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Cytidine-5’-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) is a key precursor for the intracellular synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and other phospholipids. Following either intravenous or oral application citicoline (CDP-choline of exogenous origin) undergoes quick decomposition to cytidine and choline, and for this reason it is frequently considered a prodrug. However, upon acute intravenous application in mice citicoline is, on a molar basis, 20 times less toxic than choline. To find out whether cytidine may attenuate toxicity of choline, in the present experiments we compared maximum tolerated doses of single intravenous injections of choline and equimolar mixture of choline and cytidine. We assumed that, if after oral intake a substantial part of citicoline is catabolised already in the intestine and its catabolites enter blood separately, intravenously applied equimolar mixture of cytidine and choline will be markedly less toxic than an equivalent molar dose of choline. However, the maximum tolerated single doses determined in our experiment for choline and equimolar mixture of choline and cytidine were similar. These data suggest that citicoline taken orally is not significantly decomposed in the intestinal lumen, but absorbed to blood as the intact molecule.

In remitting–relapsing multiple sclerosis (RR-MS), relapses are driven by autoreactive immune cells that enter the brain and spinal cord and damage myelin sheaths of axons in white and grey matter, whereas during remissions myelin is repaired by activated oligodendroglial cells. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may either retard/attenuate myelin damage or promote/enhance/speed up myelin repair. Almost all currently approved DMTs inhibit myelin damage and are considerably toxic. Enhancement of myelin repair is considered an unmet medical need of MS patients. Citicoline, known for many years as a nootropic and neuroprotective drug and recently pronounced food supplement, has been found to be significantly efficacious in two complementary rodent models of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone-induced myelin toxicity. Moreover, citicoline treatment improves visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in glaucoma patients, which is relevant because VEP monitoring is frequently used as an indicator of remyelination in MS. Although over-the-counter availability of citicoline may impede its formal translation to the clinic of MS, evaluation of its efficacy for supporting remyelination in this disease is strongly indicated.

Background and objectives: Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality in developed countries and the primary cause of neurological disability in adults. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator administered intravenously within 4.5 h from the onset of symptoms constitutes a gold standard in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Prompt hospital admission is the prerequisite of effective thrombolysis. Therefore, stroke awareness in the general population is the key factor in timely recognition of the acute stroke victims and determines proper actions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the awareness of stroke in the general population of the Silesian voivodeship, the most populated region of Poland. We assessed also the “adequate knowledge of stroke”, a combined measure of the optimal level of stroke awareness, as a prerequisite for effective stroke management, and aimed to identify most impacting factor for adequate stoke knowledge, to help shaping education strategies. Materials and Methods: A proprietary anonymous questionnaire consisting of 15 items related to stroke was used in this research. A total of 1134 individuals were surveyed. Additionally to the knowledge of individual aspects of stroke, we assessed “adequate knowledge of stroke”, which was combined measure of risk factors, symptoms, and actions in the case of acute stroke. Results: The accurate definition of stroke was selected by 834 participants (73.5%). The vast majority of them indicated that a stroke is an emergency (92.8%) and medical assistance is required (97.5%). However, 42.4% of respondents did not know any specific symptom of stroke and only 38.6% participants were able to list two or more risk factors, which resulted in only 36.3% of individuals with adequate knowledge of stroke. Education duration, previous occurrence of stroke in relatives or friends, gender and place of residence were identified as independent predictors of adequate knowledge of stroke. Conclusions: 1. Knowledge of stroke in the population of southern Poland is low and may be considered insufficient to address the needs of timely management in the action chain. 2. Previous occurrence of stroke in the relatives or friends is the most impacting factor for adequate knowledge of stroke.

Physical exercise involves increased neuronal activity of many brain structures, but 1H-MRS investigations on the effects of human brain glutamate (Glu) concentrations on acute exercise have been sparse. Previous studies consistently found increases in brain lactate (Lac) concentrations following graded exercise up to 85% of the predicted maximal heart rate. However, the reported effects on brain concentrations of glutamine and glutamate were not consistent. This study aimed to determine the effect of acute intense graded maximal exercise on 1H-MRS signals related to concentrations of Glu, glutamate+glutamine (Glx), and Lac. Young adult males were randomly divided into two groups and subjected to 1H-MRS when resting (NE) or shortly after cessation of the intense graded exercise intended to pass the anaerobic threshold (E). 1H-MRS spectra were acquired from the large voxel encompassing the occipito-parietal cortex only once. Estimates of Glu, Glx, and Lac concentrations were calculated in institutional units by normalizing to a spectroscopic signal originating from creatine-containing compounds (Cr). Concentrations of Glu, Glx, and Lac were respectively 11%, 12.6%, and 48.5% higher in E than in NE (p < 0.001). The increased brain Lac signal in the exercising group indicated that in our experiment, vigorous exercise resulted in passing the anaerobic threshold and lactate apparently entered the brain. Concomitantly glutamate-related resonance signals from the vicinity of the occipito-parietal cortex were significantly increased; physiological mechanisms underlying these phenomena require further study. Future studies should evaluate whether the normalization rate of these concentrations is a marker of general physical fitness.

Background: Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is expressed almost exclusively in the striatum and its inhibition is suggested to offer potential treatment in disorders associated with basal ganglia. We evaluated the selectivity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, pharmacokinetics and potential adverse effects of a novel PDE10A inhibitor, CPL500036, in vivo.Methods: The potency of CPL500036 was demonstrated by microfluidic technology, and selectivity was investigated in a radioligand binding assay against 44 targets. Cardiotoxicity in vitro was evaluated in human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG)-potassium channel-overexpressing cells by the patch-clamp method and by assessing key parameters in 3D cardiac spheroids. Cytotoxicity was determined in H1299, HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. The Ames test was used for genotoxicity analyses. During in vivo studies, CPL500036 was administered by oral gavage. CPL500036 exposure were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and plasma protein binding was assessed. The bar test was employed to assess catalepsy. Prolactin and glucose levels in rat blood were measured by ELISAs and glucometers, respectively. Cardiovascular safety in vivo was investigated in dogs using a telemetry method.Results: CPL500036 inhibited PDE10A at an IC50 of 1 nM, and interacted only with the muscarinic M2 receptor as a negative allosteric modulator with an IC50 of 9.2 µM. Despite inhibiting hERG tail current at an IC25 of 3.2 μM, cardiovascular adverse effects were not observed in human cardiac 3D spheroids or in vivo. Cytotoxicity in vitro was observed only at > 60 μM and genotoxicity was not recorded during the Ames test. CPL500036 presented good bioavailability and penetration into the brain. CPL500036 elicited catalepsy at 0.6 mg/kg, but hyperprolactinemia or hyperglycemic effects were not observed in doses up to 3 mg/kg.Conclusion: CPL500036 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable PDE10A inhibitor with a good safety profile distinct from marketed antipsychotics. CPL500036 may be a compelling drug candidate.

Abstract Purpose Instillation of latanoprost eye drops into the conjunctival sac to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most frequently used treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of latanoprost on IOP in the rat when applied peripherally. Methods A rodent-dedicated tonometer was used to measure IOP in conscious adult male normotensive Wistar rats habituated to the measurement procedure. Commercially available 0.005% latanoprost solutions were continuously delivered to the periphery of the eye over 7 days using mini-pumps inserted subcutaneously in the animal’s back, and IOP was measured daily. For comparison, a solution containing an equimolar concentration of latanoprost acid, an active compound of latanoprost, was similarly infused into the eyes of different Wistar rats. Results Continuous subcutaneous infusion of latanoprost gradually decreased the IOP; the stable nadir of IOP, which was 20% lower than that prior to the start of infusion, was reached on day 3. The effect was statistically significant and fully reversed 2 days after cessation of drug delivery. Continuous subcutaneous application of the solution containing an equimolar amount of latanoprost acid did not appreciably influence the IOP. Conclusion Subcutaneous continuous delivery of latanoprost decreased the IOP in the conscious normotensive Wistar rats in this study. If this effect is confirmed in humans, it may open the possibility of using peripheral systems of drug delivery, which could significantly improve patient compliance.

Abstract:: The disease which develops following SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, known as COVID-19, in most affected countries displays mortality from 1.5% to 9.8%. When leukocytosis due to granulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and increased level of D-dimers are detected early during the disease course, they are accurate predictors of mortality. Based on the published observations that each of the aforementioned disturbances by itself may appear as a consequence of hypoxia, a hypothesis is presented that early hypoxia consequential to sleep apnea and/or blunted respiratory response to chemical stimuli is an early determinant of COVID-19 progression to the severe and critical stage. Further, it is noted that host-directed therapies which may counteract hypoxia and its early downstream effects are initiated only upon hospitalization of COVID-19 patients, which is too late to be fully effective. An example is anticoagulation treatment with low molecular weight heparin. Repurposing drugs which could counteract some early posthypoxic events, such as fluvoxamine, amantadine and N-acetylcysteine, for post-exposure prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and early prehospital treatment of COVID-19, is indicated.

PurposeThe elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP), a major risk factor in glaucoma, is an important parameter tracked in experimental models of this disease. However, IOP measurement in laboratory rodents is challenging and may not correlate with some key pathological events that occur in the development of glaucoma. The aims of this study were to quantify changes in ocular morphology in DBA/2J mice that develop spontaneous, age-dependent, pigmentary glaucoma and to check the possible correlation of these parameters with IOP.MethodEye morphology was evaluated with MRI in DBA/2J, DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ, and C57BL/6J female mice ages 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months. The animals were anesthetized with isoflurane. A planar receive-only surface coil (inner diameter = 10 mm) was placed over each animal’s left eye and the image was acquired with a 7T small animal-dedicated magnetic resonance tomograph and T2-weighted TurboRARE sequence. Ocular dimensions were manually quantitated using OsiriX software. IOP was measured with rebound tonometry.ResultsIn the control animals, no age-related changes in the ocular morphology were noted. Since 6 months of age, the anterior chamber deepening and elongation of the eyeballs of DBA/2J mice was detectable. We found a significant, positive correlation between IOP and axial length, anterior chamber area, or anterior chamber width in C57BL/6J mice but not in DBA/2J mice. However, after excluding the measurements performed in the oldest DBA/2J mice (i.e. analyzing only the animals ages 3 to 12 months), we demonstrated a significant positive correlation between IOP and anterior chamber width.ConclusionHigh-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the eye area in mice enables reproducible and consistent measures of key dimensions of the eyeball. We observed age-dependent alterations in the eye morphology of DBA/2J mice that mostly affected the anterior chamber. We also demonstrated a correlation between some of the ocular dimensions and the IOP of C57Bl/6J mice and DBA/2J mice with moderately advanced glaucomatous pathology.

The current knowledge based on facts provides data regarding genetic and environmental factors relevant for malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC) which frequently occurs in well-developed countries. CRC carcinogenesis, a process often lasting 10 to 20 years, has been elucidated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of simple sugars contained in fruit in the development of colorectal cancer and polyps. The study group consisted of 106 people aged 66 years and older. Colonoscopy screening was used as an opportunistic examination. Among people not qualified for the examination were those with diagnosed disease organic disease of the large intestine, suspected CRC, and people with poor health status due to diagnosed advanced organic diseases of essential organs. Colonoscopy screening was conducted at the Clinic of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Disorders, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz. The project demonstrated that in the group of 106 elderly people, in whom colonoscopy was conducted as an opportunistic examination under PBP, CRC was detected in 6 subjects, which is significantly more compared to 1 person in the control group. Apart from subjects with CRC, additional 8 subjects had histologically advanced adenomas that due to the high degree of dysplasia and/or presence of a villous component constituted a real risk of developing CRC in the future. In the control group, whose average age was 10 years younger, only one person was found to have cancer and other two had advanced adenomas, and while more adenomas were detected in the study group, they did not pose a significant risk of CRC. The results obtained in the study allow us to draw the conclusion that in order to reduce the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer in older age, proper lifestyle habits should be promoted from childhood and based on rational nutrition, safe and functional food products and, inseparably, physical activity, with colonoscopy screening conducted once in ten years starting from the age of 50.

The aim of the presented work is to describe the different trends in race walkers training and the biological adaptation of the body to the applied stresses, and to characterize the other phenomena accompanying this sport. The article is equally concerned with the scientific premises as well as the practical training indications. For a deeper characterization of the discussed problems, the biological considerations that underpin the selection of people to practice race walking are broadly described. It has been shown that diagnostic test that reveal the overall exercise potential of the body are useful tools in this area, and its specific development is related to the use of balanced training in which the most difficult part is to strive for optimal mastery of the sport walking technique. It was also suggested, that physiological, biomechanical and dietary determinants, which are assessed in scientific laboratories would be helpful for trainers and race walkers in achieving championship in race walking. The general nature of race walking was supplemented with a description of the social phenomena associated with this sport competition. The conclusions drawn in this article indicate the importance of mastering the technique of walking, the predisposition to practicing this sport, the importance of a coach in achieving high sports results, and the opportunity of health benefits mainly through the practice of recreational walking.

Forecasts indicate that in the next decade cancer will become the most common cause of death in our country. Over 140,000 new cases of malignant neoplasms are reported annually in Poland. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently detected malignancies: third in men and second in women. The aim of the study was the assessment of colonoscopy screening for early detection of colorectal cancer by elderly screening subjects. The study group consisted of 106 elderly people (aged 66 years and older), and the control group consisted of 100 consecutive people aged 40 to 65 years who reported to the Clinic for colonoscopy screening under PBP. Subjects from the control group expressed much more positive opinion about the usefulness of colonoscopy screening. 99,1% of subjects from this group assessed the examination as “very useful”, while in the study group such an opinion was expressed by 76% of subjects (p

Introduction. Serotonin also called as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a very important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, also plays an important role in the gastrointestinal tract. It is known that the basis of the peristaltic reflex in the gut is the result of serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells. The vast majority of serotonin in the human body is associated with the gastrointestinal tract. It is produced by enterochromaffin cells, the activation of which causes the serotonin secretion into the intercellular space and its active action through the receptors. There are seven main types of serotonin receptors and some of them have also subtypes. Description of the current knowledge and conclusions. Serotonin is responsible for some symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. It is the result of higher 5-hydroxytryptamine content in the body. Moreover disrupted serotonin system is found in different gastrointestinal disorders e.g. in gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional heartburn, hypersensitive esophagus, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome (both diarrhoea predominant and constipation predominant) as well as in inflammatory bowel diseases. Knowledge of changed mechanisms in particular diseases facilitates the optimal choice of treatment. Drugs affecting the serotonin system in gastroenterological clinical practice are useful especially in the case of abnormalities in the brain - gut axis.

Introduction and purpose of the work. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumours all over the world. It is considered to be the sixth malignant tumour in terms of incidence. It is also characterized by high mortality rate, which, depending on the geographic region, gives the second or third place on the list of cancer related death. There are many known risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, the most important of which is liver cirrhosis. Thus the cirrhotic patients are generally accepted for screening. Actually it is recommended to perform abdominal ultrasound every 6 months in this group. Other forms of screening are also tested. Description of the current knowledge and conclusions. Literature review provides indisputable evidences for the need of screening for liver cancer. Doubts remain only about the appropriateness of widening the screening group and possibly extending the scope of diagnostic tools. The authors, by analyzing the available knowledge for hepatocellular carcinoma screening, consider the qualification of actually recommended screening tests to be insufficient in countries with high incidence. Relatively high incidence of HCC, even greater mortality in the context of all cancers, safety, low cost and universal access to ultrasound, should, in the opinion of the authors, be enough for the consideration to widen the screening guidelines in countries with high incidence of HCC. In countries with low incidence, e.g. in Poland, the screening in healthy population do not belong to the priority.

Introduction: Adequate nutrition in children from youngest age will result in a proper physical and psychological growth. Unregular meals can cause many metabolic diseases. The important role in planning a menu plays frequency of the meals, their regularity and intervals between them. Aim: Evaluation of meal frequency among children aged 6-9 from primary schools in Włocławek. Materials and methods: The study group includes 314 children aged 6-9 randomly selected primary schools in Włocławek. The analysis was a part of a huge regional program of prevention of malnutrition, overweight and obesity by improving nutrition among children aged 6-9. The nutrition questionnaire was fullfiled by parents. The results were analyzed with computer program named Statistica 10. Results: The study showed that children from the study group made nutrition mistakes, such as insufficient numbers of meals during the day (3-4) only 70% of participants had its first meal before the school, not many more took second breakfast to the school and 25% ate junk food between meals. Ninety percent of the children had dinner and super on the regular basis. Conclusions: There is the need to change nutritional habits and make meals more regular, healthy, nutritious and diversified.

It is commonly thought that cases of life shorter than the life expectancy for Poles, mainly due to atherosclerosis and certain malignancies, are caused by, among other factors, consumption of large quantities of meat, especially pork. However, essential statistical data do not confirm this hypothesis, as an average Pole eats 41,1 kg pork per year, compared to 66.1 kg eaten by Spaniards, 64.2 kg by Danes, 59.9 kg by Austrians, 53.3 kg by Germans, while the average life expectancy for female and male Poles is 80.1 years and 71.5 years, respectively, and that for female and male Western Europeans is 82,2 years and 75 years, respectively. Meat is a necessary component of human diet because of its unique chemical composition, nutritional value and content of complete protein with favorable proportions of amino acids. Pork, whose nutritional value and pro-health properties have improved over the last 20 years, has a lower content of saturated fatty acids (SAFA) and a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to beef. Compared to poultry meat, pork has a significantly better proportion of essential unsaturated fatty acids (EUFA), omega-3 (PUFA n-3) to omega-6 (PUFA n-6), whose excess is typical for the so-called “Western” diet. Cholesterol content is fairly similar in all parts of pork carcass, and it is much smaller than even 20 years ago. In comparison with other meat types, pork is characterized by 4–5 times higher content of vitamin B1. Pork is also characterized by a high content of readily available iron, a very often inadequately supplied mineral in humans. It is present in the quantity of 0.014 g/kg, which is higher than in poultry meat (0.009 g/kg) but lower than in beef (0.026 g/kg). In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) updated its classification of carcinogenic agents. Red meat and processed meat were classified by IARC to group 2.A: substances probably carcinogenic to humans. In its document, the international IARC workgroup revealed that consumption of meat brings health benefits, but consumption of processed and red meat should be limited as it can be associated with an increased risk of death due to atherosclerosic diseases and certain malignancies. Concurrently, it is noted that the results of many studies in this area are not clear. Production of genetically modified food is a very interesting, but also controversial area of studies of food, including pork.

Aims. A prophylaxis program for the early detection of colorectal cancer carried out by our department since the year 2000 has been extended to include people aged 65 and older. The subjects were asked additional questions regarding their dietary habits and possible coexistence of type 2 diabetes, and women were asked about the use of hormone replacement therapy. A physical examination, including measurements of nutritional status, was conducted. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes and hormone replacement therapy on the incidence of cancers and adenomas detected by colonoscopy screening in people aged 65 and older. Methods. The study method was standard colonoscopy screening conducted in people aged 65 and older, in whom no clinical signs suggesting the presence of colorectal cancer were observed. The subjects examined provided their answers to a number of questions related to coexisting conditions and medicines taken, and women were asked about their use of hormone replacement therapy in the past. Every subject underwent a thorough physical examination that included basic anthropometric measurements. Results. Subjects with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and women who had used hormone replacement therapy had a greater risk of developing colorectal cancer. Conclusions. The increased risk of colorectal cancer in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as women undergoing hormone replacement therapy, may be associated with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). This polypeptide shows a similarity to insulin, is an active compound in the process of carcinogenesis and plays a role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of action of IGF-1 is important for identifying the causes of tumorigenesis and can also be of significance for the future development of effective methods of treating malignancies.

Introduction. Colonoscopy screening for the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC), despite many limitations, is widely used in the prevention of this most common digestive tract malignancy due to some important advantages. CRC is a nutrition-dependent disease. It is estimated that implementing rational nutrition as part of health promotion activities during childhood and continuing it in the adult life could reduce the morbidity and mortality of colon and rectal cancer. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of dietary habits on the incidence of colorectal adenomas and cancers in the population aged 65+ subjected to colonoscopy screening. Methods. The study method was standard colonoscopy screening conducted in subjects aged 65+ in whom no clinical signs of CRC were observed. The subjects were also assessed for their nutrition and the frequency of consumption of selected products, including red meat, vegetables, fruit and fried foods, using a standardized questionnaire prepared in cooperation with the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Results. Most CRC detections and the greatest number of excised adenomas were reported in subjects consuming vegetables as rarely as several times per year. Conclusions. Consumption of vegetables, among other foods, as part of rational nutrition from childhood through adult life may reduce the morbidity and mortality due to CRC.

Technical and technological progress has changed the production methods of agricultural products and has decreased the overall production costs. Eager reliance on chemical agents and genetic engineering has led to the emergence of risks concerning even traditional food products. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly common to return to the traditional production methods involving the use of biological agents, with the aim to restore a healthy lifestyle and sustainability. This requires a new approach and new solutions developed cooperatively by “soil doctors”, i.e. farmers and environmental scientists, vets and medical doctors. Human health is a reflection of the health of the ecosystem. Fertile soil is essential for the health of plants, animals and humans. Probiotics, prebiotics, bacteriophages and plant extracts exhibit a vast potential as natural technologies that are environment-, animal- and human-friendly. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, if used in proper quantities, favorably affect health. In order for a microorganism to be named a probiotic, a series of tests has to be run to confirm its safety, resistance to difficult conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and a clearly beneficial impact on health. The location and activity of probiotics is mainly associated with the large intestine. The beneficial effect of probiotics depends on the strain and dose. The most important of their actions is maintaining homeostasis of the intestinal microflora, which prevents diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and contributes to well-being. The correct balance in the quantity of microorganisms is crucial for host defense and sustained health. Clinical and experimental studies provide evidence of the effectiveness of using probiotics in both prophylaxis and treatment of many diseases. However, further research is necessary to confirm the effects of probiotics and, perhaps by means of genetic engineering, to select new strains endowed with clinically confirmed probiotic properties and free of adverse reactions.

Lifestyle, with such components as diet, food quality, nutritional status and physical activity in different age groups, including people aged 60+, is a popular research field. Between 1989 and 2014, the number of elderly people in Poland increased by nearly 3 million. Lifestyle, formed from the childhood, is a very important factor affecting a person’s heath status and quality of life, particularly in the elderly. The aim of the study was to assess the lifestyle of people aged 60+ who reported for a screening examination for the early detection of colorectal cancer. The group consisted of 100 people aged 60+ who underwent a screening examination for the early detection of colorectal cancer conducted at the Clinic of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Disorders, the Jan Biziel University Hospital no. 2 in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Every participant filled two surveys, one concerning their current and past lifestyle and the other assessing their eligibility for colonoscopy screening. Every participant underwent a physical examination and anamnesis, during which basic anthropometric parameters, including body weight (kg) and height (cm), were assessed, followed by colonoscopy screening. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATISTICA PL 13 computer software from StatSoft and the results were considered as statistically significant at p

Nutrition habits of children should be adapted to their physiological needs, reflecting their demand for the appropriate nutrients. Nutrition of children and adolescents practicing sports is a particular challenge, much more complex than in their peers and adults. This is related not only with their intensive growth and development and different metabolism, but also with increased physical activity. A correlation between socioeconomic factors in families (parents’ poor education, unemployment and low income) and a poor health status with increased incidence of chronic psychosomatic and organic diseases has been reported. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of socioeconomic factors on selected aspects of nutritional behavior. The investigated group consisted of 100 boys aged 10–16 years, practicing football in a football club in Bydgoszcz, Poland, whose parents answered questions from the KomPAN questionnaire adopted to the Polish conditions. The obtained results were developed statistically using the Statistica 12.5 software, with Chi-squared test and the statistical significance level at p

Ameryk Monika, Świątkowski Maciej, Sikorski Piotr, Augustyniak Agnieszka, Szamocka Małgorzata. Impact of parents’ nutritional knowledge on the nutrition and frequency of consumption of selected products in children and adolescents practicing football in a football club in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):456-472. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.179146 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4020 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 28.11.2016. Impact of parents’ nutritional knowledge on the nutrition and frequency of consumption of selected products in children and adolescents practicing football in a football club in Bydgoszcz, Poland Monika Ameryk, Maciej Świątkowski, Piotr Sikorski, Agnieszka Augustyniak, Małgorzata Szamocka Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Disorders, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Correspondence: Monika Ameryk, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Disorders, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland, Tel: +48 692 222 855. E-mail: monika.ameryk@gmail.com Abstract Rational diet improves the ability for intensive effort and training. Nutrition in children and adolescents depends on the nutritional knowledge of their parents. The aim of the study was to assess the parents’ nutritional knowledge and its impact on the nutrition of their children practicing football. Study group consisted of 100 football players aged 11–16. The parents’ nutritional knowledge and the nutrition of the athletes were assessed using the modified KomPAN questionnaire. The correlation between the parents’ knowledge and the frequency of consumption of selected products was determined using a χ2 test in the Statistica 12.5 software. A correlation between the parents’ nutritional knowledge and the frequency of consumption of selected products by their children was observed. Parents with insufficient knowledge less frequently served dark bread and thick groats than those with good and sufficient knowledge. Parents with good and sufficient knowledge less frequently served instant soups, canned meat, energy and isotonic drinks. No impact of the parents’ knowledge was observed with reference to white cheese, vegetable oils and sweets. Nutritional education of the parents of young athletes is necessary regardless of their nutritional knowledge. Improving eating habits can positively affect children’s development and achievements in sports. Keywords: Nutrition; Knowledge; Sport; Young Athletes; Eating habits.

The aim of the dissertation was analysis and assessment of eating manner of 1st grade children from 5 elementary schools in Bydgoszcz. The analyzed group consisted of 85 students attending to 2012/2013 school year to 1st grade of 5 elementary schools in Bydgoszcz. Data concerning products, meals and beverages consumption were obtained for each person. The quality assessment of daily menus was carried out via two methods: the Bielińska's and Szczygłowa's method. The statistical analysis was performed at a significance level of p≤0.05. The assessment by Szczygłowa's method has shown 3% of appropriate menus and 17% of satisfactory menus. High percentage of unsatisfactory menus were stated (80%). Through Bielińska's method there were 37% of good menus, 48% required improvement and 15% were inappropriate. The analysis of particular Bielińska's assessment criteria has depicted that over 90% of menus contained, recommended for children, amount of 4-5 meals and proper breaks between meals. Unfortunately, less the half of menus contained vegetables/fruit in 3 meals, and only 20% - wholemeal bread, groats and pulses. Under 80% and 75% of menus contained properly raw vegetables/fruit at least once a day and minimum of 2 portions of diary products. The quality assessment has shown the differences in nutrition quality between sex groups and analyzed schools (≤0.05). Appropriate and satisfactory menus according to Szczygłowa almost 3 times more frequently appeared in boys' than girls' menus. 1. Quality assessment of menus among 1st grade in elementary school children in Bydgoszcz has indicated inaccuracies in their content. 2. Differences in quality between boys' and girls' menus and between analyzed schools have been stated. 3. Indicated inaccuracies in menus' content point out the risk of minerals and vitamins shortage in children' nutrition.

Abstract Proper diet is important for children and adolescents practicing sports, providing nutrients for the correct growth, optimal performance and recovery. Purpose: The study evaluated the diet and eating habits of children and adolescents practicing football. Methods: The study involved 100 boys (aged 11–16). Eating habits and consumption of 33 products were assessed using a modified KomPAN questionnaire. Subsequently, indices of healthy and unhealthy diet were determined. Results: Only 30% respondents ate five meals per day and 16% kept fixed meal times. Almost 30% had a snack once daily, 90% ate fast food once a week, and 88% added sugar to beverages. One in ten ate sweets several times per week, while 20%—once daily. 86% ate fish once a week. 52% and 4% ate white and dark bread several times per day. Only 20% had buckwheat several times per week. White and red meat was eaten several times per week by 66.3% and 35.6%, while fish by only 5.7%. Only 20% had a moderate index of healthy diet and 90% had a low index of unhealthy diet. Conclusions: Education of young footballers in nutrition is necessary to correct their eating habits and improve physical performance.

The case of a patient whose imaging tests indicated liver cirrhosis is presented. The detailed diagnostic reveals advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Alpha-fetoprotein and a blind liver biopsy was necessary. The authors conclude that in oncological surveillance of patients with cirrhosis, not only ultrasound but also AFP should be included.