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The effect of gas desorption from the solution with nucleation of gas bubbles is a process that allows to improve fuel atomization in diesel engines. The advantage of such a process, which has been experimentally proven, is a significant reduction in harmful emissions. The conducted research highlighted one of the fundamental problems. This problem concerned the injection pump - it was necessary to design a new construction that would be adapted to the desorption effect. The authors of the work proposed a construction based on a hypocycloidal drive. Due to the nature of the process, i.e. the use of exhaust gases dissolved in diesel fuel, it was very important to analyze the volumetric losses of the compression process - this is the main goal of this article. The authors proved that for the adopted design assumptions, the power of volumetric losses resulting from compressibility is 0.25% of the power consumed by the pump.

W artykule omówiono zagadnienia związane z pomiarem wskaźników pracy silnika oraz parametrów konwencjonalnego autobusu w ruchu. Pomiary wykonano w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu autobusu miejskiego w Poznaniu. Warto zauważyć, że badania drogowe w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacyjnych PEMS (Portable Emissions Monitoring System) są jednym z głównych trendów rozwoju metodologii badań i stopniowo zyskują na znaczeniu. Specyficzne warunki zostały dobrane tak, aby jak najlepiej odzwierciedlić stan faktyczny: ruch zbliżony do ruchu typowego dla zwykłej linii autobusowej (przeciętny ruch na trasach poznańskich). Testy były prowadzone przez dwa dni (piątek i sobotę), charakteryzujące się odpowiednio bardzo dużą i bardzo małą liczbą przewożonych osób oraz dużym i średnim natężeniem ruchu. W trakcie testów silnik i parametry jazdy rejestrowane były w sposób ciągły przesyłane z systemu diagnostycznego pojazdu i GPS. Przedstawiona w artykule metoda badawcza PEMS (badania emisji spalin w warunkach rzeczywistych) może zostać wykorzystana w pomiarze emisji spalin także w pojazdach szynowych o napędzie spalinowym.

W ramach pracy przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania silnika VCR jako jednostki napędowej zespołu prądotwórczego w pojazdach szynowych. Dokonano również analiz termodynamicznych silnika. Na potrzeby badań wygenerowano drogę tłoka w symulacji dynamicznej w programie Solidworks do badania procesów zachodzących podczas procesu spalania. Droga ta została wykorzystana do przeprowadzenia symulacji w programie AVL Fire dla jednakowych warunków początkowych. Porównane zostały różne warianty wysterowania krzywki silnika przy jednakowym stopniu sprężania. W rozpatrywanym artykule analizowano moment oraz okres czasu jaki tłok pozostaje w Górnym Martwym Położeniu (GMP).

The article contains an analysis of thermodynamic indicators of the CI engine with direct fuel injection. The tested unit was an engine with an unconventional crank-piston configuration, in which at a constant compression ratio, different engine crankshaft control variants were compared. In this article the time ranges in which the piston was located in the TDC were analyzed. Additionally, tests were carried out on a conventional unit for comparative purposes. For the purposes of the work, a piston displacement characteristic was generated in dynamic analysis in SolidWorks Motion. Then, this characteristic was used in the simulations of the combustion process in the AVL Fire program, where the most important thermodynamic indicators of the engine cycle were analyzed.

The article presents the results of emission tests and vehicle operation indicators fueled with diesel oil. The tests were carried out for a passenger vehicle equipped with a diesel engine meeting Euro 3 emissions standard, moving in urban traffic. The measurements were carried out using modern PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) enabling the emission of gaseous components from exhaust systems of the tested object. On the basis of the conducted tests, the load characteristics were determined using the torque values obtained along with the engine speeds. The measurement route included two cycles: urban driving and fast acceleration. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of modifications to the control maps on CO, CO2, PM and NOx exhaust gas emissions under real operating conditions.

As part of the work, the piston path generated in the dynamic simulation in the Solidworks program was used to study the processes occurring during the combustion process. The simulation was carried out in the AVL Fire program for the same initial conditions. Different variants of the motor cam control were compared at the same compression ratio. In the analyzed article, the moment and period of time that the piston remains in the Upper Dead Location (TDC) were analyzed.

The article presents the results of modifying virtual models of the NGS-9,6t semi-trailer (a gooseneck semi-trailer with a maximum total weight of 9.6 tons) in terms of increasing its transport capabilities. The semi-trailer was developed at the Industrial Institute of Agricultural Engineering in Poznan as part of research and development project no. WND-POIG.01.03.01-00-164/09, which concerned the protection of wetlands against the succession of vegetation resulting degradation of the natural environment. The real model of the semi-trailer, in cooperation with the Institute, was made by Metalinvest company. The article contains information about the results of testing semi-trailer's virtual models in the context of strengthening the frame elements of the loading ramp, in order to increase its transport possibilities.

W ramach pracy w programie AutodeskInventor stworzono model silnika Szymkowiaka wraz z jego zmodyfikowaną wersją z koncepcyjnym wahaczem. Nastepnie przeprowadzono symulacje dynamiczną obu ukladow korbowo-tlokowych dla roznych stopni sprezania sterowanych walkiem krzywkowym. Uzyskane wyniki symulacji dynamicznej wykorzystano do badania procesow zachodzących podczas procesu spalania w programie AVL Fire. Symulacje przeprowadzono dla jednakowych warunkow początkowych.

W ramach pracy wykorzystano droge tloka wygenerowaną w symulacji dynamicznej w programie AutodeskInventor do badania procesow zachodzących podczas procesu spalania. Symulacje przeprowadzono w programie AVL Fire dla jednakowych warunkow początkowych. Porownywano obie konstrukcje dla jednakowych stopni sprezania. Wyniki testow wykazaly potrzebe optymalizacji konstrukcji ze wzgledu na gorsze parametry pracy silnika ze zmodyfikowanym wahaczem przy wyzszych stopniach sprezania.

The article presents an overview of modern plastics for use in rail vehicles. The analysis of plastics and composites in the constructional aspect was analyzed. The trends in the development of polymer materials, technologies and constructions used in the manufacture of vehicles, on the one hand, are determined by the technical and economic requirements of industry and, on the other, by the continued emphasis on reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Further development will be subject to pre-impregnation techniques, particularly in the form of different types of reinforcement. Full use of the advantages of reinforced polymer materials in vehicle production will only be achieved when further optimization of the resin properties and development of automation will result in the widespread use of composite components in series production. Observing the trends and pace of development, it is possible to predict that there are still restrictions on the use of polymeric materials in the transport sector, such as relatively high prices, technological constraints and the hindering automation of large-scale production. Modern construction and material solutions, in particular those using reinforced plastics, are primarily designed to reduce vehicle weight and have better noise and vibration damping properties. Rail vehicles are becoming more environmentally friendly at the time and travel comfort is higher.

The article presents an overview of modern steel used in rail transport. Directions for the development of materials, technologies and constructions used in the manufacture of rail vehicles are, on the one hand, determined by the technical and economic requirements of industry and, on the other, by the continued emphasis of environmentalists on reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. This generates innovation in the use of modern materials, processing methods and new design solutions and results in reduced vehicle weight. More bold forecasts today show that at the current pace of technology development, in the near future the mass of the vehicle will reduce by an average of 30%. Observing the trends and pace of rail transport development, it can be predicted that existing restrictions on the use of modern materials, such as high prices, technological conditions and difficult automation of large-scale production, can be predicted.

In this paper the authors present the methodology and results of exhaust emissions and energy consumption tests of an 18-meter city bus fitted with a serial hybrid drive. During the tests, parameters of the engine operation, capacitor charging level and exhaust emissions were recorded. The tests were performed under actual conditions of the bus operation in city traffic on a regular bus route. The testing cycles were conducted twice on the same vehicle. The first cycle was performed on the bus with the original configuration and the second one - on the optimized engine and drivetrain. The paper presents the results of the conducted investigations and a comparison that tells us whether the optimization changes have a positive influence on the vehicle reducing its energy consumption and exhaust emissions.

For city buses, the costs of operation and maintenance are critical in the overall purchase and operation cost analysis. That is why the scientists from the Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport have taken up the subject of economic balance on the example of urban public transport operators. For an objective assessment of the fuel consumption it is necessary to determine all the variables. Hence, driving tests are developed that characterize the actual operating conditions and stringent procedures of their realization are set out. The paper presents the results of the fuel consumption tests carried out on public transport buses (SORT Standardized On-Road Tests Cycles).

The paper discusses the investigations on combustion engines that aim at the evaluation of the influence of engine design modifications on the exhaust emissions under application of lubricants of different physicochemical parameters. In the engines the authors applied laser treated cylinder liners, piston rings of reduced pressure force on the cylinder liner and optimized the assembling clearances in the slide bearings. The research was carried out in accordance with the ESC and ELR compliant procedures using different engine lubricants. The measurement series were performed for diesel engines of the capacity of 1.3 dm3of the power outputs of 51 kW and 66 kW. The tested objects were fitted with aftertreatment systems (oxycat and DPF filter).

3D models of Szymkowiak and conventional engines were created in the Solidworks program. During the motion analysis, the characteristics of the piston path were analyzed for the two considered engine units. The imported file with the generated piston routes was used in the AVL Fire program, which simulated combustion processes in the two engines with identical initial conditions. The configurations for two different compression ratios were taken into account. The basic thermodynamic parameters occurring during the combustion process in internal combustion engines were analyzed.

The paper discusses the issues related to the measurement of the operating parameters of a conventional engine and the parameters of a conventional bus in motion. The measurements were performed under actual traffic conditions of a city bus in Poznan. It is noteworthy that on-road tests under actual operating conditions are one of the main trends of the development of the testing methodology and are gradually gaining in importance. Specific conditions were selected to ensure the highest possible reflection of the actual conditions: the traffic similar to the traffic typical of a regular bus route (average traffic on Poznan routes). The tests were performed in the city traffic on a route similar to the actual bus routes of the Poznan bus operator. The tests were conducted for two days (Friday and Saturday), characteristic of very high and very low number of transported people respectively as well as high and medium traffic congestion. During the tests the engine and the driving parameters were recorded continuously as sent from the diagnostic system of the vehicle and the GPS. Based on the exhaust emission level characteristics of the bus fitted with the conventional powertrain the share of the emissions was determined depending on the engine parameters as well as the driving parameters during the whole test. The operating range of the vehicle was within the speeds of 016 m/s (0-60 km/h) and accelerations of 0,3 m/s20,3 m/s2. A great share of the vehicle operation in the urban traffic was at idle (the share amounts to 33%) while for higher speed ranges of 814 m/s the operating time-share was approximately 20%. The authors also performed an analysis of the changes of the exhaust emissions under dynamic conditions depending on the speed of the bus.

This paper presents the investigations, whose aim was to determine the influence of the operation of electric and mechanical compressors on the energy consumption of city buses in public transport. The tests were performed on pneumatic systems used in city transit vehicles whose underlying component is a compressor generating pressure for the brake and suspension systems. Owing to the application of a portable analyzer - SEMTECH DS the emissions (with a secondly resolution) of CO, HC, NOx, CO2in the exhaust gases were measured. The on-road emission tests were performed in the actual operating conditions in SORT driving tests. These tests reflect the actual vehicle operation in a real task through preset procedures of their realization and measurements determining the energy consumption and exhaust emissions or the influence of the vehicle accessories and all variables (vehicle speed, engine load, acceleration or distance covered) on the total energy balance. The on-road tests were performed on a runway of the Bednary airstrip in Poland.

The paper presents energy saving opportunities in by analyzing two types of auxiliary heating systems. Objects of study were two heaters differing in power requirements and fuel consumption (used for water heating system). The heaters were installed in city buses of the same layout and identical convector heaters fitted for optimum temperature of the vehicle interior and the engine. Through the use of a portable device SEMTECH DS (PEMS) the exhaust emissions of CO, HC, NOx, CO2were measured. The testing of the heaters for emissions and the testing of the temperature distribution inside the vehicle were performed in stationary conditions, determining the impact of the heating on the energy consumption of the heaters and temperature comfort inside the vehicle. The measurements were performed for each vehicle at the same ambient temperature, which was about 10°C [2, 3, 5]. So that the temperature increase inside the vehicle could be compared the tested vehicles were conditioned before the measurement. The obtained temperature distributions were determined along with a relative increase in the temperature in the vehicle interiors heated by the tested objects. The temperature measurement was performed with the use of six thermocouples utilizing a signal converter - IOTECH PERSONAL DAQ 3000.

The paper presents discusses the application of photovoltaic cells and provides information on solar energy in Poland. Article presents examples of research emission two buses, one of them was equipped with additional auxiliary photovoltaic system. Measurements was carried out in on-road, in urban traffic - bus line public transport. For measurement was used mobile gas analyzer included in Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS). The results have been developed in such a way as to determine the relative influence of the system implemented on the total environmental performance of the vehicle.

The paper presents the results of emission research city buses fueled by compressed natural gas and diesel. The exhaust emission tests were performed under actual traffic conditions on a regular bus line. For the measurement was used a mobile exhaust analyzer for the group of PEMS - SEMTECH DS by Sensors Inc. Based on the obtained of the result the test determined the impact of applied compressed natural gas to reduce exhaust emissions for a vehicle fueled by diesel.

In reference to the paper “The application of gas dissolved in fuel with a view to improve the mechanism of spraying“ [1], this article continues with the issue of spray mechanism improvements. It includes the results of tests with a one-cylinder CI engine powered with a solution of diesel oil and air. The proposed changes in the spray mechanism were evaluated contrastively. The analysis encompasses: indicator pressure in the cylinder as well as the maximum value of pressure increase rate, self-ignition delay angle, the time span of combustion, the content of carbon oxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas, as well as the degree of exhaust gas blackening. Some positive changes in the combustion process, induced by the improvements in spray mechanism, have been shown.

In the non-equilibrium states of a solution, formed as a result of dissolving gas in a liquid, the gaseous phase is spontaneously released from the solution. This process has a volumetric character and at the appropriate kinetics it is strong enough to be accompanied by the effervescence (bubbling) of the liquid. The authors have undertaken an attempt to evaluate the possibility of applying this process for improving the fuel spraying mechanism in the diesel engines. This paper presents the first part of their work. In this paper presents a concept of the improvement of spraying by adding gas to fuel oil, its dissolving at a high pressure and the use of the effect which accompanies its release during the injection of fuel, for improving the spraying mechanism accompanying its release during the injection of fuel??. The mechanism of spraying improvement has been explained and the general requirements listed, which have to be fulfilled by a fuel injection system design to make the use of gas possible. An evaluation of energetic changes of the fuel stream caused by the presence of gas has been made and the potential possibilities of the extension of the combustion process control, mentioned in the conclusions

Global policies aim at a reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions (particularly CO2) and tightening the emission limits for vehicles. As a result, automotive manufactures have been forced to optimize the propulsion systems as well as other units such as air conditioning or heating systems. Currently, a great deal of research has been carried out on reducing energy consumption in vehicles [1, 2, 3]. Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport of Poznan University of Technology, conducted a study on the impact of heating systems on the energy consumption in a variety of vehicles. Two parking heaters were compared in terms of their emission characteristics and the temperature inside the vehicle measured while the engine was off. Based on these results and the heating rate inside the vehicle were determined. At the same time the temperatures inside the vehicle were measured. The study was conducted under the same conditions. In order to determine the impact of these systems on the vehicle energy consumption the emission measurements were carried out with all systems activated. The obtained results were used to determine both the and gas mileage as well as the specific emission of CO, HC, NOx, CO2. The temperatures were used to determine the effect of the heating system design on the travel comfort. A portable gas analyzer (PEMS) SEMTECH DS (made by Sensors Inc.) was used to measure CO, HC, NOx, CO2, O2 and the exhaust gas mass flow rate. Temperatures were measured with 6 PERSONAL IOTECH DAQ 3000 thermocouple transmitters.

The Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport conducted tests on exhaust emissions for two motorized scooters fitted with two-stroke engines differing from each other with the type of the applied pistons. The research was conducted on a chassis dynamometer according to a specially prepared test that aimed at reflecting the conditions of the actual use of the vehicle. The presented tests were performed in order to determine the influence of the lubricant on the exhaust emission components. The authors also tested the in the emission of NOx, CO, HC and CO2. In the first stage of the testing, measurements were made with respect to a standard mixture of gasoline and oil. Subsequent measuring cycles were conducted for leaner mixtures. The tests on the concentrations of individual components were realized with the use of a portable analyzer SEMTECH DS manufactured by Sensors Inc. The portable analyzer was also designed to measure the mass flow of the exhaust and the concentration of the exhaust components such as CO, HC, NOx, CO2 and O2. A consumption of fuel with a second by second resolution was measured gravimetrically. The fuel consumption in the test drive was measured with the use of a carbon balance method.

This paper describes driving simulators, especially the ones that are most in use currently. It characterizes the criteria to be met by rail vehicle simulators, and also discusses animation requirements. It details design requirements for sound effects and installation of a cab simulator. Programming for weather conditions, simulated routes, railroad collisions, and other variables and parameters are also taken into account. The paper ends with a discussion of the negative effects of driving simulators on the human body, and methods that can be used to prevent these negative impacts.

Electric vehicles are currently subject of many projects in the areas of research, design and production, but there is also an urgent need for new measurement tools and methods being developed to quantify their parameters and performance, and to assist researchers in their search of improved performance and optimal design decisions. The paper presents the design and implementation of such a measurement system which is devised to address these new demands. Subsequently the work is focused on example data logged from a fully electric vehicle, followed by evaluation of results and analysis.