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Macropelopia notata (Meigen, 1818): Denizli (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2016).

Macropelopia adaucta Kieffer, 1916: Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Marmara Island (Özkan 2010b), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Thrace region (Özkan 2010a), Avşa (Türkeli) and Paşalimanı Islands (Özkan 2012a). = Macropelopia goetghebueri (Kieffer, 1918).

Macropelopia multifasciata sp. nov. Type material. Holotype male with pupal and larval exuviae, BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, S„o Francisco de Paula, FLONA S„o Francisco de Paula, Arroio dos Pinheiros Centenários, 29°25’13.4’’ S, 50°23’40.4’’ W, 878 m a.s.l., 02.ix.2015, leg. G.P.S. Dantas (INPA). Paratypes, 1 male with pupal and larval exuviae (INPA); 1 female with pupal and larval exuviae (INPA); all with the same data as holotype. Etymology. Derived from the Latin multi, meaning “many,” and fasciata, meaning “spot,” an allusion to the dark spots on the tibiae of the new species. Diagnostic characters. Male — Wing membrane pale brown, with dark-brown spots; tibiae banded; R 3 reaching costa; dorsal tubercle well-developed, inner verticals uniserial; fore tibia with a long and strong pre-apical comb-like bristles, similar to the comb of the hind tibia; gonostylus with an internal lobe, with tubercles bearing setae; tergite IX with 16–20 posterior setae. Female —Wing membrane pale brown, with dark-brown spots; AR 0.17; tibiae with several dark-brown bands. Pupa— Dorsocentrals (Dc 1 and Dc 2) sclerotized and granular in apical ½; supraalar (Sa) filamentous, slightly longer than Dc 2. Thoracic horn large, flattish, narrow basally and expanded apically, arising from a small tubercle, outer margin strongly convex, inner margin more-or-less straight, external membrane with few spines, horn sac with narrow internal supporting rods, filling the entire lumen, connected directly to the plastron plate; plastron plate flattened, expanded laterally, occupying the width of the horn apex. Larva — SSm, S5, S7 and S10 multi-branched; S8 and S9 slender and simple. Maxillary palp with ring organ distalmost. Mandible with ventrolateral seta 1 simple, 2 and 3 bifurcated. Dorsomentum with 4 teeth on each side. Pseudoradula weakly granulose apically; labial vesicles well developed and rounded. Ligula with five teeth, anterior row of teeth slightly concave, tips of the inner teeth distinctly curved outwardly. Paraligula bifid. Posterior parapod apex with about 12 simple claws, arising from a sclerotized concave plate. Description. Adult male (n= 2). Total length 4.00– 4.08 mm. Wing length 2.06 mm. Total length/wing length 1.98. Wing length/length of profemur 1.96. Coloration: Head, maxillary palp, and antenna brown. Thorax with general coloration brown, darker in vittae, postnotum and preepisternum. Wing membrane pale brown, with dark-brown spots and covered with microtrichia (Fig. 1C). Legs: all femurs brown, with a pre-apical dark-brown band; fore tibia pale, with two complete and six incomplete bands; mid tibia pale, with two complete and five incomplete bands; hind tibia pale, with two complete and four incomplete bands; ta 1 –ta 5 pale (Fig. 3). Abdomen brownish, tergites VI–VIII darker. Head (Fig. 2A). AR 1.51. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres; penultimate flagellomere 610 μm long. Apical flagellomere not offset, 76 μm long, 27 μm wide at base; with a subapical seta 60 μm long. Eyes with small fine setae, restricted to internal margins; dorsomedial extension well developed, 125–130 µm long, 85–93 µm wide, medially separated by 92–100 µm. Temporal setae 19–29, uniserial anteriorly and multiserial posteriorly. Clypeus 103–108 μm long, 90–100 μm wide, with 8–16 setae. Cibarial pump with anterior margin concave, 210–225 μm long and with orifice 126 from apex. Tentorium 214–226 μm long. Palpomere lengths (1–5 in μm): 43–49; 51–60; 106–110; 175–178; 203–257. Thorax (Fig. 2B). Scutal tubercle well developed, 55–60 µm wide at base, 85–90 µm long.Acrostichals about 60; dorsocentrals 29–30, bi- to multiserial anteriorly, uniserial posteriorly; prealars 21–25; supraalars 1. Antepronotum with 10–13 lateral setae, placed near the base of antepronotum. Scutellum with about 20 setae. Postnotum with 8–10 setae. Preepisternals 1–2; anepisternals 1–2. Wing (Fig. 2C). Width 0.63 mm. Membrane covered with macrotrichia; Costa 2.16 mm long, produced beyond apex of R 4+5 by 185 μm . R 2+3 distinct, R 2 present, R 3 reaching costa. MCu slightly proximal to the RM. Brachiolum with 8 setae. Squama with 32 setae. Anal lobe well developed. VR 0.95. WW 0.31. Legs (Figs. 3A–D). Foretibia 65 μm wide at apex, with one apical, pectinate spur, 61 μm long, bearing 17 lateral teeth; 6 strong preapical bristles similar to a comb (Fig. 3D), about 150 μm long. Mid tibia 63 μm wide at apex, with two apical pectinate spurs, 60 and 70 μm long, bearing 14 and 18 lateral teeth, respectively. Hind tibia 66 μm wide at apex, with two apical pectinate spurs, 65 and 85 μm long, bearing 14 lateral teeth in short spur; tibial comb with 7 bristles. Claws slender, distally pointed and spinulate on the basal 1/3. Pulvilli well developed. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 1. Hypopygium (Fig. 2D). Tergite IX with 16–20 posterior setae. Anal point rounded. Phallapodeme slender, 38– 44 μm long. Sternapodeme slender, without anterior process. Gonocoxite subcylindrical, 155–160 μm long, 75–87 μm wide, with a dorsal lobe-like setigerous swelling. Inferior volsella absent. Gonostylus broad basally, tapered and curved at apex, 102–105 μm long, with 6 setae on the inner margin, 4 of which are placed in a small median lobe; megaseta 8–9 μm long. HR 1.52; HV 3.92. Adult female (n= 1). Total length 2.61 mm. Wing length 1.94 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.34. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.14. Coloration. Head, maxillary palp, and antenna brown. Thorax with general coloration brown, darker in vitae and postnotum. Wing membrane pale brown, with dark-brown spots and covered with macrotrichia. Legs: femurs brown, with a pre-apical dark-brown band; fore tibia pale, with 7 dark-brown bands; mid and hind tibiae pale, with 6 dark-brown bands; ta 1 –ta 5 pale. Abdomen brownish. Head. AR 0.17. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres; apical flagellomere 88 µm long; 34 µm wide, with an apical seta 54 µm long; pedicel with 15 setae; scape with 5 setae. Eyes bare; dorsomedial extension 95 µm long, 103 µm wide, medially separated by 117 µm. Temporal setae about 30, multiserial. Clypeus 113 µm long, 101 µm wide, with 15 setae. Cibarial pump with anterior margin concave, 225 μm long, and with orifice 57 μm from apex. Tentorium 204 μm long. Palpomere lengths (1–5 in µm): 45; 64; 107; 166; 243. Thorax. Scutal tubercle well developed, 56 µm wide at base, 78 µm long; medial scar absent. Acrostichals uncountable; dorsocentrals 43, multiserial anteriorly, uniserial posteriorly; prealars 22; supraalars 1. Antepronotum with 6–8 lateral setae, tubercle absent. Scutellum covered with setae of varying sizes. Postnotum with 8 dorsal setae. Preepisternals 1; anepisternals 1. Wing. Width 0.68 mm. Membrane with covering of macrotrichia; Costa 1.96 mm long, produced beyond apex of R 4+5 by 141 μm. R 2+3 distinct, R 2 present, R 3 reaching costa. MCu slightly proximal to the RM. Brachiolum with 10 setae. Squama with 35 setae. Anal lobe weakly developed. VR 0.91. WW 0.35. Legs. Foretibia 60 μm wide at apex, with one apical, pectinate spur, 52 μm long, bearing 14 lateral teeth; comb not observed. Mid tibia 62 μm wide at apex, with two apical, pectinate spurs, 58 and 60 μm long, bearing 10 and 14 lateral teeth, respectively. Hind tibia 67 μm wide at apex, with two apical, pectinate spurs, 55 and 75 μm long, bearing several lateral teeth; tibial comb with 7 bristles. Claws slender, distally pointed and spinulate on the basal 1/3. Pulvilli well developed. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 2. Genitalia (Fig. 2E). Tergite IX without setae. Three balloon-shaped seminal capsules, with 70 µm long; spermathecal ducts annulate, separated for their entire lengths. Gonapophysis VIII covered with setae, not touching medially. Coxosternapodeme strongly curved, 95 μm long. Tergite X 150 μm wide, covered by microtrichia, with about 3 setae on each side; posterior margin biconcave. Notum 152 μm long, Ra (ramus) elongates, 75 µm long. Cercus 52 µm long. Pupa (n= 3). Total length 5.03 mm (abdomen and thorax). Coloration. Cephalothorax brownish, thorax and wing sheath uniform pale brown (Fig. 4C); thoracic horn and plastron plate brown (Fig. 4A). Abdomen brownish; anal lobe mostly pale, light brown at the base and outer margin, with a large central light-brown spot on each side (Fig. 4E). Cephalothorax. Thorax with anterior field of fine shagreen, dorsal surface striated. Precorneal setae (Pc) filamentous and distally pointed, 48 μm long, with a small accessory basal seta apically blunt, 20 μm long. Dorsocentrals (Dc 1 and Dc 2) sclerotized and granular in apical ½ (Fig. 4B), Dc 1 90–97 μm long, Dc 2 77–85 μm long. Supraalar (Sa) filamentous, slightly longer than Dc 2. Frontal apotome somewhat triangular. Wing sheath smooth, strongly expanded in the distal half, 1.35–1.41 mm long and maximum width 0.54–0.57 mm. Thoracic horn large, flattish, narrow basally and expanded apically, arising from a small tubercle, outer margin strongly convex, inner margin more-or-less straight (Fig. 4A), 471–487 μm long and maximum width 230–272 μm; external membrane with reticulate pattern and few spines, horn sac with narrow internal supporting rods, filling the entire lumen, connected directly to the plastron plate; plastron plate flattened, expanded laterally, occupying the horn apex, 56–60 μm long, 210–233 μm wide. Basal lobe and thoracic comb absent. Abdomen (Fig. 4E). Tergite I with a distinct and elongate scar, 130 μm long (Fig. 4D). Spines of abdominal shagreen solitary or in groups of 2–4, serially arranged. Tergites I–VIII with large field of shagreen composed of short spinules arranged in transverse rows (in the medial-posterior region of TVII–VIII the spinules are scattered); anal lobe with fine shagreen. Sternites VII–VIII with large field of shagreen composed of short spinules arranged in transverse rows. Tergite I with 2 L setae on each side; T II–VI with 1 L setae on each side; TVII with 5 relatively shorts LS setae, about 200 μm long, placed on the posterior 1/3 of the segment (Fig. 4E). T VIII with 5 lateral filaments, placed on the distal 2/3 of the segment.Abdominal setation: D 1 enlarged, arising from a chitinised tubercle on segments II–VII; D 2 and D 3 on segments III–V filamentous and elongate, arising from rounded, protruding tubercles; D 4 and D 5 smaller and filamentous. Anal lobe as in Figure 4E, 870 μm long, 608 μm wide at base, with 2 lateral macrosetae; outer border with a fringe of about 35 filaments along most of the edge but spinose distally (with about 18 spines); inner border spinose in the distal ½ (with about 20 spines). Genital sac small, wedge-shaped, 267 μm long, 233 μm wide at base. GS/AL 0.31. Larva (n= 3). Coloration. Head yellow; postoccipital margin dark brown; apex of mandible and of ligula dark. Abdomen strongly red (in live larvae); procercus half pale and half light brown; anal setae brown. All posterior parapod claws light brown. Head (Fig. 5A). Head capsule oval; cephalic index 1.03. Chaetotaxy as in Figure 5 B-C. Dorsally S7 aligned lateral to slightly antero-lateral to S8; S5 far anterodorsal, DP posterior, unaligned with S7, S8. Ventrally SSm lies medially to the rather closely approximated S9 and S10; VP distantly posterolateral. SSm, S5, S7 and S10 multi-branched; S8 and S9 slender and simple. Antenna (Fig. 6A). Length 182–187 μm, A 1 154–160 μm long, 28–30 μm wide, with ring organ placed 120 μm from base, A 2 19–20 μm long. AR 5.50. Blade 27–29 μm long, reaching the flagellum apex; accessory blade not reaching the apex of A 2. Maxilla (Fig. 6B). Basal palp segment 31 μm long and 14 μm wide, with ring organ distalmost, placed 15 μm from base. Length of A 1 /P 1 5.87, of A 2 /P 1 0.65. Mandible (Fig. 6C). Slender, moderately curved. Length 120–122 μm, with 3 lateral setae and 1 sensilla; ventrolateral seta 1 simple, 2 and 3 bifurcated. Molar projection apically pointed; inner margin of molar without tooth-like points; seta subdentalis 32 μm long. A 1 /Md 1.28–1.31. Mentum and M appendage (Figs. 6D–E). Dorsomentum with 4 large teeth and 1 minute tooth on each side, labial vesicles well developed, rounded. M appendage broadly sagittate, bluntly rounded apically; pseudoradula 67–80 μm long, weakly granulose apically. Hypopharyngeal complex (Fig. 6F). Ligula with five teeth, anterior row of teeth slightly concave; 70–86 μm long, 43–48, 36–39 and 46–55 μm wide at apex, middle and base respectively; tips of the inner teeth curved outwardly. Paraligula bifid, 42–48 μm long, inner tooth about 4× shorter than outer tooth. Pecten hypopharyngis with about 20 teeth. Body. With lateral fringe of swim-setae. Anterior parapods small, with simple claws. Posterior parapod apex with about 12 simple claws, some serrated on inner margins, most arising from a sclerotized concave plate (Fig. 5E). Subbasal seta of posterior parapod simple, 225–250 μm long. Procercus 200–210 μm long, 44–50 μm wide; with 14 anal setae, 595–632 μm long; with a smaller preapical seta, 67–70 μm long and a small basal multi-branched seta, 35–40 μm long (Fig. 5D). L/W 4.20–4.55. Supraanal setae 460 μm long. Anal tubules not observed. Distribution and bionomics. The species is known only from the type locality in southern Brazil. Larvae were collected associated with fine sediments of a first-order stream (Fig. 1). Taxonomic remarks. Since its erection and subsequent revisions, the Macropelopiini tribe has been defined by a combination of characters from all semaphoronts. The combination of characters of the species described here does not fit into any of the known genera of Macropelopiini. However, we consider that due to presence of a well-developed scutal tubercle in the male adult and the absence of an inner fringe on the anal lobe of the pupa, the new species belong to Macropelopia. Although the adult male of the genus Bilyjomyia has a scutal tubercle, it is greatly reduced. The male adults of the two known species of Macropelopia from the Neotropics, M. chilensis and M. patagonica, lack the typical comb formed by short, clear spines on the front tibia, which are present in most species of the genus (see Fig. 34, p. 109 in Fittkau 1962) as well as in Alotanypus (see Fig. 3, p. 57 in Siri et al. 2011) and Paggipelopia. However, Silva & Pinho (2018) have identified a series of thick setae located subapically on the front tibia of M. patagonica, which they consider homologous to the tibial comb on the forelegs formed by small spines in other Macropelopia species. A similar structure occurs on the front tibia of M. multifasciata sp. nov. (Fig. 3D), but we avoid considering it a true tibial comb or even homologous to the typical front tibial comb found in other members of Macropelopia, due to the great difference in shape, size, quantity, and position/distribution of these structures. The male adult of the new species can be distinguished from M. patagonica by having wing membrane with darkbrown spots, R 3 reaching costa and gonostylus with an internal lobe, with tubercles bearing setae. In addition, the color pattern of the legs of the new species appears to be unique among members of Macropelopia. Based mainly on pupal characteristics, M. (Macropelopia) has been divided into two species groups, notata and nebulosa. According to the pupa of the new species, it could be placed in the notata group by having a scar on tergite I, elongate D 2 and D 3 setae on segments II–V, and 5 LS on segment VIII. The pupae of the new species can be keyed out in Macropelopia in the key to identifying pupae of Tanypodinae provided by Fittkau & Murray (1986); however, the new species has some characteristics that conflict with the generic diagnosis. According to the concept of Macropelopia in Fittkau (1962) and Fittkau & Murray (1986), pupae have Dc 2 minute (0.1× as long as Dc 1), an oval, circular or triangular plastron and the scar in TI (when present) is roundish. However, pupae of M. multifasciata sp. nov. have Dc 2 similar to Dc 1 in size and shape, flattened plastron plate and TI with an elongated scar. In the keys of the Holarctic Chironomidae (Cranston & Epler 2013), the larva of M. multifasciata sp. nov. will key partially to Brundiniella by tooth-row of ligula moderately concave, but it is inconsistent with dorsomental plates produced into points, almost reaching to pseudoradula and one claw of posterior parapod basally widened found in Brundiniella. If the tooth-row of ligula is not considered, the larva of the new species keys to couplet 14 (Apsectrotanypus and Macropelopia) but does not fit either alternative. In the key to Neotropical Chironomidae larvae (Silva et al. 2018), M. multifasciata sp. nov. will key to the monotypic genus Paggipelopia Siri & Donato. However, ligula wide at base and with anterior row of teeth slightly concave; mandible with molar projection well developed, antennal blade not extending beyond apex of flagellum, accessory blade not reaching the apex of segment 2, and the distal position of the ring organ on the maxillary palp, distinguish the new species from P. spaccesii Siri & Donato. The incongruity observed in the larva of M. multifasciata sp. nov. with the diagnostic characteristics of the genus raises important questions. One possibility is that this discrepancy may result from a lack of information about the larvae of other species within the genus. Alternatively, the many differences found in the larva of the new species may reflect local adaptations, since the larval stage is particularly susceptible to environmental pressures and may involve complex interactions with the environment. In general, Macropelopia presents a considerable challenge to taxonomists, mainly due to inadequate descriptions and illustrations of many of its species, as well as limited knowledge of its distribution. These factors make it difficult to accurately identify new species within the genus. Furthermore, the inclusion of Neotropical species in Macropelopia adds more complexity to its classification, as they do not fit well with the current concept of the genus, which is based, Published as part of Dantas, Galileu P. S., Siri, Augusto & Hamada, Neusa, 2023, A new species of Macropelopia Thienemann, 1916 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Southern Brazil, pp. 551-562 in Zootaxa 5306 (5) on pages 552-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8073230, {"references":["Fittkau, E. J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). (Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini), Abhandlungen zurLarvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1 - 453.","Siri, A., Donato, M., Orpella, G. & Massaferro, J. (2011) Alotanypus vittigera (Edwards) comb. nov.: adult redescription, immature description and a phylogenetic analysis of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). Zootaxa, 2795 (1), 46 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2795.1.2","Fittkau, E. J. & Murray, D. A. (1986) The pupae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and Diagnoses In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. Part 2. Pupae. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 28, pp. 31 - 113.","Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. (2013) The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplements, 66, pp. 39 - 136."]}

Genus: Macropelopia Thienemann, 1916 Type-species: Isoplastus bimaculatus Kieffer, 1909 [= Tanypus nebulosus Meigen, 1804], by its original designation Emended diagnosis. The following additions to the generic diagnose provided by Fittkau & Murray (1986), Murray & Fittkau (1989) and Cranston & Epler (2013) are presented: Adult: at least one species with several anterior dark-brown spots on the tibiae. Pupa: at least one species with: Dc 2 sclerotized and granular in apical ½ (similar to Dc 1), plastron plate flattened and expanded laterally, and an elongated scar on the abdominal tergite I. Larva: at least one species with: S10 multi-branched, basal segment of palp with ring organ distalmost, accessory blade of antenna not reaching the apex of segment 2, mandible with ventrolateral setae 2 and 3 bifurcated, dorsomentum with 4 large teeth and 1 very small tooth on each side and ligula with an anterior row of teeth slightly concave., Published as part of Dantas, Galileu P. S., Siri, Augusto & Hamada, Neusa, 2023, A new species of Macropelopia Thienemann, 1916 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Southern Brazil, pp. 551-562 in Zootaxa 5306 (5) on page 552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8073230, {"references":["Fittkau, E. J. & Murray, D. A. (1986) The pupae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and Diagnoses In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. Part 2. Pupae. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 28, pp. 31 - 113.","Murray, D. A. & Fittkau, E. J. (1989) The adult males of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and Diagnoses In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult males. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 34, pp. 62 - 63.","Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. (2013) The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplements, 66, pp. 39 - 136."]}

Macropelopia (Macropelopia) pergrandis Tang et Niitsuma sp. nov. (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype: M (EJNU), CHINA: Yunnan Prov., Anning City, Shuishenqiao Scenic Area, alt. 1850 m, 26.v.2018. Paratypes: 1P, CHINA: Yunnan Prov., Dehong Pref., Lianghe City, Qimu Town, alt. 1300 m, 27.x.2016; 2 Pe, Yunnan Prov., Honghe Pref., Pingbian County, Daweishan NNR, alt. 2100 m, 5.vi.2017; 4P, 2 Pe, Yunnan Prov., Nujiang Pref., Fugong City, Pihe Town, Fugong Lake, alt. 4000 m, 15.x.2017; 2P, 3 Pe, Yunnan Prov., Dali City, pond in campus of Dali University, alt. 2150 m, 20.v.2018; 2M (teneral), 3P, 4 Pe, Yunnan Prov., Dali City, Yangbi County, Shimeiguan Scenic Area, alt. 1730 m, 21.v.2018; 2 Pe, Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Longyang Dist., Mangkuan Ethnic Town, Gaoligongshan NNR, Baihualing Station, alt. 1550 m, 22.v.2018; 2 Pe, Yunnan Prov., Diqing Pref., Xianggelila City, Zange Town, stream, alt. 3066 m, 19.vi.2018, X. Wen; 1P, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi Pref., Medog County, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, Zhamog-Medog Road, between mileposts 62K and 80K, alt. 2345 m, 5.viii.2015; 3 Pe, Sichuan Prov., Ya���an City, Bifengxia Scenic Area, alt. 1010 m, 21.vii.2018, W. Han & T. G. Gou. Etymology. From the Latin pergrandis, very large, referring to the very large plastron plate in the pupal thoracic horn. Description. Male (n = 3). Total length 4.8���7.0, 5.7 mm. Coloration. Head dark brown. Thorax mostly brown with dark anepisternum, preepisternum and postnotum; scutal vittae indistinct. Abdomen entirely pale brown. Wing (Figure1A) with darkened cross-veins, and light infuscate markings on membrane. Legs mostly brown, and somewhat darker on apices of tibiae. Head. Temporals 36���40, 38, multiserial. AR 1.6���1.8, 1.7. Clypeus with 18���20, 19 setae. Lengths (��m) of palpomeres1���5: 70���87, 77; 100���126, 109; 175���200, 190; 210���276, 249; 335���411, 382. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.2���1.4, 1.3; Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.5���1.6, 1.5. Thorax. Aps 18���24, 21, laterally; Ac 78���84 (2), biserial; Dc 42���45, 43, multiserial; H 16���35, 27; Su 2; Pa 48���55, 51, multiserial; As II 7���8, 7; Pes 10���16, 12; Scts 51���68, 60; Pns 11���14, 12, biserial. ScuT 15 (2) ��m high. Wing. Length 3.8���4.3 (2) mm. Squama with 61���64 (2) setae. VR 0.90���0.93 (2). Legs. Ti I spur 100���123, 111 ��m long with 19���20, 20 side teeth. Ti I comb consisting of 11���15, 13 small bristles. Ti II spurs 90���101, 97 and 60���74, 66 ��m long with 16���18, 17 and 13���14, 14 side teeth, respectively; inner spur 1.4���1.5, 1.5 times as long as outer spur. Ti III spurs 90���101, 94 and 60���74, 66 ��m long with 16���18, 17 and 12���14, 13 side teeth, respectively; inner spur 1.4���1.5, 1.4 times as long as outer spur. Ti III comb consisting of 11���12, 11 bristles. Lengths and proportions of leg segments as in Table 1. Hypopygium (Figure 1B). T IX with 20���22, 21 posterior setae. Gonocoxite somewhat cylindrical, 300���329, 316 ��m long, 2.3���2.7, 2.5 times as long as broad at middle, basally with setiferous swelling. Gonostylus 135���145, 140 ��m long, gently curved inwards, with narrowed apical half. HR 2.2���2.3, 2.3. Pupa (n = 10). Body length 8.5���10.1, 9.1 (9) mm. Coloration. Exuviae light brown. Abdomen (Figure 1C) with distinct pigmentation pattern; T II���VII brown except with large pale areas around basal tubercles of D 1 -setae; scar and apophyses dark brown. Cephalothorax. Thoracic horn (Figure 1D) flattened, 850���1075, 923 (9) ��m long, 2.1���2.4, 2.3 (8) times as long as its broadest width; plastron plate 1.2���1.7, 1.4 (8) times as long as broad, bean-shaped, with strongly concave basal margin; PpL/ThL 0.53���0.72, 0.64 (9); internal supporting rods extending through respiratory atrium, fused with plastron plate at several points. Abdomen. T I with elongated dark scar. Shagreen extensive on all tergites, mainly consisting of serial rows of 2���4 spinules, but posteriorly replaced by larger spines. Intersegments II/III���VIII/IX with shagreen consisting of blunted spinules. D 1 -seta (Figure 1E) stout, spiniform, arising from large tubercle on T II���VI, and from small tubercle on T VII; positioned 0.70���0.85, 0.77 (9) from anterior segment margin on T IV, 0.71���0.81, 0.75 (9) on T V, 0.60���0.77, 0.69 (9) on T VI, 0.57���0.67, 0.60 (9) on T VII. D 2, 3 -setae short and simple; D 3 -seta at most 1.5 times as long as D 1 -seta on T III���V. A VII (Figure 1F) with 6 LS-setae, VIII with 5 LS-setae; LS 1 -seta located 0.22���0.30, 0.26 (9) from anterior segment margin on A VII, 0.26���0.37, 0.32 (9) on A VIII. Anal lobe 1125���1300, 1217 (8) ��m long, 2.3���2.6, 2.5 (8) times as long as broad with lateral fringe of about 100 setae; anterior and posterior macrosetae located 0.04���0.08, 0.07 (9) and 0.10���0.14, 0.11 (9), respectively, from anterior lobe margin; male genital sac 0.33���0.37, 0.35 (4) times as long as lobe. Female and larva. Unknown. Remarks. The adult male and pupa were associated using pharate males collected from Dali City, Yunnan Prov., May 21, 2018 by the first author. These males have a relatively low antennal ratio (less than 2.0), a foretibial comb with many tiny bristles (more than 10), a pale brown abdomen, and a hypopygium with setiferous tergite IX and gonostyli gently curved inwards and narrowed in the apical half. The species belongs to the nebulosa group defined by the pupa with 6 LS-setae on segment VII. So far, the following five described species of this group has been known from the Holarctic region: M. (M.) nebulosa (Meigen), M. (M.) decedens (Walker), M. (M.) fehlmanni (Kieffer), M. (M.) paranebulosa Fittkau and M. (M.) rossaroi Lencioni et Marziali. The males, as well as the larvae, of these species are very similar to each other. Therefore, the pupal morphology is important to separate species and the ratio PpL/ThL has been regarded as a discriminator by the recent authors (Lencioni & Marziali 2005, Michalova et al. 2014). For the comparison, major pupal characters of these species are summarized in Table 2. The pupa is similar to that of M. (M.) paranebulosa in having a thoracic horn with a plastron plate strongly concaved along the basal margin, large basal tubercles of D 1 -seta on the abdominal tergite IV, and short and simple D 3 -setae. In the former, however, the plastron plate is bean-shaped, longer than wide and the PpL/ThL is 0.53���0.72, whereas in the latter, the plastron plate is kidney-shaped, wider than long, and the PpL/ThL is lower although it differs among authors perhaps because of the geographical variation: 0.21���0.29 and 0.14���0.22 in the Russian population according to Makarchenko & Petrova (1988) and Michailova et al. (2014), respectively, and 0.30���0.49 in the Japanese population according to Niitsuma et al. (2004). Further, the pupa has an elongated dark scar on the tergite I, which is unique within the species group. The male of M. (M.) decedens has wings bearing a dark marking only on the cross-vein r-m (Roback 1971), and those of M. (M.) fehlmanni and M. (M.) rossaroi possess gonostyli strongly tapered in distal half (see Fittkau 1962, fig. 23 for the former; Lencioni & Marziali 2005, fig. 1 for the latter). The male of the present new species most resembles those of M. (M.) nebulosa and M. (M.) paranebulosa in the wing markings and the gonostylus somewhat parallel-sided and broadened in basal half to two thirds with an attenuated tip, but may be separable by the lower antennal ratio of 1.6���1.8. The males of M. (M.) nebulosa and M. (M.) paranebulosa tend to possess a higher antennal ratio, 2 or more: 2.0��� 2.3 in M. (M.) nebulosa according to Fittkau (1962) and 2.2���2.6 in M. (M.) paranebulosa according to Niitsuma et al. (2004). Kownacki et al. (1976) reported the pupa of an unnamed species, presumed subspecies of M. nebulosa, from Afghanistan, and Hazra & Chaudhuri (2000) redescribed Macropelopia nebulosa from India based on the all life stages. However, these species differ from European M. (M.) nebulosa (Meigen) mainly in the pupal morphology: in the former two species, the thoracic horn has a plastron plate concaved along the basal margin, the basal tubercle of D 1 -seta is relatively large on the tergite IV, and the D 3 -seta is short and simple (Kownacki et al. 1976, figs 23, 24; Hazra & Chaudhuri 2000, fig 4A, D), whereas in the latter, the basal margin of plastron plate is more or less straight, the basal tubercle of D 1 -seta is smaller, and the D 3 -seta is long and hooked distally (Fittkau 1962, figs. 39, 52). These Afghan and Indian species are also similar to the present new species in the plastron plate of thoracic horn, which is bean-shaped, longer than wide. Additionally, in these pupae, the basal tubercle of D 1 -seta is large on the tergite IV, and the D 3 -seta is simple, neither hooked apically and nor exceptionally longer than the D 1 -seta. However, the current pupa of the new species is distinct from both the pupae in the strongly concaved basal margin of the plastron plate, the high PpL/ThL of 0.53���0.72, and the pigmented scar on the tergite I. According to Kownacki et al. (1976) and Hazra & Chaudhuri (2000), both the pupae have plastron plates slightly concaved along the basal margin, the tergite I has no scar, and the PpL/ThL is 0.44 in the Afghan pupa (Michailova et al. 2014) and 0.33���0.40 in the Indian pupa (Hazra & Chaudhuri 2000). The Afghan and Indian species may be conspecific because of the similarities of the pupal morphology although the male and larva of the former are unknown. The present new species has been collected from mountainous areas (1000���4000 m a.s.l.) in Oriental China (Yunnan, Sichuan and Hubei Provinces, and Tibet Autonomous Region). Although several larvae belonging to this genus could be also captured with many pupae of the present species in slowly flowing small streams and ponds, we could not associate the larvae with the pupae of the present species., Published as part of Tang, Hongqu & Niitsuma, Hiromi, 2020, Revision of the Chinese Macropelopia (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) with description of a new species, pp. 207-218 in Zootaxa 4834 (2) on pages 208-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4834.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4403007, {"references":["Lencioni, V. & Marziali, L. (2005) A new species of Macropelopia Thienemann (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Italian Alps. Italian Journal of Zoology, 72 (4), 317 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000509356692","Makarchenko, E. A. & Petrova, N. A. (1988) Chironomids of subfamily Tanypodinae from the Soviet Far East. I. Morphokaryological description of Macropelopia paranebulosa Fittkau. In: Levanidov, V. Ya. & Makarchenko, E. A. (Eds.), Fauna, Systematics and Biology of Freshwater Invertebrates. DVNC AN SSSR Press, Vladivostok, pp. 28 - 35. [in Russian]","Michailova, P., Kownacki, A., Woznicka, O., White, K., Dean, A. & Szarek-Gwiazda, E. (2014) Macropelopia nebulosa group (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae) - karyotype and morphology of larvae and pupae. Zootaxa, 3852 (1), 83 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3852.1.3","Niitsuma, H., Suzuki, M. & Kawabe, K. (2004) Redescriptions of Macropelopia kibunensis and Macropelopia paranebulosa (Diptera, Chironomidae), with biological notes. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 10, 43 - 56.","Roback, S. S. (1971) The adults of the subfamily Tanypodinae (= Pelopiinae) in North America (Diptera: Chironomidae). Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 17, 1 - 410.","Fittkau, E. J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini. Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1 - 453.","Kownacki, A., Wojtusiak, J. & Zurek, R. (1976) New and rare species of Rotatoria, Cladocera and Chironomidae (Diptera) for the aquatic fauna of Afghanistan. Acta Hydrobiologica, 18, 291 - 304.","Hazra, N. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (2000) Two species of Macropelopia Thienemann (Diptera: Chironomidae), first report from Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas of India. Aquatic Insects, 23 (4), 297 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.1076 / aqin. 23.4.297.4880"]}

Genus Macropelopia Thienemann Macropelopia Thienemann in Thienemann & Kieffer, 1916: 497; Fittkau 1962: 102; Roback 1971: 87, 1978: 159; Fittkau & Murray 1986: 50; Murray & Fittkau 1989: 61; Epler 2001: 4.53; Niitsuma et al., 2004: 44; Cranston & Epler 2013: 53; Silva & Pinho 2020: 575. Bethbilbeckia Fittkau et Murray, 1988: 253; Murray & Fittkau 1989: 46; Epler 2001: 4.29. Type species: Isoplastus bimaculatus Kieffer [= Tanypus nebulosus Meigen], by original designation. Remarks. Bethbilbeckia Fittkau et Murray was transferred as a subgenus to the genus Macropelopia by Cranston & Epler (2013) because of their resemblances in all life stages. It was supported by morphological and molecular analyses (Siri & Donato 2015, Silva & Ekrem 2016, Krosch et al. 2017), although Watson (2010: 339) stated that in spite of similarities to Macropelopia, B. floridensis lacks several characters considered diagnostic for that genus. More recently, in the description of the second species of the subgenus, Macropelopia (Bethbilbeckia) chilensis from the Neotropical region, Andersen (2018: 89) wrote, ���However, based on the material at hand the species shows a mixture of characters found either in the subgenus Bethbilbeckia or in Macropelopia (s. str.), indicating that the status of Bethbilbeckia as a separate subgenus should be reconsidered.��� Two species groups, the notata and the nebulosa groups, are currently recognized in Macropelopia s. str., generally based on the pupal morphology; abdominal segment VII with 5 LS-setae in the former, whereas 6 LS-setae in the latter (Fittkau 1962, Roback 1978, Fittkau & Murray 1986)., Published as part of Tang, Hongqu & Niitsuma, Hiromi, 2020, Revision of the Chinese Macropelopia (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) with description of a new species, pp. 207-218 in Zootaxa 4834 (2) on page 208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4834.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4403007, {"references":["Thienemann, A. & Kieffer, J. J. (1916) Schwedische Chironomiden. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 2 (Supplement), 483 - 554.","Fittkau, E. J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini. Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1 - 453.","Roback, S. S. (1971) The adults of the subfamily Tanypodinae (= Pelopiinae) in North America (Diptera: Chironomidae). Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 17, 1 - 410.","Roback, S. S. (1978) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States: III. Tanypodinae-Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini and Natarsiini. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 129, 151 - 202.","Fittkau, E. J. & Murray, D. A. (1986) 5. The pupae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region-Keys and diagnoses. Entomologica scandinavica, 28 (Supplement), 31 - 113.","Murray D. A. & Fittkau, E. J. (1989) 5. The adult males of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region-Keys and diagnoses. Entomologica scandinavica, 34 (Supplement), 37 - 123.","Epler J. H. (2001) Identification Manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, and St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, 526 pp.","Niitsuma, H., Suzuki, M. & Kawabe, K. (2004) Redescriptions of Macropelopia kibunensis and Macropelopia paranebulosa (Diptera, Chironomidae), with biological notes. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 10, 43 - 56.","Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. H. (2013) 5. The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic Region-Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. H. (Sci. Eds.), The larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic Region-Keys and diagnoses. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 66 (Supplement), 39 - 136.","Silva, F. L. & Pinho, L. C. (2020) Macropelopia (Macropelopia) patagonica, a new Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Patagonian Andes. Zootaxa, 473 (4), 574 - 580. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4731.4.10","Fittkau, E. J. & Murray, D. A. (1988) Bethbilbeckia floridensis: a new genus and species of Macropelopiini from the south eastern Nearctic (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana, 14 (Supplement), 253 - 259.","Siri, A. & Donato, M. (2015) Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Macropelopiini (Chironomidae: Tanypodinae): adjusting homoplasies. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174, 74 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12228","Silva, F. L. & Ekrem, T. (2016) Phylogenetic relationships of nonbiting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) inferred from morphology. Systematic Entomology, 41, 73 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12141","Krosch, M. N., Cranston, P. S., Bryant, L. M., Strutt, F. & McCluen, S. R. (2017) Towards a dated molecular phylogeny of the Tanypodinae (Chironomidae, Diptera). Invertebrate Systematics, 31, 302 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 16046","Watson, C. N. Jr. (2010) The Female of Bethbilbeckia floridensis Fittkau, 1988 with a review of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae). In: Ferrington, L. C. Jr. (Ed.), Proceedings of the XV International Symposium. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, pp. 334 - 341.","Andersen, T. (2018) Macropelopia (Bethbilbeckia) chilensis n. sp. (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Cajon del Maipo, Chile. Norwegian Journal of Entomology, 65, 85 - 90."]}

Macropelopia (Macropelopia) kibunensis (Tokunaga) (Figure 3) Anatopynia kibunensis Tokunaga, 1937a: 41; 1937b: 82. Macropelopia kibunensis: Fittkau 1962: 113; Niitsuma et al. 2004: 44. Macropelopia togawidea Sasa et Okazawa, 1992: 217. Macropelopia tomosecunda Sasa, 1993: 58. Macropelopia nipponotana Sasa et Suzuki, 1993: 119. Syn. nov. Macropelopia ogasasextdecima Sasa et Suzuki, 1997: 342. Macropelopia sukayusecunda Sasa et Suzuki, 1998: 31. Macropelopia rotunda Wang, Cheng et Wang, 2011: 4126. Syn. nov. Material examined. Holotype of Macropelopia rotunda: M (BNKU), labelled ���BDN No. 20789���, CHINA: Fujian Prov., Nanping City, Mt. Mangdang, 23.ix.2002, Z. Liu. Paratype of Macropelopia nipponotana: M (NSMT-I-Dip- 4905), labelled ��� paratype, 920927, 244.12���, JAPAN: Toyama Pref., Toyama City, Tomosaka, 27.ix.1992, M. Sasa. Non-types: 1M, CHINA: Guangdong Prov., Shantou City, Nan���ao County, Shen-Ao Reservoir, 22.iv.2016; 1M, Guangdong Prov., Guanghzou City, Conghua Dist., Lyutian Town, Dongkeng Reservoir, 29.iii.2016; 1 Pe, Fujian Prov., Wuyishan City, Mt. Wuyi NNR, Qili Village, 8.viii.2014; 1 Pe, Yunnan Prov., Honghe Pref., Pingbian County, Daweishan NNR, 22��54'36.41"N 103��41'59.86"E, alt. 2100m, 5.vi.2017; 1M, Yunnan Prov., Honghe Pref., Jinping County, Maandi Town, 22��46'04.37"N 103��31'10.29"E, alt. 1320m, 8.vi.2017. Remarks. In the original description of Macropelopia rotunda Wang, Cheng et Wang, 2011, the authors (op. cit.: 4129) wrote, ���Tergite IX developed, without setae.��� However, reexamination of the holotype disclosed that the male possesses a setiferous anal tergite. There is no significant difference between the male and that of M. (Macropelopia) kibunensis (Tokunaga, 1937a) belonging to the notata group (see Niitsuma et al. 2004: 44). The male of M. (Macropelopia) amplituberculata Hazra et Chaudhuri, 2000 is very similar to that of M. (Macropelopia) kibunensis in the following diagnostic characters (op. cit.: 298), ���the presence of distal end of Cu 1 with one infuscation, wing otherwise unmarked, 54 squamal setae, AR 1.54, postnotum with 8 setae, fore tibial comb of 5 setae, and gonostylus less broadened at base���. However, the pupa of M. amplituberculata is distinct from that of M. kibunensis in the somewhat triangular plastron plate of the thoracic horn and the simple D 2 - and D 3 -setae on abdominal tergites III���V (Hazra & Chaudhuri 2000: 298). In the pupa of M. kibunensis, the plastron plate is semicircular, and the D 2 - and D 3 -setae are long and taeniate, according to Niitsuma et al. (2004). Sasa (1993: 58) described Macropelopia tomosecunda based on one male specimen (collection No. A 244: 12) from Toyama Prefecture. In another paper published simultaneously in the same research report, Sasa & Suzuki (1993: 118) described another male based on a single specimen (collection No. A 226: 45) from Kagoshima Prefecture under the same species name. Unfortunately, the caption for the figure associated with the second description (Sasa & Suzuki 1993, fig. 9.11) gave a different species name, ��� Macropelopia nipponotana sp. nov. ���, and the corresponding specimen has been lost (T. Ide, NSMT, Japan, pers. comm.). Niitsuma et al. (2004) treated Macropelopia tomosecunda Sasa as a junior synonym of Macropelopia kibunensis (Tokunaga) based on the first of these two descriptions (Sasa 1993: 58). Recently, we reexamined the ��� holotype ��� (collection No. A 244: 12) of Macropelopia tomosecunda. Sasa (1993: 58) wrote ��� Holotype: No. A 244: 12��� and Sasa & Suzuki (1993: 118) wrote ���designated as the holotype (No. A 244: 12)���, and the morphological features of the specimen still preserved in the Sasa collection (NSMT), including the numerical data, are consistent with the description on p. 58, rather than with that on p. 118. Curiously, however, the slide (Figure 3) carries one label reading ��� paratype ��� and another label reading ��� Macropelopia nipponotana ���. Moreover, on the second label there also are remnants of an earlier entry, the name ��� tomosakasecuna ��� crossed out with the slide number ���244.12���. Therefore, it appears quite likely that some mislabeling has occurred, and that the intended holotype of M. tomosecunda has been lost. In any case, however, there is no significant difference among the features of the ��� paratype ��� (current No. A 244: 12), the description of M. nipponotana by Sasa & Suzuki (1993: 118, fig. 9.11) and the redescription of M. (Macropelopia) kibunensis by Niitsuma et al. (2004). Consequently, we treat M. nipponotana as another synonym of M. (Macropelopia) kibunensis. Previously, the species was recorded from Palaearctic, Oriental and Oceanian areas of Japan (Niitsuma et al. 2004). The records by the first author show the distribution of the species as extending to Oriental China., Published as part of Tang, Hongqu & Niitsuma, Hiromi, 2020, Revision of the Chinese Macropelopia (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) with description of a new species, pp. 207-218 in Zootaxa 4834 (2) on pages 212-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4834.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4403007, {"references":["Tokunaga, M. (1937 a) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera), IX. Tanypodinae and Diamesinae. Philippine Journal of Science, 62, 21 - 65.","Tokunaga, M. (1937 b) Family Chironomidae (1). Fauna Nipponica, 10, 1 - 110. [in Japanese]","Fittkau, E. J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini. Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1 - 453.","Niitsuma, H., Suzuki, M. & Kawabe, K. (2004) Redescriptions of Macropelopia kibunensis and Macropelopia paranebulosa (Diptera, Chironomidae), with biological notes. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 10, 43 - 56.","Sasa, M. & Okazawa, T. (1992) Studies on the chironomid midges (Yusurika) of Toga-Mura, Toyama. Part 3. The subfamilies Diamesinae and Tanypodinae. Research Report from Toyama Prefectural Environmental Pollution Research Center, 1992, 205 - 230.","Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1993) Studies on the chironomid midges (Yusurika) collected in Toyama and other areas of Japan, 1993. Part 9. Additional records of Chironomidae from Amami Island. Research Report from Toyama Prefectural Environmental Pollution Research Center, 1993, 110 - 124.","Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1997) Studies on the Chironomidae (Diptera) collected from the Ogasawara Islands, southern Japan. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 48, 315 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 48.315","Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1998) Studies on the chironomid midges collected in Hokkaido and northern Honshu. Tropical Medicine, 40, 9 - 43.","Wang, Q., Cheng, M. & Wang, X. H. (2011) Three new species of Macropelopia Thienemann from China (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (17), 4122 - 4130.","Roback, S. S. (1978) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States: III. Tanypodinae-Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini and Natarsiini. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 129, 151 - 202.","Lencioni, V. & Marziali, L. (2005) A new species of Macropelopia Thienemann (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Italian Alps. Italian Journal of Zoology, 72 (4), 317 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000509356692","Michailova, P., Kownacki, A., Woznicka, O., White, K., Dean, A. & Szarek-Gwiazda, E. (2014) Macropelopia nebulosa group (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae) - karyotype and morphology of larvae and pupae. Zootaxa, 3852 (1), 83 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3852.1.3","Hazra, N. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (2000) Two species of Macropelopia Thienemann (Diptera: Chironomidae), first report from Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas of India. Aquatic Insects, 23 (4), 297 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.1076 / aqin. 23.4.297.4880"]}

Macropelopia (Macropelopia) paranebulosa Fittkau (Figure 2) Anatopynia nebulosa [nec Meigen 1804: 23]: Tokunaga 1937a: 40, 1937b: 80, 1939: 299. Macropelopia paranebulosa Fittkau, 1962: 113; Makarchenko & Petrova 1988: 29; Niitsuma 2004 et al.: 50. Macropelopia oyaberobusta Sasa, Kawai et Ueno, 1988: 58. Macropelopia grandivolsella Wang, Cheng et Wang, 2011: 4125. Syn. nov. Material examined. Holotype of Macropelopia grandivolsella: M (BNKU), labelled ���BDN No. 11883���, CHINA: Hubei Prov., Hefeng County, Fenshuiling, 17.vii.1999, B.C. Ji. Paratype of Macropelopia grandivolsella: 1M (BNKU), labelled ���BDN No. 13779���, CHINA: Hubei Prov., Xianfen City, Gong River, 25.vii.1999, B.C. Ji. Nontype: 1 Pe, CHINA: Beijing City, Beijing Botanical Garden, Cherry Valley, 40��00'39.75"N 116��12'06.64"E, alt. 141 m, 22.ix.2011. Remarks. In the original description of Macropelopia grandivolsella Wang, Cheng et Wang, 2011, the authors (op. cit.: 4125, 4126) wrote, ���Wing with brown markings on basal of Cu1 and cell r4+5. Tergite IX developed, without setae. Inferior volsella conspicuous, large and strong.��� However, reexaminations of the holotype and paratype males revealed that the wing has more extensive markings on the cross-veins and membrane (Figure 2A), the abdominal tergite IX bears 30���32 posterior setae, and that in both the specimens, the hypopygium (Figure 2B) was crushed by the cover-glass and the base of the gonocoxite was produced inwards. The characters of this species, including the abdomen with strongly pigmented central and lateral markings on the tergites I���IV, and the yellow femora with a broadly brown caudal margin, are consistent with those of M. (Macropelopia) paranebulosa Fittkau redescribed by Niitsuma et al. (2004). The pupal exuviae collected from Beijing City in 2011 by the first author has the characters of M. (Macropelopia) paranebulosa as in Table 2. It strongly supports the wide distribution of this species in Palaearctic (Beijing) and Oriental China (Hubei) as well as Palaearctic Japan (Niitsuma et al. 2004) and Russia (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988)., Published as part of Tang, Hongqu & Niitsuma, Hiromi, 2020, Revision of the Chinese Macropelopia (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) with description of a new species, pp. 207-218 in Zootaxa 4834 (2) on page 212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4834.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4403007, {"references":["Meigen, J. W. (1804) Klassifikation und Beschreibung der europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten (Diptera Linn.). Karl Reichard, Braunschweig, xxviii + 152 pp.","Tokunaga, M. (1937 a) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera), IX. Tanypodinae and Diamesinae. Philippine Journal of Science, 62, 21 - 65.","Tokunaga, M. (1937 b) Family Chironomidae (1). Fauna Nipponica, 10, 1 - 110. [in Japanese]","Tokunaga, M. (1939) Chironomidae from Japan, XI. New or little-known midges, with special reference to the metamorphoses of torrential species. Philippine Journal of Science, 69, 297 - 345.","Fittkau, E. J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini. Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1 - 453.","Makarchenko, E. A. & Petrova, N. A. (1988) Chironomids of subfamily Tanypodinae from the Soviet Far East. I. Morphokaryological description of Macropelopia paranebulosa Fittkau. In: Levanidov, V. Ya. & Makarchenko, E. A. (Eds.), Fauna, Systematics and Biology of Freshwater Invertebrates. DVNC AN SSSR Press, Vladivostok, pp. 28 - 35. [in Russian]","Niitsuma, H., Suzuki, M. & Kawabe, K. (2004) Redescriptions of Macropelopia kibunensis and Macropelopia paranebulosa (Diptera, Chironomidae), with biological notes. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 10, 43 - 56.","Sasa, M. Kawai, K. & Ueno, Y. (1988) Studies on the chironomid midges of the Oyabe River, Toyama, Japan. Research Report from Toyama Prefectural Environmental Pollution Research Center, 1988, 26 - 85.","Wang, Q., Cheng, M. & Wang, X. H. (2011) Three new species of Macropelopia Thienemann from China (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (17), 4122 - 4130."]}

Macropelopia Thienemann (Fig. 25) Head capsule broad, yellowish to orange in life, subfossil heads rather reddish-brown. Occipital margin rather dark. Mandible slender, uniformly curved; mola with 1 distal and 1 or more marginal teeth, with small dorsolateral tooth (difficult to see from lateral view). Dorsomentum with 7���9 teeth. Ligula with 5 teeth, tooth row deeply concave, outer tooth 2x as long as the median one The middle part of each tooth is quite transparent (Fig. 25A). Paraligula is bifid. Pecten hypopharyngis with 15���25 subequal teeth. Remarks: Based on the shape of inner ligula teeth our subfossil Macropelopia remains belong to the nebulosa group. While points of inner teeth are rather straight in larvae of this group, they are distinctly curved outwards in notata -group (see Cranston & Epler 2013). As this diagnostic character seems to be reliable, the morphotype Macropelopia nebulosa - type is suggested. The related genus Apsectrotanypus differs from Macropelopia in having only 4 large and 1 smaller dorsomental teeth (note that younger larval instars of Macropelopia have reduced number of dorsomental teeth), and brown head with light fields around eye spots and median pale stripe on ventral side of the head capsule. In the Tatra Mts. lakes, M. nebulosa has been confirmed (Bitu����k et al. 2006a), however recently Michailova et al. (2014) reported the presence of M. rossaroi in two lakes on the Polish side of the Tatra Mts. Both species belong to the nebulosa -group. Macropelopia subfossils were recorded in ten alpine lakes, generally situated at altitude below 2000 m a.s.l., Published as part of Chamutiov��, T��mea, Hamerl��k, Ladislav & Bitu����k, Peter, 2020, Subfossil chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) of lakes in the Tatra Mountains an illustrated guide, pp. 216-264 in Zootaxa 4819 (2) on pages 226-227, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4396828, {"references":["Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. H. (2013) The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region-Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Saether, O. A., Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region. Keys and diagnoses. Larvae. Insects Systematics & Evolution, Supplements 66, pp. 39 - 136.","Bitusik, P., Svitok, M., Kolosta, P. & Hubkova, M. (2006 a) Classification of the Tatra Mountains lakes (Slovakia) using chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae). Biologia, 61 (18), 191 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11756 - 006 - 0131 - 8","Michailova, P., Kownacki, A., Woznicka, O., White, K., Dean, A. & Szarek-Gwiazda, E. (2014) Macropelopia nebulosa group (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae) - karyotype and morphology of larvae and pupae. Zootaxa, 3852, 83 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3852.1.3"]}

Macropelopia (Macropelopia) patagonica Silva & Pinho, sp. n. (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype male, slide-mounted: Argentina, Rio Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche, Gutierrez Lake, 41��9���59.07���S 71��24���54.46���W, 15.iii.2014, FL Silva, (MZSP). Paratype 1 male: same data as holotype, except: (INPA). Etymology. From the type locality, Patagonian Andes. Diagnosis. The male of M. (M.) patagonica sp. n. differs from those of other Macropelopia species in the combination of the following characters: temporals bi- to triserial; tibial comb of four long bristles present on foreleg; wing translucid, but darkened only around Cu, MCu, RM and bases of R 1, R 2+3 and R 4+5; hypopygium with gonostylus broad basally and constricted in apical 1/3; and gonocoxite lacking inferior volsella. Description. Adult male (n = 2). Size. Total length 4.0��� 4.3 mm. Wing length 2.4���2.6 mm. Total length / wing length 1.66���1.67. Wing length / length of profemur 2.57���2.59. Coloration. Head brown; thorax dark brown, except for pale anterior anepisternum II and halter; abdomen dark brown with narrow paler stripe between segments. Legs light brown with dark brown base of tibia and apices of femur and tibia. Wing translucid, darkened only around Cu, MCu, RM and bases of R 1, R 2+3 and R 4+5. Head (Fig. 1A). Antenna lost. Eye bridge nearly parallel-sided with 5���6 ommatidia width. Temporal setae 28��� 30, bi to triserial. Clypeus 103���108 ��m long, 108���113 ��m wide at broadest point, bearing 16���18 setae. Tentorium 162���179 ��m long, 34���49 ��m wide; stipes 157���162 ��m long. First to fifth palpomere lengths (��m): 49���54, 64���69, 118���132, 157���181, 245���265. Thorax (Fig. 1B). Scutal tubercle distinct. Antepronotum with 10���11 setae. Dorsocentrals 39���45, uni- to triserial; acrostichals 51���58; prealars 16���19; supraalar 1; preespisternals 3; anepisternals absent; postnotals 5���6. Scutellum with 32���36 setae multiserially. Wing (Fig. 1C). Width 0.72���0.79 mm, membrane completely covered with macrotrichia. VR 0.94���0.95. WW 0.30. Costal vein produced beyond R 4+5, its protrusion 118���128 ��m long. R 2 present; R 2+3 distinct, R 3 not reaching costa. MCu just beyond FCu. Anal lobe weakly developed. Brachiolum with 4���5 setae; Rs, M and Cu with setae. Squama with 24���26 setae. Legs (Figs 1 D���F). Fore leg: apex of tibia 59���64 ��m wide, with single spur 59 (1) ��m long, bearing 8���9 lateral teeth (Fig. 1D); comb with 5���6 strong bristles, longest 108���129 ��m long; ta 1���4 without preapical pseudospurs. Mid leg: apex of tibia 59���64 ��m wide, with two spurs 59���64 and 44���49 ��m long, each bearing 8���11 lateral teeth (Fig. 1E); ta 1���4 without preapical pseudospurs. Hind leg: apex of tibia 64���69 ��m wide, with two spurs 69���74 and 49���54 ��m long, each bearing 8���11 lateral teeth (Fig. 1F); comb with 5���12 strong bristles, longest 49���54 ��m long; ta 1���4 without preapical pseudospurs. Claws on all legs long, slender, distally pointed and spinulate in basal ⅓. Pulvilli very small. Lengths (��m) and proportions of legs as in Table 2. Hypopygium (Figs 1G). Tergite IX with 20���25 setae in double row. Membranous anal point broad and rounded. Phallapodeme short but distinct. Transverse sternapodeme 140���150 ��m long. Gonocoxite cylindrical, 197���204 ��m long, 82���85 ��m wide at middle; GcR 2.40���2.41. Inferior volsella absent. Gonostylus broad basally and constricted in apical 1/3, 117��� 120 ��m long; megaseta 10���13 ��m long. HR 1.68���1.70, HV 3.42���3.59. Adult female, pupa and larva. Unknown Remarks. The male of Macropelopia (Macropelopia) patagonica sp. n. possesses a tibial comb consisting of long bristles on the foreleg, which is unique among the species of this genus. Partial COI gene sequences were obtained from 18 specimens of 5 species belonging to the genus Macropelopia (Figure 2). The aligned sequences were partially (88.9 %) 658 base pairs long with 161 variable sites (24.5%), of which 86 (47.5%) were potentially parsimony informative. The specimens identified morphologically as Macropelopia were divided into at least five separate barcode species (Figure 2). However, we did not observe all the material in order to differentiate the species in these clusters into subgenera. Specimens of Macropelopia were collected in Argentina, France, Norway and United Kingdom (Table 1). The analysis of partial DNA barcode sequences supports Macropelopia (Macropelopia) patagonica sp. n. as valid species. Moreover, we found COI suitable for summarizing the sequence diversity and detecting taxonomically challenging species within the genus Macropelopia. Ecology. Adult males of Macropelopia (Macropelopia) patagonica sp. n. were collected at a high altitude in the margins of a glacial lake, located at Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, on the Patagonian Andes., Published as part of Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da & Pinho, Luiz Carlos, 2020, Macropelopia (Macropelopia) patagonica, a new Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Patagonian Andes, pp. 574-580 in Zootaxa 4731 (4) on pages 576-578, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4731.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3661890

Genus Macropelopia Thienemann Macropelopia Thienemann in Thienemann & Kieffer, 1916: 497; Fittkau 1962: 102; Roback 1971: 87 (in part); Murray & Fittkau 1989: 61; Niitsuma et al. 2004: 44; Cranston & Epler 2013: 53. Bethbilbeckia Fittkau & Murray, 1988: 253. Type species: Isoplastus bimaculatus Kieffer [= Tanypus nebulosus Meigen] by original designation. Emended diagnosis. Male adult. Foretibial comb consisting of small spines or long bristles (subgenus Macropelopia), or absent (subgenus Bethbilbeckia). Remarks. Generic diagnoses for the adult male of Macropelopia have been given by Fittkau (1962), Roback (1971), Murray & Fittkau (1989) and Niitsuma et al. (2004). However, these diagnoses should be emended to agree with the Patagonian species described here. Recently, Bethbilbeckia was treated as a subgenus of Macropelopia by Cranston & Epler (2013: 53, see commentary in Silva & Ekrem 2016). The male of Macropelopia s. str. is separable from that of the subgenus Bethbilbeckia by the multiserial temporal setae and the tibial comb on the foreleg. The male of the latter has no tibial comb on the foreleg and uniserial temporal setae (Murray & Fittkau 1989). According to Andersen (2018), however, Macropelopia (Bethbilbeckia) chilensis possesses bi- to multiserial temporal setae. Therefore, the foretibial comb may be the only remaining discriminator to separate the male of Macropelopia s. str. from that of Bethbilbeckia. The males collected from the Patagonian Andes will not key past couplet 13 in Murray & Fittkau (1989), because the foretibia is armed with an apical row of long bristles instead of small spines (Fittkau 1962: 108, Roback 1971: 89). However, the hypopygial gonostylus resembles those of the many species of Macropelopia s. str. rather than Bethbilbeckia in the broad base and the constricted apical one third (Fittkau & Murray 1989). In the key to Afrotropical chironomid genera by Ekrem et al. (2017), M. (Macropelopia) patagonica sp. n. keys to Macropelopia (couplet 23) if tibial comb is present on fore leg. Therefore, it is considered that the species belongs to Macropelopia s. str. and the apical row of long bristles on the foretibia may be homologous with the foretibial comb consisting of small spines., Published as part of Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da & Pinho, Luiz Carlos, 2020, Macropelopia (Macropelopia) patagonica, a new Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Patagonian Andes, pp. 574-580 in Zootaxa 4731 (4) on page 575, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4731.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3661890, {"references":["Thienemann, A. & Kieffer, J. J. (1916) Schwedische Chironomiden. Archiv fu ¨ r Hydrobiologie, Supplement-Band, 2, Lieferung 3, 483 - 553, pls. XVII-XVIII.","Fittkau, E. J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae): Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini. Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1 - 453.","Roback, S. S. (1971) The adults of the subfamily Tanypodinae (= Pelopiinae) in North America (Diptera: Chironomidae). Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 17, 1 - 410.","Murray, D. A. & Fittkau, E. J. (1989) 5. The adult males of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region- Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region-Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult males. Entomologica scandinavica, 34 (Supplement), pp. 353 - 502.","Niitsuma, H., Suzuki, M. & Kawabe, K. (2004) Redescriptions of Macropelopia kibunensis and Macropelopia paranebulosa (Diptera, Chironomidae), with biological notes. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 10, 43 - 56.","Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. H. (2013) 5. The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic Region-Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. & Epler, J. H. (Sci. Eds.), The larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic Region-Keys and Diagnoses. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 66 (Supplement), pp. 39 - 136.","Silva, F. L. & Ekrem, T. (2016) Phylogenetic relationships of nonbiting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) inferred from morphology. Systematic Entomology, 41, 73 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12141","Andersen, T. (2018) Macropelopia (Bethbilbeckia) chilensis n. sp. (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Cajon del Maipo, Chile. Norwegian Journal of Entomology, 65, 85 - 90","Ekrem, T., Ashe, P., Andersen, T. & Stur, E. (2017) Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Kirk-Springgs, A. H. & Sinclair, B. J. (Eds.), Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol. 2. Nematocerous Diptera and lower Brachycera. Suricata 5. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 813 - 863."]}

One new species of Macropelopia Thienemann (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), M. (Macropelopia) patagonica sp. n. is described and figured as adult male. The specimens were collected from the Patagonian Andes, at San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina. In addition, the generic diagnosis of Macropelopia is emended for the adult male.

This study was conducted from July to December 2019 which was aimed to determine the composition of macrozoobenthic community and to assess the water quality of the Batang Kandis river based on the BMWP ASPT index. A survey method was used in this study. The study site was determined by purposive sampling based on environmental condition which was divided into four stations. Macrozoobenthos samples were taken using a surber net (30 x 30 cm2). The physical and chemical factors of water condition were measured during sampling time. The results showed that 23 genera of macrozoobenthic communities were found in the Batang Kandis river which were consisted of two classes i.e., Hirudinea (1 order, 1 family, 1 genus) and Insect (7 orders, 14 families, 22 genera). These macrozoobenthic communities had an average density ranges from 220.00 - 706.67 ind. m-2 with the highest density was found at Station II and the lowest one at Station IV. Variation in the predominant genus was found at every station: Orthocladius and Elophila (station I); Polypedilum, Orthocladius, Elophila, and Hydropsyche (station II); Polypedylum, Macropelopia, and Caenis (station III); and Polypedylum, Orthocladius, and Caenis (station IV). The water quality of Batang Kandis river was classified into not polluted (station I, II and III) to slightly polluted (station IV) based on the BMWP-ASPT indexes.

Mitochondrial DNA sequences from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were used to provide a phylogeny of the Chironomidae (Diptera) from Turkey. Data were obtained from 70 species of Chironomidae belonging to the genera Ablabesmyia, Chironomus, Cladotanytarsus, Conchapelopia, Cricotopus, Cryptochironomus, Dicrotendipes, Endochironomus, Eukiefferiella, Kiefferulus, Macropelopia, Micropsectra, Microtendipes, Paracladopelma, Paracricotopus, Paratanytarsus, Paratendipes, Paratrichocladius, Polypedilum, Psectrocladius, Psectrotanypus, Rheocricotopus, Tanytarsus, Thienemannimyia, Virgatanytarsus and Zavrelimyia. Neighbour-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were used to identify the relationships among species. We confirmed monophyly of all sampled subfamilies and also tribes Chironomini, Tanytarsini, Macropelopiini and Pentaneurini, with the exception of subfamily Tanypodinae in ML analysis. However, in Chironomini, genus Chironomus, Cryptochironomus, Endochironomus and Paratendipes were monophyletic, while Polypedilum was not. Likewise, in Tanytarsini, genus Paratanytarsus and Cladotanytarsus were monophyletic, while Tanytarsus and Micropsectra were not. Also, in Macropelopiini and Pentaneurini, genus Macropelopia and Zavrelimyia were monophyletic. However, Ablabesmyia, genus of Pentaneurini, formed monophyletic group only in NJ analysis. In this study, we determined an unexpected inclusion of a Tanytarsus brundini individual into Micropsectra group. According to our pairwise distance analyses, the mean interspesific divergence was 19.4% for all species studied. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Macropelopia rossaroi sp. n. is described on the basis of adult males collected in two high‐altitude glacial ponds (2455 m a.s.l.) in the Italian Alps (Trentino). In the same area, also adults and pupal exuviae of M. nebulosa were found, even as associated material. Adults of the two species clearly differ in the morphology of their antenna, hypopygium and legs. The same glacial ponds also hosted pupae of M. spec. Norwegen (nebulosa group), known before only as pupal exuvia collected by Brundin in a subarctic lake (northern Norway). Pupae of M. spec. Norwegen and M. nebulosa clearly differ in their thoracic horn structure. The finding of adult males of M. rossaroi and pupal exuviae of M. spec. Norwegen in the same sites, in addition to male pharate adults of M. nebulosa, led to the hypothesis that the new species could be associated with M. spec. Norwegen.

Macropelopia paranebulosa Fittkau 1962 Larvae 14���14.5 mm long; cephalic index 0.72���0.76, no more features which would permit differentiation of these larvae from Macropelopia nebulosa (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988). Pupae 6.8 mm (male), 9.2 mm (female) long, yellow brown, with abdominal pigmentation patterns similar to M. nebulosa. Dorsal edge of thorax wrinkled. Thoracic horn (Figure 15 A), 592��� 882 ��m long, covered with small scales, plastron plate kidney-shape, 2.5 x wide a s long, index of plastron plate 0.14���0.22. On the tergites of II���VI setae D 1 arise from a large tubercle, on tergite VII the tubercles are small or reduced, setae D 3 straight. Segment VII with 6 taeniate L setae, VIII with 5. Anal lobe with fringe setae (84���88) (Figure 15 B). Description. Tokunaga (1939) (as M. nebulosa), Fittkau (1962), Makarchenko & Petrova (1988). Adult males. Description according to Makarchenko, Petrova (1988). Ecology and distribution. Streams in Japan, Russia, Sakhalin, and Far East., Published as part of Michailova, Paraskeva, Kownacki, Andrzej, Wo��nicka, Olga, White, Keith, Dean, Andrew & Szarek-Gwiazda, Ewa, 2014, Macropelopia nebulosa group (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae) ��� karyotype and morphology of larvae and pupae, pp. 83-100 in Zootaxa 3852 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3852.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/249589, {"references":["Fittkau, E. J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) (die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini). Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insecten, 6, 1 - 453.","Makarchenko, E. & Petrova, N. (1988) Chironomids subfamily Tanypodinae from Far East USSR. Morphological characetristic of Macropelopia paranebulosa Fittkau. Fauna, Systematics and Biology of freshwater invertebrates, 28 - 35.","Tokunaga, M. (1939) Chironomidae from Japan XI. New or little known midges special references to the metamorphoses of torrential species. Philippine Journal of Science, 69, 297 - 345."]}

Macropelopia sp. Afghanistan Kownacki, Wojtusiak, Żurek, 1976 Larvae undescribed. Pupal exuvia (n = 1), 7.5 mm long, grayish brown, with abdominal pigmentation patterns similar to M. nebulosa. Thoracic horn flattened (Figure 14 A), ± 850 µm long, covered with small scales, index of plastron plate 0.44, the lower edge of plastron plate with row of light spots, respiratory atrium narrow. Thorax with outer edge corrugated (Figure 14 B). Spines of abdominal shagreen solitary or in groups of 2 (Figure 14 E), tergites II–V with transverse posterior band consist with many, small teeth (Figure 14 F) and conjunctives II/III, III/IV, IV/V, V/VI VI/VII, VII/VIII with fine shagreen. On the tergite of II–VI segments setae D 1 arise from a large, strongly chitinised tubercle (Figures 14 C, 14 E), D 3 not exceptionally long. Lateral setae on I–VI segment simple, short, mounted on a small tubercle, segment VII with 6 long taeniate L setae, (Figure 14 D) VIII with 5. Anal lobe is more or less straight, with fringe setae (Kownacki et al. 1976). Adult male hitherto not known. Ecology and distribution. Hindu-Kush, Afghanistan in the overflow—tributary of the River Warduj, 2000 m a.s.l. Comments. The pupa of Macropelopia sp. from Afghanistan differs from other Macropelopia nebulosa group species in the following features: very large tubercle on segment II–VI, seta D 1 only 1.5 x longer then tubercle, transverse posterior band with many, small teeth no bigger than shagreen.

Macropelopia rossaroi Lencioni & Marziali 2005 Larva is undescribed. Pupal exuviae (n = 7, from Tatra) 8–9 mm long, with characteristic abdominal pigmentation patterns similar to M. nebulosa (Figure 13 C). Thoracic horn flattened (Figure 13 A 1), ± 1000 µm long, covered with small scales, index of plastron plate 0.39–0.4, the lower edge of plastron plate with row of light spots (Figure 13 A 2), respiratory atrium narrow. Thorax with outer edge corrugated (Figure 13 B). Spines of abdominal shagreen in groups (Figure 13 G). Tergites II–V with transverse posterior band of larger teeth and conjunctives II/III, III/IV, IV/V, V/VI VI/VII, VII/VIII with fine shagreen (Figure 13 H). Dorsal setae D 1 arising from a low, poorly chitinised tubercle on tergites II–VI (Figures 13 E, 13 F), on tergite VII tubercle reduced. Seta D 3 on tergites III–V no longer than seta D 1, distally not hooked (Figure 13 F). Lateral setae on I–VI segment simple, very short. Segment VII with 6 long taeniate L setae, VIII with 5. Anal lobe large, about 2 x long as segment VIII (Figure 13 D), outer border slightly convex with 2 strong setae on basal part and dense fringe of hair-like setae on 2 / 3 border, end of anal lobe sharpened and on outer and inner border with spinules. Adult males. Description according to Lencioni & Marziali (2005). Ecology and distribution. On the first occasion larvae, pupae, pupal exuviae and adult males were collected and described from two glacial ponds at 2455 m a.s.l. in Val de la Mare, Stelvio National Park, Italy; on the second time 7 pupal exuviae from lakes Czarny Staw (1580 m a.s.l.; N 49 o 11 ’ 20.03 ’’, E 20 o 4 ’ 52.58 ’’) and Morskie Oko (1393 m a.s.l.; N 49 o 11 ’ 37.36 ’’, E 20 o 4 ’ 29.02 ’’) in Tatra National Park, Poland were found. Comments. Lencioni & Marziali (2005), in describing Macropelopia rossaroi, suggested that the pupae of the new species could be associated with Macropelopia spec. Norwegen (Fittkau 1962). Their description of pupal exuviae is very laconic and the authors suggest that this species differs in thoracic horn structure. Langton (1991) described Macropelopia spec. Norwegen giving the following features: exuviae larger then nebulosa, seta D 3 as in nebulosa. Pupal exuviae from the Tatra Mountains have a thoracic horn similar to the one observed in pupae collected from Italy and Norway but they are smaller than nebulosa and D 3 is the same length as D 1.

Karyotype of Macropelopia nebulosa (Meigen) and its relation to Macropelopia paranebulosa (Fittkau) The chromosome set in M. nebulosa is 2 n = 8.The chromosomes are named AB, CD, EF and G on the basis of common band patterns with the chromosome set of M. paranebulosa. (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988).These authors indicated the chromosome arms of M. paranebulosa by letters S and L. Chromosomes AB, CD, EF of M. nebulosa are metacentric and have large heterochromatin blocks that are particularly noticeable in the middle of the chromosomes. Chromosome G is acrocentric. Very often the chromosomes are conjugated by their centromere heterochromatin forming a structure that looks similar to a chromocenter. Chromosome AB ( Figure 1). The chromosome has a large heterochromatin block near the centromere and is divided into 36 sections. Arm A has a similar banding pattern to arm S of M. paranebulosa (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988). The band patterns 1-2 - 3 - and 17-18 - 19-20 are similar to those of M. paranebulosa (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988). The band patterns between 8���12 are markers of arm A. Arm B is similar in banding patterns of arm L of M. paranebulosa (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988). The banding patterns of arm B are distinguished from that of M. paranebulosa by two steps of homozygous inversions: M. paranebulosa 39 ba - 38 - 37 ba- 36 - 35 - 34 - 33 - 32 - 31 - 30 - 29 - 28 - 27 - 26 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 36-37 ab - 38-39 ab- 35 - 34 - 33 - 32 - 31 - 30 - 29 - 28 - 27 - 26 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 M. nebulosa 36- 37 ab- 38- 39 ab- 35 - 34 - 33 - 31- 32 - 30 - 29 - 28 - 27 - 26 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 - 21. Chromosome CD (Figure 2). The chromosome is divided into 41 sections. The centromere region is characterized by a well defined heterochromatin band and near to this section there is a large heterochromatin block. Arm C is similar in banding pattern of arm S of M. paranebulosa (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988). One step of homozygous inversion distinguishes this arm of M. nebulosa from that of M. paranebulosa. M. paranebulosa 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9 cba- 10-11 - 12-13 - 14 -15- 16-17 - 18-22 M. nebulosa 1-2 - 3- 4 - 5-6 - 7-17 - 16 - 15 - 14 - 13 - 12 - 11 - 10 - 9 abc- 8-18 - 22. Arm D is similar in banding patterns to the arm L of M. paranebulosa (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988). Three steps of homozygous inversions distinguished arm D of M. nebulosa from that of M. paranebulosa. M. paranebulosa 41 - 40 - 39 - 38 - 37 - 36 - 35 - 34 - 33 - 32 ab- 31 - 30 ab- 29 - 28 - 27 - 26 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 41 - 26-27 - 28-29 - 30 ba- 31-32 ba- 33-34 - 35-36 - 37-38 - 39-40 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 41 - 26-27 - 28-29 - 30 ba- 32 ab- 31-33 - 34-35 - 36-37 - 38-39 - 40 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 M. nebulosa 41 - 26-27 - 28-29 - 30 ba- 32 ab- 31-37 - 36 - 35 - 34 - 33-38 - 39-40 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 Chromosome EF (Figure 3) is divided into 33 sections. Arm E is similar to banding patterns of arm S of M. paranebulosa (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988). Two steps of homozygous inversion distinguishes arm E of M. paranebulosa from that of M. nebulosa. M. paranebulosa 33 - 32 - 31 - 30 - 29 - 28 ab- 27 - 26 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 ab- 21- 33 - 32 - 31 - 30 - 29 - 22 ba- 23-24 - 25-26 - 27-28 ba- 21 M. nebulosa 33 - 32 - 31 - 30 - 29 - 24 - 23 - 22 ab- 25-26 - 27- 28 ba- 21 The banding patterns 23 - 22 ab- 25-26 - 27-28 ba are markers of the arm E. Arm F is similar to banding patterns L of M. paranebulosa (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988). The band patterns 1-2 - 3-4 - 5 - of arm F of M. nebulosa are very similar to those of M. paranebulosa. Similarity was also found between band patterns 20 - 19 - 18 of both species. From section 7 to section 18 the band patterns of M. nebulosa are indicated conditionally because the equivalent bands of M. paranebulosa are not clear and hence comparative analysis is not possible. M. nebulosa 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9- 10 - 11-12 - 13-14 - 15-16 - 17-18 - 19-20 Banding patterns of the specimens from the UK localities have a homozygous inversion in section 4���13. The band patterns 12-13 - 14-15 - 16-17 - of arm F are markers of this arm. Arm G (Figure 4) is divided into 4 sections. This arm of M. nebulosa is distinguished from that of M. paranebulosa by simple homozygous inversions. M. paranebulosa NOR 1-2 abc- 3 ab- 4 M. nebulosa NOR 1 -2 cba- 3 ab- 4. In nine specimens from Bulgaria heterozygous inversions in two types were found: inherited and somatic aberrations. Inherited affected all cells of the specimens. The complex inherited heterozygous inversions were detected in arms A, B, C, D and F (Figure 5). Somatic aberrations affected few cells only. These types of rearrangements w e r e established in single cells and affected arms A, B, D, F and E from species in Bulgaria. In the specimens collected from the UK no homokaryotype was found (Figures 6 ab). In all specimens both inherited and somatic rearrangements were detected. Complex inherited heterozygous inversions were found in all chromosome arms, while somatic rearrangements were located mainly near to the centromere regions of chromosomes AB and CD, as well as in the middle of arms A, B, D. Some heterozygous inversions in t h e somatic state were found towards the telomere of arm E. In two specimens from the Southern Afon Goch at City Dulas locality the deletions of arm G in somatic appearance were detected. Despite an improvement in water quality due to remediation measures earlier this century (see Dean et al. 2013) water and sediment analysis from the UK sites all showed a high degree of contamination by the metals copper, zinc, iron and manganese. Concentrations of all metals exceeded standards and guidelines for both sediments and water (e.g. Abdullah & Royle 1972; Warren 1981; MacDonald et al. 2000; Irish EPA 2001). However, the water at all sites is slightly acid to near-neutral (pH 5.8���7.3) which allows colonization by M. nebulosa. In Bulgaria the species was found in a locality characterized by municipal contamination only. The somatic rearrangements described here can thus be used as biomarkers for contaminants in water basins (Michailova et al. 2012), including trace metals and organic pollutants. Both M. paranebulosa and M. nebulosa had 2 n = 8, but differed in their banding patterns of the salivary gland chromosomes. These differences can be explained by chromosome rearrangements (fixed homozygous inversions) that have affected the chromosome morphology but not the chromosome set of both species. The divergence of both species passed on these types of aberrations which can be sufficient to act as post-mating reproductive barriers (King 1993). The application of cytogenetic approach for Chironomid identification has been recognized as a useful tool to resolve the problems of species identification in the Tanypodinae subfamily. M. paranebulosa and M.nebulosa are sibling species (Makarchenko & Petrova 1988). In external morphology of larvae the both species cannot be distinguished. However, M. nebulosa larvae have species-specific cytogenetic markers by which the species can be identified. The cytogenetic method once again has proven useful in identifying Chironomid at the larva stage despite the salivary gland chromosomes of M.nebulosa being very long and spread with difficulties. This is reliable and quick approach for routine identification of species of this and other chironomid genera. The chromosome map of M. nebulosa presented in this work can now be used successfully in genotoxicological studies., Published as part of Michailova, Paraskeva, Kownacki, Andrzej, Wo��nicka, Olga, White, Keith, Dean, Andrew & Szarek-Gwiazda, Ewa, 2014, Macropelopia nebulosa group (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae) ��� karyotype and morphology of larvae and pupae, pp. 83-100 in Zootaxa 3852 (1) on pages 84-88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3852.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/249589, {"references":["Makarchenko, E. & Petrova, N. (1988) Chironomids subfamily Tanypodinae from Far East USSR. Morphological characetristic of Macropelopia paranebulosa Fittkau. Fauna, Systematics and Biology of freshwater invertebrates, 28 - 35.","Dean, A., Lynch, S., Rowland, P., Toft, B., Pittman, J. & White, K. (2013) Natural wetlands are efficient at providing longterm metal remediation of freshwater systems polluted by acid mine drainage. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 12029 - 12036. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1021 / es 4025904","Abdullah, M. & Royle, L. G. (1972) Heavy metal content of some rivers and lakes in Wales. Nature, 238, 329 - 230. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / 238329 a 0","Warren, L. A. (1981) Contamination of sediments by lead, zinc and cadmium: a review. Environmental Pollution, Series B, 2 (6), 401 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0143 - 148 X (81) 90037 - 9","Irish EPA (2001) Parameters of Water Quality. Interpretation and Standards. Environmental Protection Agency. Johnstown Castle, Ireland, 132 pp.","Michailova, P., Sella, G. & Petrova, N. (2012) Chironomids (Diptera) and their salivary gland chromosomes as indicators of trace metal genotoxicity. Italian Journal of Zoology, 79 (2), 218 - 230. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2011.622084","King, M. (1993) Species evolution: Role of chromosome changes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 358 pp."]}

Macropelopia fehlmani Kieffer Larvae description according to Zavřel-Thienemann (1919). Pupae 8.2���9.3 mm long. Thoracic horn (Figure 15 C) 310���820 ��m long, apically rounded, covered with scales, plastron plate is circular, lying in the rounded horn apex, plastron index 0.2���0.25, but often plastron plate of this species is reduced (Langton 1991). Dorsal setae D 1 arising from a low tubercle on tergites II���VII, setae D 2 ���D 5 straight, no longer than seta D 1 (Figures 15 D1, 15D 2). Segment IV ventral with 3 setae on each site (Figure 15 D 3). Adult males. Description according to Fittkau (1962). Ecology and distribution. Alpine lakes in Austria, Germany, Italy and Switzerland, Published as part of Michailova, Paraskeva, Kownacki, Andrzej, Wo��nicka, Olga, White, Keith, Dean, Andrew & Szarek-Gwiazda, Ewa, 2014, Macropelopia nebulosa group (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae) ��� karyotype and morphology of larvae and pupae, pp. 83-100 in Zootaxa 3852 (1) on page 98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3852.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/249589, {"references":["Langton, P. H. (1991) A key to pupal exuviae of West Palaearctic Chironomidae. P. H. Langton, England, 386 pp.","Fittkau, E. J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) (die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini). Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insecten, 6, 1 - 453."]}

A new species of chironomid midge, Macropelopia amplituberculata sp. n. and a Palaearctic species, M. nebulosa (Meigen), with immature stages are redescribed from the hilly areas of Darjeeling and Sikkim. The male and pupa of the newly proposed species fit well in the ‘ notata ’ group.

Macropelopia decedens (Walker) Figs 6A–I Diagnosis. Head large oval, pale yellowish brown including posterior margin and gular sclerite; maxillary palp (Fig. 6A) with RO located in the basal third; antenna (Fig. 6B) 4-segmented, flagellum as in Fig. 6C, 3 rd segment sitting on membranous pedestal; mandible (Fig. 6D) with small basal tooth pointed apically; dorsomental plates (Fig. 6E) present with 6 large teeth plus 1 small outer lateral and small one fused to short medial projection; pseudoradula with granular surface coarser and expanded near the middle; ligula (Fig. 6F) with long outer laterals about twice the length of median tooth, inner laterals turned slightly outwards; ventral cephalic setae and VP as in Fig. 6G, S 9 and S 10 long simple setae, SSm seta with multi-branched, slightly anterior to S9, VP posterolateral of S9 and S10; body with weak lateral fringe extending to abdominal segment 6; posterior end of abdomen as in Fig. 6H, procercus with 12–13 apical setae; small claws on posterior parapods with drawn-out thin bases (Fig. 6I). Notes. So far this is the only known Nearctic species, and our specimen agrees with Roback’s (1978) larval description. Ecology and habitat. Larvae were mainly found in moss. Larvae feed on smaller invertebrates, including Protozoa, Ostracoda, Crustacea and Ceratopogonidae (Roback 1978). The species is reported to occur in streams with temperature 14–18°C (X = 13°C), pH 6.01–7.0 (X = 6.8) and altitude 305–609m (Roback 1978). Sampling sites. We found the larvae inhabiting streams in all the provincial parks and districts located in our study area. Nearctic distribution. Canada: British Columbia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan. USA: Colorado, Florida, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Wyoming., Published as part of Namayandeh, Armin, Bilyj, Bohdan, Beresford, David V., Somers, Keith M. & Dillon, Peter J., 2012, 3324, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3324 on page 12, {"references":["Roback, S. S. (1978) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States III. Tanypodinae-Anatopynini, Macropelopini and Natarsiini. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 129, 151 - 202."]}