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We report on the determination of electron densities, and their impact on the outflow masses and rates, measured in the central few hundred parsecs of 11 local luminous active galaxies. We show that the peak of the integrated line emission in the AGN is significantly offset from the systemic velocity as traced by the stellar absorption features, indicating that the profiles are dominated by outflow. In contrast, matched inactive galaxies are characterised by a systemic peak and weaker outflow wing. We present three independent estimates of the electron density in these AGN, discussing the merits of the different methods. The electron density derived from the [SII] doublet is significantly lower than than that found with a method developed in the last decade using auroral and transauroral lines, as well as a recently introduced method based on the ionization parameter. The reason is that, for gas photoionized by an AGN, much of the [SII] emission arises in an extended partially ionized zone where the implicit assumption that the electron density traces the hydrogen density is invalid. We propose ways to deal with this situation and we derive the associated outflow rates for ionized gas, which are in the range 0.001--0.5 M$_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$ for our AGN sample. We compare these outflow rates to the relation between $\dot{M}_{out}$ and $L_{AGN}$ in the literature, and argue that it may need to be modified and rescaled towards lower mass outflow rates., Comment: accepted by MNRAS; 30 pages (the last 8 of which are extra figures in an appendix). This is an update of the original version posted

We report on our combined analysis of HST, VLT/MUSE, VLT/SINFONI, and ALMA observations of the local Seyfert 2 galaxy, NGC 5728 to investigate in detail the feeding and feedback of the AGN. The datasets simultaneously probe the morphology, excitation, and kinematics of the stars, ionized gas, and molecular gas over a large range of spatial scales (10 pc--10 kpc). NGC 5728 contains a large stellar bar which is driving gas along prominent dust lanes to the inner 1 kpc where the gas settles into a circumnuclear ring. The ring is strongly star forming and contains a substantial population of young stars as indicated by the lowered stellar velocity dispersion and gas excitation consistent with HII regions. We model the kinematics of the ring using the velocity field of the CO (2--1) emission and stars and find it is consistent with a rotating disk. The outer regions of the disk, where the dust lanes meet the ring, show signatures of inflow at a rate of 1 M$_{\sun}$ yr$^{-1}$. Inside the ring, we observe three molecular gas components corresponding to the circular rotation of the outer ring, a warped disk, and the nuclear stellar bar. The AGN is driving an ionized gas outflow that reaches a radius of 250 pc with a mass outflow rate of 0.08 M$_{\sun}$ yr$^{-1}$ consistent with its luminosity and scaling relations from previous studies. While we observe distinct holes in CO emission which could be signs of molecular gas removal, we find that largely the AGN is not disrupting the structure of the circumnuclear region., Comment: accepted for publication in MNRAS; 22 pages + Appendix, 16 figures

We present ALMA observations of the CO(2-1) and CO(3-2) molecular gas transitions and associated (sub)-mm continua of the nearby Seyfert 1.5 galaxy NGC3227 with angular resolutions 0.085-0.21" (7-15pc). On large scales the cold molecular gas shows circular motions as well as streaming motions on scales of a few hundred parsecs associated with a large scale bar. We fitted the nuclear ALMA 1.3mm emission with an unresolved component and an extended component. The 850$\mu$m emission shows at least two extended components, one along the major axis of the nuclear disk and the other along the axis of the ionization cone. The molecular gas in the central region (1" ~73pc) shows several CO clumps with complex kinematics which appears to be dominated by non-circular motions. While we cannot demonstrate conclusively the presence of a warped nuclear disk, we also detected non-circular motions along the kinematic minor axis. They reach line-of-sight velocities of v-vsys =150-200km/s. Assuming that the radial motions are in the plane of the galaxy, then we interpret them as a nuclear molecular outflow due to molecular gas in the host galaxy being entrained by the AGN wind. We derive molecular outflow rates of $5\,M_\odot\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ and $0.6\,M_\odot\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ at projected distances of up to 30pc to the northeast and southwest of the AGN, respectively. At the AGN location we estimate a mass in molecular gas of $5\times 10^{5}\,M_\odot$ and an average column density $N({\rm H}_2) = 2-3\times 10^{23}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}$ in the inner 15pc. The nuclear molecular gas and sub-mm continuum emission of NGC3227 do not resemble the classical compact torus. Rather, these emissions extend for several tens of parsecs and appear connected with the circumnuclear ring in the host galaxy disk, as found in other local AGN. (Abridged), Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 17 pages, 12 figures

Using new APEX and JCMT spectroscopy of the CO 2-1 line, we undertake a controlled study of cold molecular gas in moderately luminous Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and inactive galaxies from the Luminous Local AGN with Matched Analogs (LLAMA) survey. We use spatially resolved infrared photometry of the LLAMA galaxies from 2MASS, WISE, IRAS & Herschel, corrected for nuclear emission using multi-component spectral energy distribution (SED) fits, to examine the dust-reprocessed star-formation rates (SFRs), molecular gas fractions and star formation efficiencies (SFEs) over their central 1 - 3 kpc. We find that the gas fractions and central SFEs of both active and inactive galaxies are similar when controlling for host stellar mass and morphology (Hubble type). The equivalent central molecular gas depletion times are consistent with the discs of normal spiral galaxies in the local Universe. Despite energetic arguments that the AGN in LLAMA should be capable of disrupting the observable cold molecular gas in their central environments, our results indicate that nuclear radiation only couples weakly with this phase. We find a mild preference for obscured AGN to contain higher amounts of central molecular gas, which suggests a connection between AGN obscuration and the gaseous environment of the nucleus. Systems with depressed SFEs are not found among the LLAMA AGN. We speculate that the processes that sustain the collapse of molecular gas into dense pre-stellar cores may also be a prerequisite for the inflow of material on to AGN accretion disks., Comment: 24 pages, 18 figures, 2 part Appendix; accepted for publication in MNRAS

In a complete sample of local 14-195 keV selected AGNs and inactive galaxies, matched by their host galaxy properties, we study the spatially resolved stellar kinematics and luminosity distributions at near-infrared wavelengths on scales of 10-150 pc, using SINFONI on the VLT. In this paper, we present the first half of the sample, which comprises 13 galaxies, 8 AGNs and 5 inactive galaxies. The stellar velocity fields show a disk-like rotating pattern, for which the kinematic position angle is in agreement with the photometric position angle obtained from large scale images. For this set of galaxies, the stellar surface brightness of the inactive galaxy sample is generally comparable to the matched sample of AGN but extends to lower surface brightness. After removal of the bulge contribution, we find a nuclear stellar light excess with an extended nuclear disk structure, and which exhibits a size-luminosity relation. While we expect the excess luminosity to be associated with a dynamically cooler young stellar population, we do not typically see a matching drop in dispersion. This may be because these galaxies have pseudo-bulges in which the intrinsic dispersion increases towards the centre. And although the young stars may have an impact in the observed kinematics, their fraction is too small to dominate over the bulge and compensate the increase in dispersion at small radii, so no dispersion drop is seen. Finally, we find no evidence for a difference in the stellar kinematics and nuclear stellar luminosity excess between these active and inactive galaxies., Comment: 34 pages, 25 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We discuss the environment of local hard X-ray selected active galaxies, with reference to two independent group catalogues. We find that the fraction of these AGN in S0 host galaxies decreases strongly as a function of galaxy group size (halo mass) - which contrasts with the increasing fraction of galaxies of S0 type in denser environments. However, there is no evidence for an environmental dependence of AGN in spiral galaxies. Because most AGN are found in spiral galaxies, this dilutes the signature of environmental dependence for the population as a whole. We argue that the differing results for AGN in disk-dominated and bulge-dominated galaxies is related to the source of the gas fuelling the AGN, and so may also impact the luminosity function, duty cycle, and obscuration. We find that there is a significant difference in the luminosity function for AGN in spiral and S0 galaxies, and tentative evidence for some difference in the fraction of obscured AGN., Comment: accepted for publication in MNRAS. 12 pages with 10 figures

We use high spectral resolution (R > 8000) data covering 3800-13000\r{A} to study the physical conditions of the broad line region (BLR) of nine nearby Seyfert 1 galaxies. Up to six broad HI lines are present in each spectrum. A comparison - for the first time using simultaneous optical to near-infrared observations - to photoionisation calculations with our devised simple scheme yields the extinction to the BLR at the same time as determining the density and photon flux, and hence distance from the nucleus, of the emitting gas. This points to a typical density for the HI emitting gas of 10$^{11}$cm$^{-3}$ and shows that a significant amount of this gas lies at regions near the dust sublimation radius, consistent with theoretical predictions. We also confirm that in many objects the line ratios are far from case B, the best-fit intrinsic broad-line H$\alpha$/H$\beta$ ratios being in the range 2.5-6.6 as derived with our photoionization modeling scheme. The extinction to the BLR, based on independent estimates from HI and HeII lines, is A$_V$ $\le$ 3 for Seyfert 1-1.5s, while Seyfert 1.8-1.9s have A$_V$ in the range 4-8. A comparison of the extinction towards the BLR and narrow line region (NLR) indicates that the structure obscuring the BLR exists on scales smaller than the NLR. This could be the dusty torus, but dusty nuclear spirals or filaments could also be responsible. The ratios between the X-ray absorbing column N$_H$ and the extinction to the BLR are consistent with the Galactic gas-to-dust ratio if N$_H$ variations are considered., Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

We describe a complete volume limited sample of nearby active galaxies selected by their 14-195keV luminosity, and outline its rationale for studying the mechanisms regulating gas inflow and outflow. We describe also a complementary sample of inactive galaxies, selected to match the AGN host galaxy properties. The active sample appears to have no bias in terms of AGN type, the only difference being the neutral absorbing column which is two orders of magnitude greater for the Seyfert 2s. In the luminosity range spanned by the sample, log L_{14-195keV} [erg/s] = 42.4-43.7, the optically obscured and X-ray absorbed fractions are 50-65%. The similarity of these fractions to more distant spectroscopic AGN samples, although over a limited luminosity range, suggests that the torus does not strongly evolve with redshift. Our sample confirms that X-ray unabsorbed Seyfert 2s are rare, comprising not more than a few percent of the Seyfert 2 population. At higher luminosities, the optically obscured fraction decreases (as expected for the increasing dust sublimation radius), but the X-ray absorbed fraction changes little. We argue that the cold X-ray absorption in these Seyfert 1s can be accounted for by neutral gas in clouds that also contribute to the broad line region (BLR) emission; and suggest that a geometrically thick neutral gas torus co-exists with the BLR and bridges the gap to the dusty torus., Comment: Accepted for ApJ; 15 pages with 10 figures

We analyse the 2-dimensional distribution and kinematics of the stars as well as molecular and ionised gas in the central few hundred parsecs of 5 active and 5 matched inactive galaxies. The equivalent widths of the Br-gamma line indicate there is no on-going star formation in their nuclei, although recent (terminated) starbursts are possible in the active galaxies. The stellar velocity fields show no signs of non-circular motions, while the 1-0S(1) H_2 kinematics exhibit significant deviations from simple circular rotation. In the active galaxies the H_2 kinematics reveal inflow and outflow superimposed on disk rotation. Steady-state circumnuclear inflow is seen in three AGN, and hydrodynamical models indicate it can be driven by a large scale bar. In three of the five AGN, molecular outflows are spatially resolved. The outflows are oriented such that they intersect, or have an edge close to, the disk - which may be the source of molecular gas in the outflow. The relatively low speeds imply the gas will fall back onto the disk; and with moderate outflow rates, they will have only a local impact on the host galaxy. H_2 was detected in two inactive galaxies. These exhibit chaotic circumnuclear dust morphologies and have molecular structures that are counter-rotating with respect to the main gas component, which could lead to gas inflow in the near future. In our sample, all four galaxies with chaotic dust morphology in the circumnuclear region exist in moderately dense groups with 10-15 members where accretion of stripped gas can easily occur., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 29 pages, including 18 figures

We present an analysis of the H2 emission-line gas kinematics in the inner < 4 arcsec radius of six nearby spiral galaxies, based on AO-assisted integral-field observations obtained in the K-band with SINFONI/VLT. Four of the six galaxies in our sample display ordered H2 velocity fields, consistent with gas moving in the plane of the galaxy and rotating in the same direction as the stars. However, the gas kinematics is typically far from simple circular motion. We can classify the observed velocity fields into four different types of flows, ordered by increasing complexity: (1) circular motion in a disc (NGC3351); (2) oval motion in the galaxy plane (NGC3627 and NGC4536); (3) streaming motion superimposed on circular rotation (NGC4501); and (4) disordered streaming motions (NGC4569 and NGC4579). The H2 velocity dispersion in the galaxies is usually higher than 50 km/s in the inner 1-2 arcsec radii. The four galaxies with ordered kinematics have v/sigma < 1 at radii less than 40-80 pc. The radius at which v/sigma = 1 is independent of the type of nuclear activity. While the low values of v/sigma could be taken as an indication of a thick disc in the innermost regions of the galaxies, other lines of evidence (e.g. H2 morphologies and velocity fields) argue for a thin disc interpretation in the case of NGC3351 and NGC4536. We discuss the implications of the high values of velocity dispersion for the dynamics of the gaseous disc and suggest caution when interpreting the velocity dispersion of ionized and warm tracers as being entirely dynamical. Understanding the nature and role of the velocity dispersion in the gas dynamics, together with the full 2D information of the gas, is essential for obtaining accurate black hole masses from gas kinematics., Comment: 29 pages, 32 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Our adaptive optics observations of nearby AGN at spatial resolutions as small as 0.085arcsec show strong evidence for recent, but no longer active, nuclear star formation. We begin by describing observations that highlight two contrasting methods by which gas can flow into the central tens of parsecs. Gas accumulation in this region will inevitably lead to a starburst, and we discuss the evidence for such events. We then turn to the impact of stellar evolution on the further inflow of gas by combining a phenomenological approach with analytical modelling and hydrodynamic simulations. These complementary perspectives paint a picture in which all the processes are ultimately regulated by the mass accretion rate into the central hundred parsecs, and the ensuing starburst that occurs there. The resulting supernovae delay accretion by generating a starburst wind, which leaves behind a clumpy interstellar medium. This provides an ideal environment for slower stellar outflows to accrete inwards and form a dense turbulent disk on scales of a few parsecs. Such a scenario may resolve the discrepancy between the larger scale structure seen with adaptive optics and the small scale structure seen with VLTI., Comment: to appear in: Co-Evolution of Central Black Holes and Galaxies; 7 pages

We present spatially resolved distributions and kinematics of the stars and molecular gas in the central 320pc of NGC1097. The stellar continuum confirms the previously reported 3-arm spiral pattern extending into the central 100pc. The stellar kinematics and the gas distribution imply this is a shadowing effect due to extinction by gas and dust in the molecular spiral arms. The molecular gas kinematics show a strong residual (i.e. non-circular) velocity, which is manifested as a 2-arm kinematic spiral. Linear models indicate that this is the line-of-sight velocity pattern expected for a density wave in gas that generates a 3-arm spiral morphology. We estimate the inflow rate along the arms. Using hydrodynamical models of nuclear spirals, we show that when deriving the accretion rate into the central region, outflow in the disk plane between the arms has to be taken into account. For NGC1097, despite the inflow rate along the arms being ~1.2Msun/yr, the net gas accretion rate to the central few tens of parsecs is much smaller. The numerical models indicate that the inflow rate could be as little as ~0.06Msun/yr. This is sufficient to generate recurring starbursts, similar in scale to that observed, every 20-150Myr. The nuclear spiral represents a mechanism that can feed gas into the central parsecs of the galaxy, with the gas flow sustainable for timescales of a Gigayear., Comment: accepted by ApJ

Near-infrared images of the prototype LINER / Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 1097 observed with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) using adaptive optics disclose with unprecedented detail a complex central network of filamentary structure spiralling down to the center of the galaxy. The structure, consisting of several spiral arms, some almost completing a revolution about the center, is most prominent within the radius of about 300 pc. Some filaments can be traced further out, where they seem to connect with the nuclear star-forming ring at 0.7 kpc radius. Straight principal shocks running along the primary large-scale bar of NGC 1097, seen in the optical images as prominent dust lanes, curve into this ring, but radio polarization vectors cross the nuclear ring under a rather large angle. Here we attempt to explain this morphology in terms of three-dimensional gas flow in a barred galaxy. In our scenario, parts of the principal shock, which propagate in the off-plane gas, can cross the nuclear star-forming ring, and excite waves inward from it. If the dispersion relation of the excited waves allows for their propagation, they will naturally take the shape of the observed central spiral. The nuclear region of NGC 1097 remains unresolved at sub-arcsec scales in the near-IR, with an upper size limit of <10 pc FWHM. Thus, any putative central dusty torus or gaseosus disk envisaged by the AGN unified schemes has to be smaller than 10 pc in diameter at near-IR wavelengths. The extinction in the region between the nuclear star-forming ring and the nucleus increases very moderately, reaching A_v~1 at the immediate surrounding of the nucleus. Thus, if the nuclear filaments are tracing cold dust, they contribute to a very low extinction in the line of sight and are likely to be distributed in a rather thin disk., Comment: 21 pages, 12 figures (reduced quality). Accepted for publication in Astronomical Journal

We investigate the central regions of 23 spiral galaxies using archival NICMOS imaging and STIS spectroscopy. The sample is taken from our program to determine the masses of central massive black holes (MBH) in 54 nearby spiral galaxies. Stars are likely to contribute significantly to any dynamical central mass concentration that we find in our MBH program and this paper is part of a series to investigate the nuclear properties of these galaxies. We use the Nuker law to fit surface brightness profiles, derived from the NICMOS images, to look for nuclear star clusters and find possible extended sources in 3 of the 23 galaxies studied (13 per cent). The fact that this fraction is lower than that inferred from optical Hubble Space Telescope studies is probably due to the greater spatial resolution of those studies. Using R-H and J-H colors and equivalent widths of H-alpha emission (from the STIS spectra) we investigate the nature of the stellar population with evolutionary models. Under the assumption of hot stars ionizing the gas, as opposed to a weak AGN, we find that there are young stellar populations (~10-20 Myr) however these data do not allow us to determine what percentage of the total nuclear stellar population they form. Also, in an attempt to find any unknown AGN we use [N II] and [S II] line flux ratios (relative to H-alpha) and find tentative evidence for weak AGN in NGC 1300 and NGC 4536., Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in AJ

We present Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph emission-line spectra of the central regions of the spiral galaxies NGC 1300 and NGC 2748. From the derived kinematics of the nuclear gas we have found evidence for central supermassive black holes in both galaxies. The estimated mass of the black hole in NGC 1300 is 6.6 (+6.3, -3.2) x 10^7 solar masses and in NGC 2748 is 4.4 (+3.5, -3.6) x 10^7 solar masses (both at the 95% confidence level). These two black hole mass estimates contribute to the poorly sampled low-mass end of the nuclear black hole mass spectrum., Comment: 21 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present surface photometry for the central regions of a sample of 48 spiral galaxies (mostly unbarred and barred of types Sbc or Sc) observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Surface brightness profiles were derived and modeled with a Nuker law. We also analyzed archival Wide Field Planetary Camera~2 images with a larger field of view, available for 18 galaxies in our sample. We modeled the extracted bulge surface brightness profiles with an exponential, a de Vaucouleurs or a Sersic profile. In agreement with previous studies, we find that bulges of Sbc galaxies fall into two categories: bulges well described by an exponential profile and those well described by an de Vaucouleurs profile. Only one galaxy requires the use of a more general Sersic profile to properly describe the bulge. Nuclear photometrically distinct components are found in ~55% of the galaxies. For those that we classify as star clusters based on their resolved extent we find absolute magnitudes that are brighter on average than those previously identified in spiral galaxies. This might be due to a bias in our sample toward star forming galaxies, combined with a trend for star forming galaxies to host brighter central clusters., Comment: 33 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication on the Astronomical Journal

We present HST/STIS spectra of the Sbc spiral galaxy NGC 4041 which were used to map the velocity field of the gas in its nuclear region. We detect the presence of a compact (r~0.4" ~40 pc), high surface brightness, rotating nuclear disk co-spatial with a nuclear star cluster. The disk is characterized by a rotation curve with a peak to peak amplitude of ~40 km/s and is systematically blueshifted by 10 - 20 km/s with respect to the galaxy systemic velocity. With the standard assumption of constant mass-to-light ratio and with the nuclear disk inclination taken from the outer disk, we find that a dark point mass of 1(-0.7;+0.6) 10^7 Msun is needed to reproduce the observed rotation curve. However the observed blueshift suggests the possibility that the nuclear disk could be dynamically decoupled. Following this line of reasoning we relax the standard assumptions and find that the kinematical data can be accounted for by the stellar mass provided that either the central mass-to-light ratio is increased by a factor of ~2 or that the inclination is allowed to vary. This model results in a 3 sigma upper limit of 6 10^6 Msun on the mass of any nuclear black hole. Overall, our analysis only allows us to set an upper limit of 2 10^7 Msun on the mass of the nuclear black hole. If this upper limit is taken in conjunction with an estimated bulge B magnitude of -17.7 and with a central stellar velocity dispersion of 95 km/s, then these results are not inconsistent with both the MBH-Lsph and the MBH-sigma correlations. Constraints on black hole masses in spiral galaxies of types as late as Sbc are still very scarce and therefore the present result adds an important new datapoint to our understanding of black hole demography., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

The bulk of the molecular line emission in the double barred galaxy NGC4303 as observed in its CO(1-0) line with the OVRO mm-interferometer comes from two straight gas lanes which run north-south along the leading sides of the large-scale primary bar. Inside a radius of ~ 400 pc the molecular gas forms a spiral pattern which, for the northern arm, can be traced to the nucleus. Comparison of the OVRO and archival HST data with dynamical models of gas flow in the inner kiloparsec of single- and double-barred galaxies shows that the observed global properties of the molecular gas are in agreement with models for the gas flow in a strong, large-scale bar, and the two-arm spiral structure seen in CO in the inner kiloparsec can already be explained by a density wave initiated by the potential of that bar. Only a weak correlation between the molecular gas distribution and the extinction seen in the HST V-H map is found in the inner 400 pc of NGC4303: The innermost part of one arm of the nuclear CO spiral correlates with a weak dust filament in the color map, while the overall dust distribution follows a ring or single-arm spiral pattern well correlated with the UV continuum. This complicated nuclear geometry of the stellar and gaseous components allows for two scenarios: (A) A self-gravitating m=1 mode is present forming the spiral structure seen in the UV continuum. In this case the gas kinematics would be unaffected by the small (~ 4'') inner bar. (B) The UV continuum traces a complete ring which is heavily extincted north of the nucleus. Such a ring forms in hydrodynamic models of double bars, but the models cannot account for the UV emission observed on the leading side of the inner bar. (abridged), Comment: 47 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We describe an on-going HST program aimed at determining the relationship between the nuclear black hole mass and bulge mass in spiral galaxies. We have selected a volume limited sample of 54 nearby spiral galaxies for which we already have ground based emission line rotation curves, CCD surface photometry and radio maps. We are now obtaining HST/STIS longslit observations of each of the galaxies in the sample in order to determine the nuclear Halpha rotation curve at high (~0.1") spatial resolution. We will use these data to measure the unresolved dark mass concentration at the nucleus of each object. Here we show the first results from observations of objects in the sample., Comment: 4 pages, contributed talk at IAU Symposium 205 "Galaxies and their Constituents at the Highest Angular Resolutions", Manchester UK, August 2000. R. Schilizzi, S. Vogel, F. Paresce, M. Elvis eds, ASP Conf. Ser