctilionidae; G-bands; chromosome; phylogenetic relationships.] Evolutionary events and strategies inof the G-banding and C-banding patterns volving the karyotypes of vertebrates of bats of the genera Macrotus, Microhave been difficult to determine because nycteris, Tonatia, Mimon, Phyllostomus chromosome homology could only be in(subfamily Phyllostomatinae, family ferred. Data based on longitudinal differPhyllostomatidae), Pteronotus (family ential staining patterns for each chromoMormoopidae), and Noctilio (family Nocsome can be used as a test to reject or tilionidae). This particular combination accept proposed homologies, and thereof taxa offers the opportunity to examine by add to our understanding of mamma1)considerable chromosomal variation as lian evolutionary processes and phylogdiploid number varies from 16 to 46 and enies. G-banding and C-banding patterns fundamental number ranges from 20 to provide some of the same advantages to 68, which allows a determination of the cytogeneticists working with mammalian extent to which such chromosomal varichromosomes that the differentially ation has altered the G-banding patterns, banded chromosomes of Drosophila 2) representatives of phyllostomatids that have ~ r o v i d e d to evolutionists studying are believed most like the ancestral stock fruit flies. based on classical studies (see, Smith, This report is based on an examination 1976), and 3) representatives of all three families that are presently considered to Present address: Department of Zoology, Unihave been involved in early phyllostoversity of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602. matoid evolution (Smith, 1972, 1976). If

Greenbaum, I. F., and R. J. Baker (Department of Biological Sciences and The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409) 1976. Evolutionary relationships in Macrotus (Mammalia: Chiroptera): biochemical variation and karyology. Syst. Zool. 25:15-25. Genetic variation at 21 loci as determined by isozyme electrophoresis was examined from 218 specimens of Macrotus representing two species and including both mainland and island populations. Karyotypic and electrophoretic data suggest that specimens from the Antillean population (Macrotus waterhousii) are conspecific with populations of the southern mainland taxa. This high degree of similarity between Antillean and the southern mainland taxa and the tendency for the average heterozygosity of populations to be higher in peripheral populations than at the zone of contact between the two mainland species are best explained by the classical allopatric model of speciation and the data do not support the centrifugal model of speciation in this genus. A reduced degree of average heterozygosity per individual as is thought to be characteristic of island populations was not found for specimens of Macrotus from Jamaica. A decrease in variation is indicated, however, by a reduced number of loci that are polymorphic with most of the heterozygosity of the Jamaican population being in the esterase loci. The high degree of exomorphological similarity in Macrotus is not reflected in genic similarities. Macrotus display the lowest range of interspecific similarities reported for mammalian sibling species and are comparable in protein identities to sibling species of Drosophila. [Chiroptera; karyology; speciation; biogeography.] This study was designed to determine the genetic relationships of mainland and Antillean populations of the New World leaf-nosed bats of the genus Macrotus by electrophoretic and chromosomal analyses in order to support or refute possible mechanisms of speciation and elucidate the evolutionary relationships in the genus. Analysis of genetic structure and a knowledge of changing patterns of genotype frequencies are essential to understanding evolution and speciation in natural populations. Estimates of genic heterozygosity and genic similarity within and between closely related species have been obtained for a wide variety of organisms. Analyses of genetic structure of natural populations of closely related mammalian species though have been limited almost exclusively to rodents. Heterozygosity estimates have been obtained for four species of bats representing two families. Straney et al. (1975) reported low heterozygosity, 0.03, for one population of Macrotus californicus (a phyllostomatid bat) and the highest level of heterozygosity for a vertebrate species, 0.144, for three populations of Myotis velifer (a vespertilionid bat). As would be expected, these two species representing two different families had a similarity value (S, Rodgers', 1972) of zero. In another study (Straney et al., personal communication) two other vespertilionid bats, Pipistrellus hesperus and Myotis californicus were found to have heterozygosities of H = 0.026 and 0.126 respectively. Bats then exhibit an extreme range of average heterozygosity. Selander and Johnson (1973) reported that genic similarity (S) between various species generally ranged from 0.08 to 0.32 for congeneric species and from .23 to .89 for sibling species. However, values outside of these ranges are not uncommon (Nevo and Shaw, 1972 and Nevo et al., 1974). Heterozygosity estimates in a dozen various species (Lewontin, 1974, Table 22) ranged from .56 to .184 with a mean of .106. Selander and Johnson (1973) summarized estimates of genic heterozygosity in vertebrate popula

Davis, Brent L., and Robert J. Baker (Dept. Biology, and The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas) 1974. Morphometrics, Evolution, and Cytotaxonomy of Mainland Bats of the Genus Macrotus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae). Syst. Zool. 23:26-39.-Chromosomal data reveal the existence of two mainland species of Macrotus that are parapatric in distribution. Individuals can be identified to species by both chromosomal features and cranial morphology. A stepwise multiple discriminant analysis and canonical variate analysis show that the two species are morphometrically divergent. The distribution of these two taxa is proof that parapatry occurs in species with high vagility. If chromosomal data had not been available or if chromosomal divergence had not accompanied speciation in Macrotus, this unique pattern of distribution probably would not have been detected. Allopatric, stasipatric, and centrifugal speciation are considered in light of the presently available data for Macrotus. [Macrotus; morphometrics; cytotaxonomy.] Geographic variation in chromosome number is rather uncommon among bats of the family Phyllostomatidae. Of the 77 species of phyllostomatids thus far karyotyped (Baker, 1973), four species show geographic variation-Uroderma bilobatum (Baker et al., 1972), Macrotus waterhousii (Nelson-Rees, et al., 1968), and Micronycteris hirsuta and Vampyressa pusilla (Baker et al., 1973). Chromosomal variation in Macrotus, which previously was thought to have two chromosomal races, is of the Robertsonian type (the fundamental number remains constant but the diploid number varies). The cytotype with a diploid number (2N) of 46 and a fundamental number (FN) of 60 has been reported as having a geographic range from Alamos, Sonora, south through Morelos, and Guerrero (Nelson-Rees et al., 1968). The 2N = 40, FN = 60 cytotype had a known distribution from Carbo, Sonora, north to Arizona and California. Alamos (the most northern published record for the 2N = 46 cytotype) is 335 kilometers south of Carbo (the most southern reported locality of the 2N = 40 cytotype). Variation in diploid number, as understood at the outset of this study, was confined to the subspecies M. w. californicus (Anderson, 1968, 1969; Nelson-Rees, et al., 1968). The primary reason for studying the cytogenetics and morphometrics of Macrotus was to determine the mechanism of evolution and the degree of hybridization between the two cytotypes. Robertsonian variation is the most likely mechanism by which a chromosomal change of this nature could occur (Nelson-Rees et al., 1972). If centric fusions or fissions are the mechanism by which the cytotypes evolved, loss or gain of genetic material probably would have occurred in the heterochromatic region (Jackson, 1971) and a cross between the two cytotypes should be successful, at least on a chromosomal basis of homology. Because of the relative ease with which specimens of Macrotus can be obtained and because the species is chromosomally variable, detailed studies were initiated. Several possibilities are obvious from the outset. First, the two cytotypes could be freely interbreeding. If this were the case, the genetics of the system could be examined by using chromosome number, morphology, and meiotic studies. Second, the two could be sympatric and produce no hybrids. Third, the two could have allopatric distributions. Our studies have revealed a parapatric distribution (as discussed for mammals by Vaughan, 1967) with no phenetic inter

Fifty adult bats collected in Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, including long-nosed (Leptonycteris sanborni), leaf-nosed (Macrotus waterhousii), pallid ( Antrozous pallidus), big brown ( Eptesicus fuscus), western pipistrelle (Pipistrellus hesperus), and Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis), were analyzed for organochlorine residues. All contained DDE (range, 0.1-160 ppm; median, 4.3 ppm wet weight basis) and DDT (range, < 0.1-550 ppm; median, 0.2 ppm). DDD was found in 38 bats, dieldrin in 16, o,p'-DDT (at 33-200 ppm) in 3, toxaphene in 3, Aroclor 1254 in 1, and Aroclor 1260 in 1. Bats with the highest residue levels were collected in or near human dwellings. The 5 herbivorous longnosed bats averaged only 0.51 ppm DDT and metabolites, whereas the others, all insectivores, averaged 46 ppm. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 40(4):677-680 Bat populations in many parts of the United States and elsewhere are declining (Barbour and Davis 1969:11-12, Stebbings 1970, 1971, Mohr 1972, Reidinger 1972). Often it is suggested that these declines are related to pesticides, to which bat populations should be particularly vulnerable because many species are insectivorous and most have low reproductive potentials. Few studies, however, have been reported on bat-pesticide interrelations. Cockrum (1969) noted the decreasing population size of the Mexican free-tailed bat in Arizona and suggested that pesticides were involved. Luckens and Davis (1964, 1965) studied the acute oral toxicity of DDT, dieldrin, and endrin to the big brown bat. They found this species extremely sensitive to DDT. Jefferies (1972) found that some bats in Britain carried at least one-third the lethal level of DDT + DDE during most of the year and very close to the lethal level after hibernation. Dunsmore et al. (1974) measured residue levels in wild bentwinged bats (Miniopteris schreibeirsii) and some dosed with DDT. They concluded that, although the wild bats carried residues below levels suggested for direct effects, the bats could be in danger if they received increased exposure. To gain a preliminary understanding of the degree to which bats are exposed to pesticides in the southwestern United States, I measured organochlorine residue levels in 50 adult bats collected during 1969-70 in Arizona and neighboring Sonora, Mexico. These bats, representing six species with various foraging and movement habits, were collected opportunistically, without regard to season, habitat, or likelihood of recent pesticide exposure. These data are from a Ph.D. thesis on file at the University of Arizona, Tucson; the study was supported by an NDEA Title IV Fellowship. I am grateful to E. L. Cockrum, University of Arizona, who first suggested the study and who gave valued help throughout; to R. E. White and J. R. Bean, Denver Wildlife Research Center, who provided facilities, equipment, and training for residue analysis; and to A. H. Jones of the Center for careful review of the manuscript.

A collection of sub-Recent fossils from three caves in Puerto Rico includes specimens of one species of insectivore and 12 species of bats. An extinct bat of the genus Stenoderma is described as new. Macrotus waterhousii water-housii is added to the faunal list of Puerto Rico, and Tadarida brasiliensis is recorded for the first time as a sub-fossil from that island. The taxonomic status of Nesophontes edithae and Monophyllus plethodon frater is reviewed.