Search

PurposeSince the term's introduction two decades ago, “psychological capital” has been described as an intangible strategic organizational resource. However, there remains a dearth of research regarding its application, especially in the macro-management fields. This paper addresses this gap by elevating the individual-level psychological capital (ILPC) concept to an equivalent organizational-level psychological capital (OLPC) model with appropriate methodological considerations.Design/methodology/approachThe elevation of ILPC to OLPC is conducted using referent shift approach. Then, the proposed OLPC model is tested and validated using the partial least-squares structural equation modeling analysis technique.FindingsTesting the OLPC model adequately validated the basic requirements of reliability, validity, multicollinearity and redundancy analysis. To ensure the practical use of the proposed model, a simulation study was also conducted, and the results confirmed the strength of ILPC being elevated to a model of OLPC.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings imply a better understanding of psychological capital from a multilevel perspective and present cross-level opportunities to enrich the scholarly corpus. The current paper also provides an insight into psychological capital management efficiency at all organizational levels so that the greatest benefits can be obtained.Originality/valueThis paper shows, for the first time, the possibility of borrowing ILPC concepts to help enact OLPC in organizations by means of a survey study. This paves the way for further investigation into the use of psychological capital at strategic and other macromanagement levels. Finally, future studies are encouraged to triangulate and strengthen the main arguments presented here.

StarCraft is a real-time strategy game that provides a complex environment for AI research. Macromanagement, i.e., selecting appropriate units to build depending on the current state, is one of the most important problems in this game. To reduce the requirements for expert knowledge and enhance the coordination of the systematic bot, we select reinforcement learning (RL) to tackle the problem of macromanagement. We propose a novel deep RL method, Mean Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (MA3C), which computes the approximate expected policy gradient instead of the gradient of sampled action to reduce the variance of the gradient, and encode the history queue with recurrent neural network to tackle the problem of imperfect information. The experimental results show that MA3C achieves a very high rate of winning, approximately 90%, against the weaker opponents and it improves the win rate about 30% against the stronger opponents. We also propose a novel method to visualize and interpret the policy learned by MA3C. Combined with the visualized results and the snapshots of games, we find that the learned macromanagement not only adapts to the game rules and the policy of the opponent bot, but also cooperates well with the other modules of MA3C-Bot.

This article critically examines the origins and evolution of China’s unique land institutions and situates land policy in the larger context of China’s reforms and pursuit of economic growth. It argues that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has strengthened the institutions that permit land expropriation—namely, urban/rural dualism, decentralized land ownership, and hierarchical land management—in order to use land as a key instrument of macroeconomic regulation, helping the CCP respond to domestic and international economic trends and manage expansion and contraction. Key episodes of macroeconomic policymaking are analyzed, with the use of local and central documents, to show how the CCP relied on the manipulation and distribution of the national land supply either to stimulate economic growth or to rein in an overheating economy. China’s land institutions, therefore, share “complementarities” with fiscal and financial institutions and benefit powerful political actors while imposing costs on marginal ones.

Chapter 6 explains why the judiciary, when assessing the State’s measures for furthering access to justice, should focus on the RTE grievance redress system, and should order that it be improved in order to compensate for the current lack of access to justice. Strategic PIL litigation may play an important role. The chapter shows what alterations are necessary in order for the system to provide adequate and effective means of enforcement. It shall be concluded that a system of ‘micromanagement’ through grievance redress at the ‘bottom’, with right-bearers approaching the redress bodies themselves, and ‘macromanagement’ of systemic deficiencies through adjudication in the higher judiciary at the ‘top’, with advocacy groups raising issues at that level, might actually be superior to the system that was originally conceived by the Constitution.

We have done some research on the macro-management modeling and strategy classification in the RTS(real-time strategy) game StarCraft. Similar to the real military battlefield, simulation in the virtual environment could do favor to modeling, realize and predict the opponent strategy which could lead us to the counter strategy. Firstly we collect several typical replays played by professional player, then we do some preprocess and extract the key features to readable data, finally, we use HMM-KNN to do the strategy classification.

The real-time strategy game StarCraft has proven to be a challenging environment for artificial intelligence techniques, and as a result, current state-of-the-art solutions consist of numerous hand-crafted modules. In this paper, we show how macromanagement decisions in StarCraft can be learned directly from game replays using deep learning. Neural networks are trained on 789,571 state-action pairs extracted from 2,005 replays of highly skilled players, achieving top-1 and top-3 error rates of 54.6% and 22.9% in predicting the next build action. By integrating the trained network into UAlbertaBot, an open source StarCraft bot, the system can significantly outperform the game's built-in Terran bot, and play competitively against UAlbertaBot with a fixed rush strategy. To our knowledge, this is the first time macromanagement tasks are learned directly from replays in StarCraft. While the best hand-crafted strategies are still the state-of-the-art, the deep network approach is able to express a wide range of different strategies and thus improving the network's performance further with deep reinforcement learning is an immediately promising avenue for future research. Ultimately this approach could lead to strong StarCraft bots that are less reliant on hard-coded strategies., Comment: 8 pages, to appear in the proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG 2017)

'The Positive Arc of Systemic Strengths' explores the important question: when is it that the best in human systems comes out most naturally and easily—especially in collective action, planning and design initiatives encompassing regions and cities, extended enterprises, industries and UN-level world summits? By analysing the per- formance and impacts of six case studies of the 'whole system in the room' Apprecia- tive Inquiry design summit, this article provides a bird's eye view of the opportunities, challenges and exciting new vistas opening up in this, the collaborative age—a time when systemic action and macromanagement skill are the primary leverage points for game-changing innovation, scalable solutions and industry leadership. While management innovation is rare, this article proposes that the tools are at hand for us to stand up, step up and scale up as we build a world where businesses can excel, people can thrive and nature can flourish.

The constitution of Brazil directs that the country’s health system, the Unified Health System (Sistema Unico de Saude), be politically and administratively decentralized. Nevertheless, handing over competencies, responsibilities, and resources to subnational levels, especially to municipal governments, has been a slow process, lasting almost two decades. Advances have been brought about by the Unified Health System, which, from a analytical perspective, is a public and universal system. Despite that, the decentralization process needs to overcome norms that keep all levels of management dependent on Brazil’s federal Government. The subnational levels have consistently faced difficulties in performing their macromanagement functions with autonomy, especially when it comes to financing and to the establishment or organization of health care networks. Boldness and responsibility will be needed to prevent Brazil’s health decentralization process from leading to fragmentation. New political agreements between different levels of government, with a reassignment of responsibilities and the enhancement of a culture of technical cooperation, are fundamental requisites to making the Unified Health System have a health policy that is truly public and universal.

This paper seeks to develop an understanding of the factors that made reforms possible and analyse the lessons that emerge from the experience. The external debt crisis allowed the reforms to be introduced, while the changed international context supported the process. The lessons learnt are that: competition in the market is desirable; marketization, in itself, is not always desirable; and the speed and sequence of change matter. The lessons not yet learnt are that: a prudent macromanagement of the economy is essential; infrastructure is of critical importance; and the role of the state in a market economy must be redefined. Some essentials, however, are forgotten. This needs correctives.

The authors address questions in current business and policy literature regarding the structural linkages evolving in the globalization process. The authors conclude that the US administration and American firms have to be more responsive to the interests of the international community that are being vitally affected by the integrating effects of transnational production and world trade.

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.

Generally speaking, there are two main facets of cash management as a functional concept. For the lack of better terminology, let me call them macromanagement and micromanagement. They are equally important and cannot be isolated from each other—successful macromanagement guarantees more efficient micromanagement.

Cash projection is the most important treasury macromanagement tool. It is a dynamic report that extends into the future covering the time frame within the limits that should make sense for a particular business. The report’s main purposes are 1. to provide you with a clear vision of whether the company will be able to meet its cash demands at any given point within the time scope of the forecast; and 2. to prompt you to take appropriate long-term (liquidity management) and short-term (borrowing and disbursements administration) actions ensuring that these demands are satisfied. Generally speaking, these objectives are achieved through the accurate assessment of two basic cash movements: inflows and outflows.

After nearly 30 years practice, China has made great progress in the field of sustainable city, especially achieving some breakthroughs in theoretical and practical issues. The Chinese economy is experiencing rapid development along with the three-step macrostrategy, and the urbanization process keeps on accelerating, making the task of sustainable construction and development faced by China extremely urgent. It is, therefore, vital for us to put forward and develop the macromanagement system and control measures for China’s sustainable city development according to the national conditions so that China’s sustainable city construction and development will be further promoted and assured. Sustainable city construction and development involves so many factors, and this book only carries out discussions and explorations on some comprehensive and fundamental factors.

The essence of industrial structural optimization is now transforming from more input in the past to the dependence on informationization, the enhancement of independent innovation and being creative in macro-management to realize the industrial development. In order to solve the problems which was reflected during the course of the rapid development of Chinese pollution- free food industry , and the problems includes the product and scale structure of the enterprises which is the factor that affect the quality of the product , the key point is to disclose the general rules of industrial structure evolution and macro management innovation theoretically, to clarify the inherent basis of industrial structure optimization and how to adjust macro management to this requirement for developing China's pollution- free food industry. According to the theory of industry economy management, this paper systematically analyzes the industrial structure characteristics, problems and causes, and constructs the model of industrial structure optimization and upgrading. It also discloses the bases, conditions, the main contents and methods by way of the policy orientation for promoting industrial structure optimization of China's pollution- free food.

To study the sharing of tacit knowledge in SDN enterprise, a multi-dimensional tacit knowledge model is built at first. Then, as the way of tacit knowledge shared, blog system is researched to be interfaced into SDN enterprise system. The sharing study on tacit knowledge focuses on the realizing ideas and realizing codes of the enterprise management "blog" module which embodies the macro-management of sharing. For knowledge further shared, the macro-management is carried on through three guidance table for blog registering and classifying the signing up successfully blogs into three communities. This study presents the theory and method reference to the effective implementation of "blog" for the tacit knowledge sharing.

The development and deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems and logistics services will ultimately need to be integrated within larger transport and communications policies and programs on the state level. Although the basic tehnical standards and the European ITS architectural framework are ensured, several macromanagement issues are open. In our environment transport telematics and ITS were initially deployed as a set of semi-autonomous local implementations with different actors from the transport, communications and computing industries. The development of ITS and logistics services are evolutionary and their implementation relies on their interactions with other services and potentionally with services outside the ITS domain. The national ITS architecture and Intelligent Transport City models (such is CROCITS) define technological and beyond-technological frameworks within which the ITS user service can be successfully implemented. Effective planning and coordination of logistics and implementation have to ensure: - prevention of undesirable side effects, - system coherency and interoperability, - public/private partnership. The paper will consider the ITS macro-management as a set of measures and instruments aimed at effective demand and supply management of ITS and logistics services. Within the ITS architectural framework and the accepted ITS program, specialized ITS activities can be harmonized among actors. The paper will also analyze the direct and indirect "system interactions" between the end-users and the operators.

Despite the wide variety of health care systems in industrialized democracies, a universal paradigm for financing, organization, and macromanagement has been emerging through reforms of the past decade. The policies within this paradigm attempt to promote equity, social efficiency, and consumer satisfaction by combining the advantages of public finance principles--universal access and control of spending--with the advantages of competitive market principles--consumer satisfaction and internal efficiency. This paradigm is characterized by three systemic functions: (1) financing of care, based on public finance principles, not necessarily carried out by government; (2) organization and management of publicly funded care consumption by either competing nongovernmental entities or noncompeting public administrations; and (3) provision of care based on competitive market principles. The institutional arrangement of these functions lends itself to the creation of two internal markets for consumer choice and, of the three, the second function is a key component of the emerging paradigm.

The purpose of this study is to examine the Lebanese apple industry from a strategic macromanagement perspective. It employs the Industry Value Chain (IVC) framework, along with Porter's Five Forces of rivalry as a methodology to enable the formulation of a matrix model comprising grand and competitive strategies. Several experiences from the USA, New Zealand, Chile, Mexico and Canada are discussed to draw some differences and similarities. This topic comes at a time when the government is struggling to find solutions for the apple sector. However, the governmental discussions and suggested solutions pivot mostly around technical and policy-oriented issues (e.g., government subsidies and limited seasonal national campaigns), disregarding any serious analysis of business-oriented solutions and private-public sector collaboration.

Organizations are managed with little direct reference to their roles as components of social institutions. Understanding these roles requires research centered on building theory at the macromanagement level. Research on interorganizational relationships is a step in this direction, but more research is needed on institutionalization processes and related humanistic values.

The article reviews the book “The Managerial Imperative: The Age of Macromanagement,” by Dalton McFarland."

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.

Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy advocates engagement with the USA's macromanagement problems in a spirit of alliance capitalism, for the development of a more integrated, dynamic economy. Whereas most studies of the USA emphasise the efficiency effects of intense competition between firms, this book stresses that as the new economy becomes more knowledge based, its development necessitates active intercorporate cooperation, especially in high technology sectors.