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Çalışmanın amacı, Osmanlı Devleti’nde vakıfların yöneticisi konumunda bulunan mütevellilerin yürüttükleri faaliyetlerin girişimci ve makyavelist liderlik tipolojileriyle ilişkilendirilerek açıklamaktır. Bu bağlamda mütevellilerin vakıf işlemleri yoluyla kazanç sağlama amaçlarının arkasında yatan temel motivasyon güdüsünün hangi liderlik tipolojisi altında ele alınacağı tartışılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda nitel araştırma tekniklerinden yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik yaklaşım benimsenerek tarihsel kaynaklar incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda yöneticilerin belirlenen liderlik tipolojileri bağlamında analiz edilmesi için mevcut literatürden faydalanarak liderlik, girişimci liderlik ve makyavelist liderlik hakkında teorik bir arka plan oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen bulguların, belirlenen tipolojiler ekseninde değerlendirilmesi ile vakıf mütevellilerinin, bir liderde bulunması gereken inisiyatif alma, analitik düşünme, riski üstlenme, cesaret vb. özellikleri taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir. Nihai olarak tarihi süreç içerisinde vakıf kurumunda ve ekonomide meydana gelen değişimlerin de etkisiyle mütevellilerin hem girişimci lider hem de makyavelist lider tipolojileri ekseninde hareket ettikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the influence of the interplay between servant leadership behaviors and Machiavellianism on leader effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on trait activation theory and motivation to lead theory, the authors hypothesize that the effect of servant leadership behaviors on perceived leadership effectiveness is manifested differently in teams with high-Machiavellian vs. low-Machiavellian leaders. In teams with low-Machiavellian leaders, servant leadership behaviors are expected to be associated with a cooperative way of handling team conflicts, which enhances employees' leader effectiveness ratings. In contrast, in teams with high-Machiavellian leaders, this mediation role vanishes due to the incongruency between Machiavellian traits and the cooperative context. The authors conducted a two-wave survey-based study and tested the hypotheses with a matched supervisor-employee sample from 310 employees and their leaders in 91 teams. Findings – The results showed that servant leadership behaviors positively impact leadership effectiveness and that this effect takes place through cooperative team conflict management (TCM) without controlling for leaders' Machiavellian trait. Further analysis shows this mediation mechanism is only strong and significant in teams led by low-Machiavellian leaders, but not high-Machiavellian leaders. Originality/value – To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study that examines the interplay of servant leadership behaviors and Machiavellianism on perceived leader effectiveness. 研究目的 – 本文旨在探討僕人式領導行為與馬基雅維利主義之間的相互作用會如何影響領導效能。 研究設計/方法/理念 – 我們根據特質激活理論和領導動機理論、建立了一個假設，這個假設就是： 僕人式領導行為對感知的領導效能所產生並顯示出來的影響、是會視乎團隊是高/強馬基雅維利主義，還是低/弱馬基雅維利主義而有所分別的。若團隊的領導者是低/弱馬基雅維利主義的話，僕人式領導行為大概會與使用合作的方式去處理團隊衝突有相互之關聯，這會提高僱員對領導效能的評分。與此相反，若團隊的領導者是高/強馬基雅維利主義的話，這調節作用和角色將會因馬基雅維利主義的特質與合作的環境之間存在著不協調而消失。我們進行了一個兩波的、以及基於調查的研究，在這研究中，我們利用管理者和員工相應的樣本來測試各個假設;這些樣本包括91個團隊內的310名員工及其領導者。 研究結果 – 研究結果顯示、僕人式領導行為對領導效能會產生積極的影響，而這影響是透過以合作方式管理團隊衝突而產生的，亦沒有對領導者的馬基雅維利主義特質加以管控。我們進一步的分析顯示、這調節機制只會在由低/弱馬基雅維利主義的領導者領導的團隊內顯得強烈和顯著，但若領導者是高/強馬基雅維利主義的話，情況就不一樣了。 研究的原創性 – 盡我們所知，本研究為首個研究、去探討僕人式領導行為與馬基雅維利主義之間的相互作用會如何影響感知的領導效能。

The aim of this study is to explain the activities of trustees, who were the managers of foundations in the Ottoman Empire, in relation to entrepreneurial and Machiavellian leadership typologies. In this context, it is discussed under which leadership typology the main motivation motive behind the trustees' aim of making profit through foundation transactions will be handled. In line with the purpose of the study, historical sources were analyzed by adopting an interpretative phenomenological approach from qualitative research techniques. In this context, a theoretical background on leadership, entrepreneurial leadership and Machiavellian leadership was created by making use of the existing literature to analyze managers in the context of the identified leadership typologies. With the evaluation of the findings obtained on the axis of the typologies, it was determined that foundation trustees have the characteristics such as initiative, analytical thinking, risk-taking, courage, etc. that a leader should have. Finally, it has been concluded that the trustees act on the axis of both entrepreneurial leader and Machiavellian leader typologies with the effect of the changes in the foundation institution and the economy in the historical process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machiavellianism is an antisocial interpersonal style involving the use of manipulative, deceptive, and coercive behaviors in the pursuit of self-interest. Although widely studied as a "dark" personality trait in adults, relatively little is known about the developmental correlates of Machiavellian tendencies earlier in life. The present study addressed this knowledge gap by examining associations between Machiavellian behavior and three theoretically relevant social–emotional domains—prosocial emotions, emotion recognition skills, and self-control—in a community sample of 7- and 11-year-old Canadian children (N = 300, 50% female). Of particular interest was the extent to which individual differences in social–emotional capacities were uniquely associated with Machiavellian behavior after controlling for aggression, a relatively well-studied antisocial behavior in childhood. Parents reported on children's Machiavellian behavior and aggression. Social–emotional correlates were assessed via parent and child reports, behavioral tasks, and physiological assessments. Machiavellian behavior and aggression were similarly associated with lower parent-reported prosocial emotions and self-control. Machiavellian (but not aggressive) behavior was associated with lower child-reported guilt (a prosocial emotion), higher resting skin conductance levels (reflecting a general tendency for higher arousal), and better anger recognition. Semipartial correlational analyses indicated that these patterns of association with Machiavellian behaviors held independent of aggression. These findings indicate that, by middle childhood, Machiavellian behavior constitutes a distinct form of antisocial conduct that is associated with a unique social–emotional risk profile. Public Significance Statement: By middle childhood, Machiavellian behaviors such as manipulation, deception, and coercion are distinct from aggression in terms of their occurrence and associations with other domains of social–emotional functioning (e.g., prosocial emotions, emotion recognition ability, self-control). This suggests that traditional prevention and intervention programs targeting aggressive and violent tendencies may be less effective at curbing more subtle and self-serving forms of antisocial conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem in this research is: Does the self-assessment system have an impact on WP OP compliance? Does knowledge and understanding of taxation have an impact on WP OP compliance? Does Machiavellian impact WP OP compliance? Does the self-assessment system, knowledge and understanding of taxation, and Machiavellian simultaneously have an impact on WP OP compliance? Research objective: To analyze the impact of the self-assessment system on WP OP compliance. Analyze the impact of knowledge and understanding of taxation on WP OP compliance. Analyze the impact of Machiavellian on WP OP compliance. Analyzing the impact of the self-assessment system, knowledge and understanding of taxation, and Machiavellian simultaneously on WP OP compliance. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire technique. The number of samples is 99 people WP OP. The data processing technique uses multiple linear regression. The results of data analysis with a significance of 0.05 indicate that the self-assessment system has a positive and significant impact on WP OP compliance. Knowledge and understanding of taxation has a positive and significant impact on taxpayer OP compliance. Machiavellian has a negative and insignificant impact on WP OP compliance. Self-assessment system, knowledge and understanding of taxation, and Machiavellian simultaneously impact W P OP compliance. The advice given is that the implementation of the Self-assessment system continues to be improved and the socialization of tax rules continues to be encouraged in an effort to increase knowledge and understanding of taxation for taxpayers.

Discussing and contesting politics on Twitter has taken centre stage in Zimbabwe. In this discursive cyber-scape, political celebrities have emerged. Professor Jonathan Moyo is one of the popular voices (re)configuring the ideological and conceptual (dis)continuities of Zimbabwe's post-coup d'état political culture. Moyo was ejected from his position as a ZANU PF political insider after the military-led ousting of long-time ruler Robert Gabriel Mugabe in November 2017. His knowledge of the ruling party invokes a political forecast, retro-cast, and insight that is puzzling and transforming political discourse. This article argues that Moyo's tweets use carefully selected ideas and concepts to expose, undermine, and predict ZANU PF political manoeuvres in the post-Mugabe era. It analyses the celebrity politician's tweets after the November 2017 coup d'état, showing how they capture and influence the political mood in the post-Mugabe nation-state. The article confirms that Twitter has taken a central role as a platform for democratic engagement while also being exploited by disgraced politicians. It provides an open and free digital medium for citizens to interact and share their concerns as well as disagreements over state politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nurses' Machiavellian and deontic justice personality on the tendency to make medical errors. Additionally, conducted to investigate the other factors associated with nurses' tendency to make medical errors., Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 345 nurses working in a state university medical faculty health application and research hospital, and data were collected using the Medical Error Tendency in Nursing Scale, the Machiavellian Personality Scale, and the Deontic Justice Scale., Results: Machiavellian and deontic justice personality of nurses effect in low level their tendency to make medical errors (R = 0.284, p = 0.001). As the nurses' Machiavellian tendencies increased, their propensity toward making medical errors also increased. The increase in Nurses' deontic justice reduced their tendency toward medical errors (p < 0.05). A significant difference was found between nurses' mean tendency to medical errors scores and their age, working life/years, the number of night shifts, the daily number of patients provided with care, the status of working in the COVID-19 service, and the status of having received education on medical errors (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Nurses' Machiavellian tendencies and deontic justice approach affect their propensity to make medical errors. Nurses who have a Machiavellian tendency and poor deontic justice have a high tendency to make medical errors. Nurses' age, working life/years, the number of night shifts, the daily number of patients they provide care for, working in the COVID-19 service, and having received education on medical errors were the other factors affecting their tendency to make medical errors. This study demonstrated that nurses' personality traits can cause medical errors. Generations are changing in the world and personality are also changing. Therefore, including personal development in nursing education could be a positive approach for medical errors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

To date, no studies have examined a range of structural models of the interpersonally aversive traits tapped by the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4; narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, sadism), in conjunction with their measurement invariance (males vs. females) and how the models each predict external correlates. Using a large sample of young adults (N = 3,975), four latent variable models were compared in terms of fit, measurement invariance, and prediction of intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning. The models tested were as follows: (Model A) confirmatory factor analytic, (Model B) bifactor, (Model C) exploratory structural equation model, and (Model D) a reduced-item confirmatory factor analytic that maximized item information. All models accounted for item covariance with good precision, although differed in incremental fit. Strong invariance held for all models, and each accounted similarly for the external correlates, highlighting differential predictive effects of the SD4 factors. The results provide support for four theoretically distinct but overlapping dark personality domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the ethical decision-making of tax consultants in the Southern Sumatra Region. The population of this research is all tax consultants who are members of the Indonesian Tax Consultants Association (IKPI), which includes the provinces of Lampung, South Sumatra, Bangka Belitung, and Jambi. The total population is 139 tax consultants. The entire population was used as the research sample (with a return sample of 109 respondents). Data were analyzed using SEM-WarpPLS. The results of the analysis found that: (1) Machiavellian had a negative effect on ethical decisions (2) Machiavellian had a negative effect on ethics and social responsibility (3) Ethics and social responsibility had a positive effect on ethical decisions (4) Ethics and social responsibility can partially mediate the relationship between Machiavellian and ethical decisions

We introduce a three-phase model of decision-making as examined through a Machiavellian lens. Distinct from previous research, we broaden our research premise from Machiavellianism exhibited by an individual to Machiavellianism at the organizational level. We examine this type of organization beginning with an emphasis on organizational values and practices, which we define as climate emergence. After establishing the process of climate emergence, we examine employee sensemaking within a Machiavellian climate by drawing on Rest's decision-making model. Our research culminates with an exploration of resultant employee behaviors while emphasizing the moderating role of dispositional Machiavellianism. We conclude with a discussion centered on how this perspective fits within recent research and its impact on organizational practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of a policy in VAT refund for taxpayers is considered a potential loss of state revenue and is a dilemma for tax authorities, because this policy can reduce tax revenue. In addition, taxpayers may deliberately or accidentally misrepresent data in tax statements in order to receive a tax refund. In this study, the authors analyze the factors that can influence the decision on tax refunds. These factors are: nationality, education, religiosity, love of money, machiavellian corporate tax accountants. Nationality, education and religiosity are integral to the social identity of an employee. Machiavellianism in psychology refers to a personality trait which sees a person so focused on their own interests they will manipulate, deceive, and exploit others to achieve their goals. To prove the study hypothesis, the authors use the postulates of the theory of planned behavior. The data for the analysis was collected by the method of questioning 92 corporate tax accountants, representing various companies that are taxpayers. All taxpayers selected for the study are served by the Palembang Medium Tax Office (Indonesia). The study results show that there is a significant influence of nationality, education, religion, love of money and machiavellianism of corporate tax accountants on the decision making for overpayment tax refunds. This is due to the need for a sense of pride in nationality, level of education, love of money and machiavellian where when complexity increases, professionals need to increasingly rely on experience in providing decision-making recommendations in filing overpayment tax refunds. There is no significant influence of religiosity on decision making for overpayment tax refunds where the tax accountants in making their restitution decisions do not see religious commitment in which one’s behavior is coordinated with religious values, beliefs and practices which are not applied in making the overpayment tax refund decision.

Independent auditor services are needed to determine the reliability of the financial statements presented by management and to give an opinion towards the financial statements in a credible manner, so that they can be trusted and obtain larger market share. In addition, the reporting process must also be effective by employing competent and objective independent auditors to give high quality audit based on the Professional Standards of Public Accountants (SPAP) and the Code of Ethics (IAPI,2016). On the other side, non-compliance towards SPAP and the Code of Ethics can reduce the audit quality. The non-compliance to the standards leads to violation cases and financial scandals, which inhibits the credibility of the auditors. This study aims to examine the effect of locus of external and task complexity towards the dysfunctional audit behavior moderated by Machiavellian. This research was conducted on auditors that was registered at the Public Accounting Firm (KAP) in Denpasar using the PLS-SEM analysis and with the support of SmartPLS 3.0. Software. The results showed that the auditor’s dysfunctional behavior can be caused by the variations of external locus, the complexity of the task which interacts with Machiavellian.

A vast majority of research characterizes organizational politics as an aversive phenomenon and thus recommends exploring the factors that minimize its intensity. This study primarily endeavored to examine the role of high performance work practices (HPWPs) in controlling organizational politics. The moderating influence of Machiavellian personalities on HPWPs- politics was also evaluated. Through a questionnaire survey, 243 responses were obtained from engineers working in a local industrial area of capital city of Pakistan. The results showed an inverse relationship between HPWPs and perceived organizational politics (POP), and the moderating role of Machiavellianism was substantiated. Practical implications are presented based on the study results.

Copyright of Accounting & Finance / Oblìk ì Fìnansi is the property of Institute of Accounting & Finance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Millennial consumers are increasingly becoming important actors in business that account for sufficient purchasing power. However, Millennials are infamously narcissistic and their views of ethics are more relaxed than previous generations (i.e., Baby Boomers, Generation X). Millennials remain poorly understood in general, especially in the context of developing countries. Hence, the purpose of this study was to profile this generation by segmenting Millennials in Indonesia and investigating differences between these segments on their ethical beliefs and Machiavellianism, an important personality characteristic. This study used a convenience sample from a university in Indonesia (N = 540). The TwoStep cluster analysis produced three segments, namely, "The Religious Millennials", "The Lukewarm Religious Millennials" and "The Least Religious Millennials". Consumers who are highly religious are less likely to engage in various unethical behaviours. Interestingly, no significant differences were found between The Lukewarm Millennials and The Least Religious Millennials on their ethical beliefs. This research makes several research contributions. First, this study extended the Hunt–Vitell theory of ethics, where an individual (i.e., Millennials) confronts a problem perceived as having ethical content. Second, the study examined consumer ethics in the context of developing countries where religion plays a significant role in people's daily life. Third, through understanding different segments, the results assist educators, social marketers and public policy makers in creating an effective campaign to reduce unethical behaviour among Millennials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vast majority of research characterizes organizational politics as an aversive phenomenon and thus recommends exploring the factors that minimize its intensity. This study primarily endeavored to examine the role of high performance work practices (HPWPs) in controlling organizational politics. The moderating influence of Machiavellian personalities on HPWPs- politics was also evaluated. Through a questionnaire survey, 243 responses were obtained from engineers working in a local industrial area of capital city of Pakistan. The results showed an inverse relationship between HPWPs and perceived organizational politics (POP), and the moderating role of Machiavellianism was substantiated. Practical implications are presented based on the study results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Machiavellian (Mach) personality trait describes individuals who rely on manipulative strategies to achieve their goals, which are primarily extrinsic (money, success, power), often at the cost of interpersonal relationships. However, little is known about the environmental conditions that cue Machs to act in deviant ways. We explore the impact of fair environments on Machs’ perceptions of threat. Tested in an experimental study (N = 311), our results provide preliminary evidence that, contrary to normative responses to fairness, Machs have negative cognitive (experience threat) and behavioral intention (intimidation tactics) reactions to fair situations, and thus might actually function more normatively in unfair environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although traditionally it was believed that having advanced Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities led to social competence and prosocial behaviors in children, it has also been shown that some children use their high ToM abilities to strategically manipulate others instead of acting prosocially towards them. It is an important developmental task to understand the factors contributing to this behavioral divergence for children with advanced ToM understanding, which also has significant practical implications for bullying interventions. We contend that this divergence cannot be explained by a lack of moral competence or empathy, but that the existing evidence lends itself better to a motivational explanation. We propose that the direction of social motivation varies across children and the self versus other oriented social motivation determines if children will use their developed morality and empathy competencies in social interactions to act prosocially or instead cognitively divert moral and empathic emotions to avoid negative feelings about manipulating others. We show how self versus other orientation has been used as a legitimate distinction to inform other domains of psychology and conclude by discussing possible correlates and precursors of this difference in the direction of social orientation in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the validity of Machiavellian thinking in order to explore the contemporary era in a purposeful way. The current time can be characterized as troubled and unstable, with the alliance between great wealth and fortune and anti-politics adding an extraordinary destabilizing force. In this scenario, the invocation of virtue, as was suggested by Machiavelli, remains valid. Resetting politics based on plural deliberation and engagement with the virtues of excellence, veracity and authenticity, may allow the overcoming of wealth and fortune. At the very least, this is necessary if we want to avoid the sharp edges of anti-politics and to fight populism, the disturbing shadow of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the determinant of tax practitioners ethical decision making behaviour. The factors that were examined in this study were individual factors; PRESOR, Machiavellian, and situational factors; risk preference, importance of tax to practice, exposure to current tax practice, closeness of client relationship. This study used survey method in gathering the data. Population of this study were tax practitioners joined in IKPI (Ikatan Konsultan Pajak Indonesia) in Jawa Timur, Indonesia. A total of 38 samples were processed using Logistic Regression. The model of this study explained 45% determinants of tax practitioners ethical decision making. The results of this study showed that PRESOR and Machiavellian as individual factors affects tax practitioners ethical decision making. Situational factors in this study, which were risk preference, importance of tax to practice, exposure to current tax practice, closeness of client relationship was proven not to have a significant effect to ethical decision making. Keywords: Ethical Decision Making, Individual Factors, PRESOR, Machiavellian, Situational Factors. Abstrak Studi ini bertujuan untuk menguji determinan pengambilan keputusan etis konsultan pajak. Faktor-faktor yang diteliti pada studi ini adalah faktor individu, yaitu PRESOR dan Machiavellian, dan faktor situasional, yaitu preferensi risiko, dominasi profesional, kekinian informasi, dan hubungan profesional. Studi ini menggunakan metode survei dalam pengambilan data. Populasi yang digunakan adalah konsultan pajak yang terdaftar di Ikatan Konsultan Pajak Indonesia (IKPI) Jawa Timur. Sebanyak 38 sampel yang dapat diolah dengan menggunakan regresi logistik dan hasilnya adalah model studi dapat menjelaskan 45% determinan pengambilan keputusan etis konsultan pajak. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor individu yaitu PRESOR dan Machiavellian memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap pengambilan keputusan etis konsultan pajak, sedangkan faktor situasional yaitu preferensi risiko, dominasi profesional, kekinian informasi, dan hubungan profesional tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pengambilan keputusan etis. Kata kunci: Pengambilan Keputusan Etis, Faktor Individu, PRESOR, Machiavellian, Faktor Situasional.

This article analyses the way in which the life and works of Niccolò Machiavelli are misunderstood and misconstrued by writers and scholars, in the fields of management, personality research and primate studies. While adjectives like 'Machiavellian' and nouns like 'Machiavellianism' have become part of the vernacular, these scholarly usages trade on, perpetuate and reinforce stereotypes of Machiavelli in (1) a host of books and articles in management, (2) an instrument to assess personality that has been administered to thousands of subjects around the world, and (3) authoritative studies of primate behaviours from the Netherlands to Japan. The distorted Machiavelli depicted in these fields is but a shadow of the deft, insightful and elusive Machiavelli of The Prince, The Discourses, Mandragola, The Art of War, The Florentine Histories and more. We suggest that colleagues should recognise and rebut these shadowy Machiavellis in teaching, scholarship and research. If specialists in history and political science ignore them, they will continue to obscure the reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elite corruption may have a significant role in ending conflicts and shaping post-conflict development. This article enquires into the legitimacy accorded to such corruption. It reviews literature on post-conflict Cambodia, seeking evidence that academic commentaries, public opinion or elites themselves regard elite corruption as a legitimate Machiavellian tool for achieving other ends. Corruption has been an element of the style of government adopted by the dominant party in Cambodia, shaping both the achievement of peace and the uneven economic development that followed. Academic commentaries provide some implicit and explicit legitimation of corruption as a means to secure peace and to resist neoliberal policy settings by affording government discretionary resources and power. Meanwhile, public dissatisfaction with elite corruption appears to the most likely source of renewed violent conflict in Cambodia. How elite actors rationalise and legitimise corrupt behaviour remains poorly understood, and is deserving of more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "maquiaveliano (na)" has long been in common use, despite the fact that it does not appear in the Diccionario de la lengua española (DLE) and as such has not been "authorized" by the Real Academia de la Lengua Española (RAE). I would like to describe, by way of this reflection, a proposal I have sent to the RAE, that the possibility of including the aforementioned word in the DLE be taken into consideration, and that the existing related words "maquiavélico", "maquiavelismo" and "maquiavelista" be amended accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Beginning with Pedro de Ribadeneyra, whose treatise on the Christian Prince was first published in 1595, Spanish counterreformation intellectuals attacked Machiavelli by characterizing him as an evil man whose "doctrine" originated from the Devil himself. I argue, however, that this characterization of Machiavelli is in reality a gross misrepresentation by late 16th and 17th century political authors that today's scholars of the Spanish Baroque have tended to accept without inquiry. Although Spanish political writers of the seventeenth century damned Machiavelli rhetorically, in their own practical counsel to the king they adopted the same vocabulary the Florentine had employed to discuss political contingency in The Prince and Discourses on Livy. Thus, even while these intellectuals selectively criticized specific passages taken out of context from Machiavelli's writing, overall Machiavelli's thought controls their broader political discourse. Ultimately, we should reassess our uncritical use of the terms Machiavellian and anti-Machiavellian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the perpetual debate on the Florentine, Niccolò Machiavelli's ethical values and leadership ideas and the consequent creation of the mythical reputation and negative epithet 'Machiavellian'. This article proposes recommendations on how Machiavelli's thought and his study can best be applied to bring genuine clarity and value to organisations in these interesting and turbulent times providing a hopefully viable compass for a changing landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonprofit organizations are held to high ethical standards due to their charitable missions serving the common good. Incidents of fiscal mismanagement within the nonprofit sector make it relevant to assay the ethical principles of employees. This study examines the level of Machiavellian propensities of US nonprofit employees. Results indicate Machiavellian propensities do exist in certain nonprofit employees and these employees agree with questionable behavior. Policy makers and oversight agencies may find these results useful in developing corporate governance and accountability measures for nonprofit organizations. Furthermore, board of director members may use these results to monitor employee actions and address management training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]