Search

Infrastruktura techniczna jako część majątku narodowego nieodzownie kojarzy się z pojęciem infrastruktury nieodzownej, bez której niemożliwe byłoby funkcjonowanie gminy. Ta, poprzez swoje zadania własne, realizuje bowiem kluczowe potrzeby społeczności lokalnej, planując, budując i utrzymując w należytym stanie infrastrukturę techniczną w postaci dróg czy sieci wodno-ściekowych. Jednakże realia XXI wieku w Polsce okazują się niekiedy brutalne dla obywatela i zaniedbania z zakresu właśnie utrzymania owej infrastruktury powodują powstanie odpowiedzialności na gruncie prawa cywilnego po stronie zarządcy infrastruktury technicznej. Problematyczne okazuje się natomiast ustalenie tego podmiotu, jako że obecnie każda gmina może w odmienny spos.b powierzać wykonywanie zadań z jej zakresu, celem domniemanej bardziej wydajnej organizacji pracy w związku z infrastrukturą techniczną. W niniejszej pracy dokonana została analiza odpowiedzialności w przypadku infrastruktury technicznej, wraz z ustaleniem katalogu przykładowych podmiot.w, kt.re w świetle obecnych praktyk takową zarządzają. Postawione zostały również postulaty de lege ferenda, które mogą doprowadzić do ujednolicenia sposobu określania podmiotu zarządzającego danym elementem infrastruktury technicznej.

What is most surprising in the 150-year history of the gramophone (phonograph, record player) is that it has not ended even today. It might appear that progress in phonography which took place in the twentieth century should have made the gramophone a relic of the industrial age. Investigating the reasons why this device is still alive, the author argues that if it survived all through the twentieth century and found is place in the digital age on the eve of the new century, it was only owing to its hidden potential, which allowed creative individuals to rediscover it, find its new uses, attribute new functions and assign it new roles; in short, reinterpret it in diverse ways, the outcome being gramophone music - a new discursive practice with a varied esthetic appearance.In the first part of the study the author refers to the history of those gramophone reinterpretations and successively describes early literary impressions of the gramophone, the phonograph postulates of Lászlo Moholy-Nagy, Paul Hindemith’s and Ernst Toch’s Grammophonmusik, John Cage’s Imaginary Landscapes, the art of D.J.’s and turntablists, Christian Marclay “creative gramophony”, and experimental turntablism.The second part of the article analyzes the esthetics of gramophone music. The author distinguishes three trends in it: in the first the gramophone is subordinated to the classical concept of music, in the second it is used to create poly-style sound collages, in the third the gramophone is the tool for the implementations of the principles of conceptual art.In conclusion the author writes that it is chiefly owing to these reinterpretations which made the sound-recording and playback invention a composer’s tool, a musical instrument and finally an object of elaborate artistic experiments that the gramophone was able to carry out a historic, technological and conceptual revolution in the twentieth-century and early twenty-first century culture.

The aim of the study was the evaluation ofneutrophil-lymphocyte ratio usefulness in the diagnosis of appendicitis.The study concerned 469 patients: 280 (59.7%) women and 189 (40.3%) men (mean age 34 + 18 years), who underwent operation due to suspicion of appendicitis, in the years 1997-2003. Retrospective analysis ofintraoperative diagnoses, pathological reports and laboratory tests was performed. Optimal values ofneutrophil-lymphocyte (N/L) ratio and leukocytosis, according to sensitivity and specificity in appendicitis diagnosis, were chosen and then compared among patients with different stages of appendicitis. The results were evaluated according to their statistical significance.Optimal values of N/L ratio and leukocytosis, according to sensitivity and specificity, wereor = 3.5 for N/L andor = 12000/mm3 for leukocytosis. N/L ratioor = 3.5 occurred to have much higher sensitivity (77.5% vs. 55%) but lower specificity (73.3% vs. 81.6%) than leukocytosis. Both leukocytosis and N/L had satisfactory values of prediction and likelihood ratio for positive ad negative results.(1) N/L ratio has higher sensitivity than leukocytosis, especially in appendicitis phlegmonosa and gangrenosa. (2) Both leukocytosis and N/L ratio have quite high specificity. In cases other than appendicitis that have similar clinical symptoms and are ultimately diagnosed intraoperatively, the N/L ratio and leukocyte count are rarely elevated above 3.5 and 12000/mm3 respectively. (3) Due to easiness of calculation and still high rate of false positive and negative diagnoses, N/L ratio is worth using in establishing the diagnosis of appendicitis.

Renal insufficiency is the most common etiology of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In case of resistance for conservative treatment, methods of choice are surgical intervention or percutaneous ethanol injections.The aim of the study was to evaluate usefulness of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in the treatment of patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.We performed percutaneous 96% ethanol injections under USG guideance in 51 patients: 22 women (mean age 49.6 years) and 29 men (46.6 yrs). The base level of parathormone was 689.35 pg/ml. We managed to visualize one parathyroid gland in 34 patients, 2 in 12, 3 in 5 patients. The mean volume of a single gland was 0,8 cm3. All the injections were performed with the use of needle number 6. We repeated injections in case of no effects. One injection was performed in 18 patients, 2 in 18, 3 in 13, 5 in 1 and 6 in 1 patient. Before and after the treatment patients were examined with USG, scintigraphy and densitometry. Serum levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathormone (PTH) and alkaline phosphatase (FA) activity were also obtained. The main criteria for success was decrease in parathormone level of 50% or more in comparison with pre-injection level or to less than 200 pg/ml.In the whole group of patients after the first month, positive results were observed in 67%. There were no changes in 23%, and PTH level increased in 10%. After 6 months-positive results in 53%, no change in 35% and increase in 12%. We noted the best results in patients with PTH less than 800 pg/ml-72% of them had positive results after 1 as far as after the 6 month.Percutaneous ethanol injections are valuable method of treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The best results can be obtained if PTH level is less than 800 pg/ml, one parathyroid gland dominating over the rest is visualised in USG, and if patient responds after 1 or at least 2 injections.