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Stakeholder engagement (SkE) in research is currently experiencing significant growth within the fields of environmental and sustainability sciences. Stakeholder engagement ensures the relevance of research questions to societal expectations and the uptake and salience of the co‐produced knowledge and results for their use in the decision‐making process. In a context of societal challenges regarding biodiversity conservation and the sustainability of marine and freshwater social‐ecological systems (SESs), participatory approaches constitute key methods in applied research involving actions and decision‐making. There are, however, many gaps in the practical, conceptual and ethical ways stakeholders have been involved in research. We propose here a systematic map of the literature on SkE in research on marine and aquatic SESs carried out on French European and overseas territories, in order to draw up the first comprehensive overview of how SkE has developed and changed since 1945. This systematic map will identify a representative list of scientific articles on SkE in French marine and freshwater social‐ecological research. The literature search will include both academic literature (e.g. peer‐reviewed articles, reviews, meta‐analyses) and grey literature (e.g. reports, working papers) using the most relevant search engines for the scientific literature published between 1945 and 2023. Retrieved publications will be reviewed for relevance according to a predefined set of eligibility/ineligibility criteria by a group of trained reviewers. The eligibility check will be done in two successive screening steps: (1) title and abstract and (2) full text, each independently performed by two reviewers. All retained literature will be subjected to coding and metadata extraction using the Sysrev platform. No validity assessment will be undertaken. A database of the metadata extracted will be provided, along with a narrative description of the evidence base, and a set of figures

While the science supporting fisheries management has generally been dominated by the natural sciences, there has been a growing recognition that managing fisheries essentially means managing economic systems. Indeed, over the past seven decades, economic ideas and insights have increasingly come to play a role in fisheries management and policy. As an illustration of this, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has been actively seeking to expand the scope of its scientific expertise beyond natural sciences [another inter-governmental marine science organization which has done this over the same period is the North Pacific Marine Science organization (PICES)]. In particular, the recently created ICES Working Group on Economics set out to review current work and key future needs relating to economic research and management advice on marine capture fisheries. This article presents the results of this review and addresses how economic research can be incorporated into the science of ICES to provide integrated perspectives on fisheries systems that can contribute to the provision of advice in support of policy development and management decision-making for sustainable uses of living marine resources.

Common sole (Solea solea) is an important resource for French professional fishermen in the Bay of Biscay:in 2020, 389 vessels caught more than one tonne of sole and 821 vessels more than one kilo of sole in thisregion (Ifremer 2022). Since 1988, sole fishing has been subject to a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) set atEuropean level as part of the Common Fisheries Policy. Despite this framework for fishing opportunities,estimates of the decline in sole recruitment and abundance in this region have led to a reduction in the TACin recent years (-37% by 2022). Reductions in the TAC in recent years have therefore restricted fishingopportunities for vessels in the fishery, with potential socio-economic consequences. An analysis of the arrangements for allocating fishing quotas for this stock, carried out in 2011 (Lagière et al.2012), showed the key role played by Producer Organisations (POs) in allocating sole fishing opportunitiesbetween vessels in the fishery. In particular, some POs had adopted a system of individual fishing limits inresponse to the growing constraints on quota availability. The purpose of the study presented here was to analyse how the management of fishing opportunities hasevolved since that time. The document presents the main current features of this management, and thenature of the questions that this management makes it possible to answer. The study addressed the following questions : What role do POs play in the allocation and consumption of fishing quotas in France ? What mechanisms are currently used by the POs to allocate sole fishing opportunities to the variousstakeholders in the fishery and to reallocate them during the year, and how are they determined ?

La sole commune (Solea solea) constitue une ressource importante pour la pêche professionnelle françaisedans le golfe de Gascogne : en 2020, 389 navires ont capturé plus d’une tonne de sole et 821 navires plusd’un kilo de sole dans cette région (Ifremer 2022). Son exploitation est soumise depuis 1988 à un TotalAdmissible de Captures (TAC) fixé au niveau européen, dans le cadre de la Politique Commune de la Pêche.Malgré cet encadrement des possibilités de pêche, les estimations de baisse de recrutement et d'abondancede la sole dans cette région ont conduit à une réduction du TAC dans les années récentes (-37% en 2022). Lesréductions du TAC dans les années récentes ont ainsi contraint les possibilités de pêches des navires de lapêcherie avec des conséquences socio-économiques potentielles. Une analyse des modalités d'attribution des quotas de pêche de ce stock, menée en 2011 (Lagière et al.2012), avait montré le rôle clé joué par les Organisations de Producteurs (OP) dans la répartition despossibilités de pêche de sole entre les navires de la pêcherie. Certaines OP avaient notamment adopté unsystème de limitation individuelle de pêche, pour répondre aux contraintes croissantes de disponibilités dequotas. L'objet de l'étude présentée ici était d’analyser la manière dont la gestion des possibilités de pêche a évoluédepuis cette période. Le document présente les principales caractéristiques actuelles de cette gestion, et lanature des questions auxquelles cette gestion permet de répondre. L’étude a abordé les questions suivantes : Quel est le rôle des OP dans l'allocation et la consommation des quotas de pêche en France ? Quels sont les mécanismes actuellement utilisés par les OP permettant la répartition des possibilités depêche de sole entre les acteurs de la pêcherie et leur réallocation en cours d’année, et comment sont-ilsdéterminés ?

Context Maximum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield are often advocated as desirable biological and economic objectives for fisheries management, and the analysis of trade-offs associated is often absent from scientific advice. Aims This work aims to demonstrate an operational approach for comparing trade-offs of not only biological, and economic objectives, but also social objectives, in this case for maintaining affordable fish prices for the Australian public. Methods We use a simulation model of the multi-species, the Australian Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery, characterised by technical and economic interactions among harvested stocks, and apply an eco-viability approach to identify catch limits on two key species of the fishery (tiger flathead and pink ling). Key results Several trade-offs are highlighted related to the distribution of benefits among vessel owners, fishing crews and consumers. Maximising the economic returns to vessel owners, which is the current management objective of the fishery, correspondingly reduces social benefits of providing employment as fishing crews and raises consumer prices. Conclusions Maximising fishery profits as a management objective comes at a social cost for crew members and fish consumers. Implications Analysing trade-offs with an eco-viability approach helps inform decisions regarding fisheries management, fully accounting for the different dimensions of biological, economic and social sustainability.

Marine socio-ecosystems are complex systems characterized by strong interactions between natural resources exploited, human activities and governance. Many human activities rely on the resources that the ecosystem can provide. However, natural resources are common and variable and thus require particular management and adaptation from human activities. In addition, marine environments and activities are difficult to observe, assess or control. Supporting management of marine SES therefore requires the use of participatory integrated approaches such as the ComMod (Companion Modeling) approach. This approach builds simulations and gaming with the stakeholders of the territory to help sharing a common vision of the SES and its future and thus empowering stakeholders towards sustainable trajectories. Within the framework of the HOPOPoP project, a ComMod approach has been developed in the Iroise Sea red lobster fishery which is characterized by a biomass increase providing incentives to target this species in a context of a decrease observed in a number of other fish stocks. In a first step, the co-construction of a conceptual model with the stakeholders of the fishery will be built through interviews and workshops. This model will be used, in a second step, to create an agent-based simulation model which combines classical biological and socio-economic simulations of scenarios and role playing in order to help stakeholders explore consequences of decisions on the management of their activity. Stakeholders will be able to make virtual decisions and see how they impact the different elements of the socio-ecosystem.

Ce travail répond à la demande de saisine de la DGAMPA sur l’évaluation de l’impact de scénarios de gestion 2024 pour le bar et le lieu jaune dans le Golfe de Gascogne, suite à l’avis scientifique en baisse du CIEM en 2023. Les mesures analysées pour le bar concernent des scenarios de quotas, mais aussi des changements dans la taille minimale de capture et une limitation de la pêche récréative. Pour le lieu jaune, des analyses similaires ont été demandées, mais il n’existe pas de modèle de dynamique de population pour ce stock dans le Golfe de Gascogne, qui est évalué par une approche « à données limitées » ne permettant pas la construction de scenarios de gestion. Pour ce stock, Ifremer fournit alors les données et informations de contexte dont il dispose pour décrire la pêcherie. Pour le lieu jaune dans la Mer Celtique, la pêche récréative n’est pas incluse dans l’évaluation de stock et il n’est à ce jour pas possible d’évaluer les impacts de scénario. Enfin, les impacts socio-économiques ne sont ici pas évalués à partir de modèles dynamiques projetées en 2024, les délais contraints de la saisine ne permettant pas l’adaptation et la mise à jour de modèles existants ; mais il est fourni toutes les indications de type « fiche Stock » décrivant quelles sont les flottilles exploitant le bar et le lieu jaune, ainsi que leur dépendance à ces espèces.

IAM (Impact Assessment Model) est un modèle bio-économique de simulation de dynamiques de pêcheries, intégrant des outils spécifiques d’aide à la décision dans le cadre de mises en application théoriques de mesures de gestion. Ce document constitue un support d’utilisation du modèle, décrivant les étapes de paramétrage et de lancement des simulations, exposant les méthodologies et équations fonctionnelles utilisées en arrière-plan, et analysant les possibilités offertes par l’outil. Une première partie principalement théorique décrira l’architecture modulaire du modèle, détaillera les paramètres mis en jeu ainsi que les liens fonctionnels les unissant. Les différents outils de simulation greffés au modèle "basique" et les méthodologies associées seront également présentés dans cette partie. Plus techniquement, la méthode de constitution du fichier de paramétrage fera l’objet alors qu’une troisième et dernière partie reprendra l’ensemble des vignettes associées au package décrivant la mise en application des simulations au sein d’un environnement R.

Dans le cadre du projet PARTAGE (https://www.umr-amure.fr/projets-scientifiques/partage/), une enquête sur les collaborations Scientifiques-Acteurs impliquant l’Ifremer a été conduite en 2020. L’enquête n’avait pas pour objectif de faire un recensement exhaustif des collaborations scientifiques-acteurs impliquant l’Institut ces dix dernières années mais d’obtenir un échantillon significatif permettant d’illustrer la diversité des interactions science-société à l’Ifremer notamment en matière de recherches collaboratives conduites avec des acteurs et des gestionnaires du milieu marin, d’appui aux politiques publiques dans des interactions scientifiques-décideurs ou de projets de médiation scientifique et de sciences participatives. Le champ des collaborations avec des industriels n’a pas été couvert en revanche. L’enquête, conduite de septembre à décembre 2020, a permis de documenter 62 exemples de collaborations avec des acteurs du milieu marin (usagers, gestionnaires, ...) développées au cours des dix dernières années. Elle a permis, à partir de cet échantillon, d’illustrer le nombre important et la diversité des interactions entre scientifiques et acteurs impliquant l’Ifremer (diversité des acteurs/publics concernés, des projets, des territoires et des socio-écosystèmes, des problématiques abordées, des objectifs de ces collaborations, des types d’interactions et de collaborations). L’enquête a montré que pour les scientifiques, le développement des collaborations était motivé par des objectifs de connaissance et de prise en compte des savoirs empiriques et par un souhait de mener une recherche utile, socialement pertinente. Elle a mis en évidence les bénéfices des collaborations en matières de transmissions d’informations entre science et acteurs, de confiance mutuelle et d’appropriation par les acteurs des connaissances produites. Elle a souligné par ailleurs les difficultés rencontrées dans les collaborations et liées notamment à l’inadéquation entre le temps et

Over the past decade, efforts have been made to factor technical interactions into management recommendations for mixed fisheries. Yet, the dynamics underlying joint production in mixed fisheries are generally poorly captured in operational mixed fisheries models supporting total allowable catch advice. Using an integrated ecological–economic simulation model, we explore the extent to which fishers are likely to alter the species composition of their landings in a mixed fishery managed with individual transferable quotas, the Australian Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery. Our simulations capture three different types of joint production problems, highlighting the flexibility that exists in terms of achievable catch compositions when quota markets provide the economic incentives to adapt fishing practices to quota availability. These results highlight the importance of capturing the drivers of fishing choices when advising TAC decisions in mixed fisheries. We also identify a hierarchy of species in this fishery, with harvest targets set for primary commercial species determining most of its socio-economic performance.

The shifting policy focus towards Ecosystem Based Management in Fisheries (EBFM) requires the integration of knowledge and disciplines and the engagement of stakeholders to support decision-making processes. Scientists contribute to this through (i) participatory research projects, (ii) stakeholder partnerships and (iii) institutional scientific advice processes. Understanding the role of scientists in such processes, the nature of the interactions between scientists, stakeholders and managers in knowledge integration and the link between science and policy is an emerging field of research addressing transdisciplinary challenges. In 2018, Ifremer-UMR AMURE organized the workshop ‘Science, Partnership and Decision-support in Fisheries’ bringing together international scientists from natural and social sciences to conduct a review based on twenty concrete case studies. Findings indicate that science-stakeholder-manager partnerships for decision-support in fisheries can play an essential role in the transition to EBFM. To foster this transition, eight recommendations are presented that cover the roles of the different participants, the expectations of partnerships, capacity building, the integration of the social sciences, and funding structures. Further, it is recommended that future research and innovation framework programmes into sustainable fisheries and other ocean uses should explicitly include mechanisms to foster transdisciplinary approaches and the development of best practices. Building-up networks and developing reflexive approaches to review experiences and practices for transdisciplinary approaches in EFBM decision-support will contribute to design the next generation transdisciplinary platforms and generating actionable knowledge towards EBFM.

The ICES Workshop on Stakeholder Engagement Strategy (WKSHOES) met online 22-24 June 2021 with the objective to organize the background information needed for SCICOM and ACOM to develop a formal ICES Stakeholder Engagement Strategy. Stakeholder engagement has taken an increasingly important role in ICES. There was a strong consensus in the workshop that stakeholder engagement is essential to ICES’ work, as has been captured by the most recent ICES Strategic, Science, and Advisory Plans. The question is how to do it best. While WKSHOES recognized the essential nature of stakeholder engagement for addressing environmental challenges, understanding human impacts and values, the group discussed the valid concern that if stakeholder engagement is done incorrectly, it could compromise the perceived objectivity of ICES science and its independence. Workshop participants challenged the idea of objective or “pure” science, but also recognized the practical need to have ICES advice be transparent and science-based. Participants also understand that when providing advice, tradeoffs have to be made that are informed by the different weights that stakeholders place on various management objectives. A key question related to a potential stakeholder engagement strategy is “Who is a stakeholder?” This report discusses several definitions and roles. A central challenge for ICES is recognizing that the network of stakeholders is a subset of the people impacted by ICES science and advice. The Stakeholder Engagement Strategy should therefore primarily focus on ensuring that people who are part of the ICES network have clear roles and responsibilities and that ICES performs its work fairly and transparently. However, participants also recognize the need to increase opportunities for diverse resource users and citizens to have clear avenues to engage with the different aspects of the ICES network. Considering and promoting diversity and inclusion and avoiding implicit bias are crucial in

The shifting policy focus towards Ecosystem Based Management in Fisheries (EBFM) requires the integration of knowledge and disciplines and the engagement of stakeholders to support decision-making processes. Scientists contribute to this through (i) participatory research projects, (ii) stakeholder partnerships and (iii) institutional scientific advice processes. Understanding the role of scientists in such processes, the nature of the interactions between scientists, stakeholders and managers in knowledge integration and the link between science and policy is an emerging field of research addressing transdisciplinary challenges. In 2018, Ifremer-UMR AMURE organized the workshop 'Science, Partnership and Decision-support in Fisheries' bringing together international scientists from natural and social sciences to conduct a review based on twenty concrete case studies. Findings indicate that science-stakeholder-manager partnerships for decision-support in fisheries can play an essential role in the transition to EBFM. To foster this transition, eight recommendations are presented that cover the roles of the different participants, the expectations of partnerships, capacity building, the integration of the social sciences, and funding structures. Further, it is recommended that future research and innovation framework programmes into sustainable fisheries and other ocean uses should explicitly include mechanisms to foster transdisciplinary approaches and the development of best practices. Building-up networks and developing reflexive approaches to review experiences and practices for transdisciplinary approaches in EFBM decision-support will contribute to design the next generation transdisciplinary platforms and generating actionable knowledge towards EBFM.

Avoiding whinges from various and potentially conflicting stakeholders is a major challenge for sustainable development and for the identification of sustainability scenarios or policies for biodiversity and ecosystem services. It turns out that independently complying with whinge thresholds and constraints of these stakeholders is not sufficient because dynamic ecological-economic interactions and uncertainties occur. Thus more demanding no whinge standards are needed. In this paper, we first argue that these new boundaries can be endogenously exhibited with the mathematical concepts of viability kernel and viable controls. Second, it is shown how these no whinge kernels have components, such as harvesting of resources, that should remain within safe corridor while some other components, in particular biodiversity, have only lower conservation limits. Thus, using radar charts, we show how this no whinge kernels can take the shape of a tree that we name viability tree. These trees of viability capture the idea that the unbounded renewal potential of biodiversity combined with a bounded use of the different ecosystem services are crucial ingredients for the sustainability of socio-ecosystems and the design of no whinge policies reconciling the different stakeholders involved.

An Impact Assessment (IA) is a process aimed at structuring and supporting the development of policies. Besides the fact that IA assumes different features when applied to different sectors, really it should help policy makers in evaluating the contribution to the fisheries sustainability of new regulations. The recent improvements and development around the IA methodologies go more and more toward the concept of a Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA). The evolution of IA in the fishery sector has followed the general and increasing need in having a more and more integrated type of analysis, focusing on the three dimensions of sustainability (environmental, economic and social). This paper synthesizes the methodology developed under the EU FP7 SOCIOEC project,1 whose main objective was the application of the most recent EU guidelines on IA to the current (and future) EU fishery management. The result is an integrated approach taking into account the main pillars of sustainability and a strong stakeholders’ involvement. A clear step-by-step procedure based on both qualitative and quantitative type of analyses has been defined, the last step being the “rating” phase, an essential step in a SIA, that provides the possibility to assess the results of different policy options (allowing policy makers to select the most appropriate one) in terms of acceptability, effectiveness, coherence and efficiency. The overall methodology has been tested on different EU regions, fisheries and management measures.

Marine ecosystems evolve under many interconnected and area-specific pressures. To fulfil society's intensifying and diversifying needs while ensuring ecologically sustainable development, more effective marine spatial planning and broader-scope management of marine resources is necessary. Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models (IEEFMs) of marine systems are needed to evaluate impacts and sustainability of potential management actions and understand, and anticipate ecological, economic and social dynamics at a range of scales from local to national and regional. To make these models most effective, it is important to determine how model characteristics and methods of communicating results influence the model implementation, the nature of the advice that can be provided and the impact on decisions taken by managers. This article presents a global review and comparative evaluation of 35 IEEFMs applied to marine fisheries and marine ecosystem resources to identify the characteristics that determine their usefulness, effectiveness and implementation. The focus is on fully integrated models that allow for feedbacks between ecological and human processes although not all the models reviewed achieve that. Modellers must invest more time to make models user friendly and to participate in management fora where models and model results can be explained and discussed. Such involvement is beneficial to all parties, leading to improvement of mo-dels and more effective implementation of advice, but demands substantial resources which must be built into the governance process. It takes time to develop effective processes for using IEEFMs requiring a long-term commitment to integrating multidisciplinary modelling advice into management decision-making.

Implementation of Ecosystem Based Management in fisheries has led to higher integration of knowledge in advices and higher engagement of stakeholders in the decision support Process. As part of the process, fisheries scientists contribute in different ways and at different levels to decision support and experienced partnership approaches in the context of research projects or institutional decision support. Role of scientists in the process is however not trivial to define and operationalize. Several pitfalls can occur that scientists may have experienced through partnership projects or in the expert assessments done for authorities. A workshop was organized from 15 to 17 January 2018 as part of the ScipaDe project of the Cluster of Excellence ('Labex') funded by the French 'Investment for the future' program and supported by the French Ministry of Research and Education. It brought together biologists, economists and social and political scientists involved in decision support processes and partnership approaches in fisheries at European level to share experiences and views across case studies, disciplines and projects. Context, content and lessons learnt from concrete experiences of bio-economic impact assessment of fisheries management scenarios provided in different case studies were reviewed and the links between scientists-stakeholders-decision makers in the decision support process in fisheries was explored through discussions and SWOT analyses. An Australian case was also reported to put into perspective the approaches and lessons learnt described at the European scale with respect to the institutionalized partnership platform for decision making used in Australian. This report provides information on the SciPaDe project, the participants to the workshop, the content of the workshop and the main perspectives and tasks identified. The w

This study considers how to reconcile different spatial scales to find the best common denominator to be used as an ecosystem-based management unit. For this, two fishery production zones differing ecologically, economically, legally and institutionally were investigated. The first case study is located within French territorial waters, in a MPA created in 2007- the Parc Naturel Marin d'Iroise (PNMI). The second case study, the Bay of Biscay, covers both territorial waters and the French exclusive economic zone. The paper adopts a multidisciplinary approach. Relevant questions concern how marine space is shared between exploited species and fishing fleets, especially the spatial mobility strategies they employ. An assessment of the institutional system established for the PNMI contributes to the discussion of changes in coastal space use. It is obvious that the area in need of protection, defined on the basis of essential fish habitats, does not solely concern the fisheries located within the coastal zone. Experiments conducted by scientists and professionals in the Bay of Biscay provide other key points for the discussion in terms of what institutional frameworks to promote.

In this deliverable we investigated the drivers of investment in fisheries and how those can be activated to stimulate investment in alternative technologies to protect the benthos. To capture a wider range of factors than quantitative factors only we modified the work plan and included interviews with fishing industries in all regions. As a result we identified a wide range of reasons why fishers have (or have not) invested in alternative gears. As expected, the profitability of alternative technology is an important factor to invest but we also found many others. Those drivers were classified as economic, technical, regulatory, social, governance and environmental drivers. As advice to managers we also identified where and how interventions could improve uptake of technology.

Reconciling food security, economic development and biodiversity conservation is a key challenge, especially in the face of the demographic transition characterizing many countries in the world. Fisheries and marine ecosystems constitute a difficult application of this bio-economic challenge. Many experts and scientists advocate an ecosystem approach to manage marine socio-ecosystems for their sustainability and resilience. However, the ways by which to operationalize ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) remain poorly specified. We propose a specific methodological framework-viability modelling-to do so. We show how viability modelling can be applied using four contrasted case-studies: two small-scale fisheries in South America and Pacific and two larger-scale fisheries in Europe and Australia. The four fisheries are analysed using the same modelling framework, structured around a set of common methods, indicators and scenarios. The calibrated models are dynamic, multispecies and multifleet and account for various sources of uncertainty. A multicriteria evaluation is used to assess the scenarios' outcomes over a long time horizon with different constraints based on ecological, social and economic reference points. Results show to what extent the bio-economic and ecosystem risks associated with the adoption of status quo strategies are relatively high and challenge the implementation of EBFM. In contrast, strategies called ecoviability or co-viability strategies, that aim at satisfying the viability constraints, reduce significantly these ecological and economic risks and promote EBFM. The gains associated with those ecoviability strategies, however, decrease with the intensity of regulations imposed on these fisheries.

Quota allocation mechanisms have distributional effects that are highly relevant to the economic organization of fisheries. In France, where fishing allocations are non-transferable, quotas are shared among Producer Organizations (POs) based on the historical landings of their members. Each PO is then responsible for implementing their own internal rules that provide individual or collective allocations to their members. This study investigates the distributional effects of the various quota management systems adopted by POs on quotas and production for the Bay of Biscay sole fishery. A comparison between initial allocations by vessel based on historical landings and actual observed landings is presented. Inequality metrics are used to quantify distributional effects, and a new method that is based on the decomposability property of the Theil index is introduced. Results show that the French management system successfully avoided concentration of production while reducing the fishing capacity through decommissioning schemes. The non-transferability of fishing allocations is a critical element that favored this outcome by allowing POs to control the distribution of catch shares in the fishery. Besides, it appears that the allocation strategies developed by POs were notably influenced by their local roots and their fishing fleet profiles. The various quota allocation systems among POs had contrasting effects on vessels’ production, including greater equity within particular subfleets, benefits to vessels most dependent on sole in most POs, and benefits to the small-scale fisheries in a few POs.

This study compares the details and performance of fisheries management between the EU and a selection of other countries worldwide: Iceland, New Zealand, and Australia, which are considered in many respects to be among the most advanced in the world in fisheries management. Fisheries management in the EU, Iceland, Australia, and New Zealand has developed following different paths, despite being based on similar instruments and principles. Iceland, Australia, and New Zealand have been at the forefront of developing management practices such as stakeholder involvement, legally binding management targets (Australia, New Zealand), individual transferable quotas, and discard bans (Iceland, New Zealand). The EU has since the beginning of the 21st century taken significant steps to better involve stakeholders and establish quantitative targets through management plans, and a landing obligation is gradually being implemented from 2015 onward. The management of domestic fisheries resources in Australia, New Zealand, and Iceland has, overall, performed better than in the EU, in terms of conservation and economic efficiency. It should, however, be stressed that, compared to Australia, New Zealand, and Iceland, (i) initial over-capacity was more of an issue in the EU when management measures became legally binding and also that (ii) EU has been progressive in developing common enforcement standards, on stocks shared by sovereign nations. The situation of EU fisheries has substantially improved over the period 2004–2013 in the northeast Atlantic, with fishery status getting close to that in the other jurisdictions, but the lack of recovery for Mediterranean fish stocks remains a concern.