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The two primary methods of infusing smoke flavor into meat products is through natural smoke and liquid smoke with each type comprising of different smoke compounds resulting in differences in organoleptic properties. The different specific smoke compounds absorb differently in water and fat. Limited research has been conducted on smoking fat, and how it alters the organoleptic properties of fat. The objective of this research was to determine if cold smoking fat prior to addition into sausages would generate a smoky flavor that the consumers would accept. The consumers rated cold smoke fat samples the lowest (P < 0.05) for like of flavor and overall like with no difference (P > 0.05) between the natural smoke and liquid smoke samples. Like of flavor was correlated (P < 0.05) to overall like (r = 0.87), like of texture (r = 0.63), and like of juiciness (r = 0.53). There were a greater (P < 0.05) percentage of consumers who liked the flavor of the natural smoke (80.8%) and liquid smoke (68.5%) sausages compared to cold smoke fat sausages (49.3%). Consumers who ranked the natural smoke or cold smoke fat treatment the highest for like of flavor did not like the flavor of the other treatments. Whereas, consumers who ranked the liquid smoke treatment the highest for like of flavor where neutral for the flavor of natural smoke treatment, and did not like the flavor of the cold smoke fat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nilgai antelope are a large bovid native to India that were introduced to North America and South Africa. Nilgai are free ranging in the United States and Mexico, and are commercially harvested for exotic meat markets. However, knowledge of nilgai meat characteristics is limited. The objectives of this research were to determine the impact of degree of doneness on nilgai steaks, and to determine if beef or pork fat influenced nilgai flavor and cooking properties of ground nilgai patties. Nilgai steaks tended (P = 0.11) to respond to cooking differently than beef steaks. When steaks were cooked to 63, 71, and 74oC, nilgai steaks cooked to 63oC were only more tender than the 74oC steaks while tenderness of beef steaks decreased with each increase in temperature. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in nilgai patty palatability between types of fat added, but addition of beef fat resulted in the greatest (P < 0.05) cooking loss. Inclusion of pork and beef fat resulted in similar (P > 0.05) cooked patty color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effect of an additional prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) treatment at the initiation of a 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR synchronization of estrus protocol in a Split-time AI program. Our objective was to determine if estrus response and fixedtime AI (FTAI) pregnancy rate could be enhanced by eliminating existing corpora lutea at the beginning of synchronization. Postpartum (>80d), multiparous commercial Angus cows (n =100) on a large ranch in West Texas were randomly allocated by age (5.31 ± 2.15 yr) to one of two treatments: 1) cows (n = 52) received PGF2α (25 mg) + GnRH (100 µg) and a 7-d CIDR (+PG) on d0 or 2) cows (n = 48) received GnRH (100 µg) and a 7-d CIDR (Control) on d0. All females received PGF2α (25 mg) and Estrotect® patch for evidence of estrus at CIDR removal (d7). All animals were gathered and worked through a chute at random, beginning 70 h post- CIDR removal. Cows were considered estrual (EC) when either the majority (> 50%) of patch showed color or if the patch was absent. Estrual cows received FTAI 70 to 73 h after CIDR removal. Non-estrual cows received GnRH (100 µg) 70 to73 h after CIDR removal and were FTAI 78 to 79 h after CIDR removal. Beefmaster sires (n=4) were equally represented across treatment and technician at FTAI. Pregnancy to FTAI was determined utilizing real-time ultrasound 35 d after FTAI. Data were analyzed using PROC FREQ of SAS. Overall, FTAI pregnancy rate and estrus response were 58% and 68%, respectively. Pregnancy rate for Control EC was greater (80.78%) than +PG EC cows [66.67%, (P < 0.05)]. Pregnancy rates for non-estrual cows were similar (P > 0.05) among +PG (50%) and Control treatments (40.91%). Pregnancy rates across sires were similar (P > 0.05). Estrus response to treatment was analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. Estrus response was greater (P < 0.02) for +PG cows (76.92 ± 5.84%) than for control cows (54.17 ± 7.19%). These results indicate that, PGF2α administration at CIDR insertion and removal in a7-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol for a Split-time AI program improved estrus response. However, pregnancy rates were lower and may have been influenced by the timing modification of FTAI to the Split-time AI program implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effect of an additional prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) treatment at the initiation of a 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR synchronization of estrus protocol in a Split-time AI program. Our objective was to determine if estrus response and fixedtime AI (FTAI) pregnancy rate could be enhanced by eliminating existing corpora lutea at the beginning of synchronization. Postpartum (>80d), multiparous commercial Angus cows (n =100) on a large ranch in West Texas were randomly allocated by age (5.31 ± 2.15 yr) to one of two treatments: 1) cows (n = 52) received PGF2α (25 mg) + GnRH (100 μg) and a 7-d CIDR (+PG) on d0 or 2) cows (n = 48) received GnRH (100 μg) and a 7-d CIDR (Control) on d0. All females received PGF2α (25 mg) and Estrotect® patch for evidence of estrus at CIDR removal (d7). All animals were gathered and worked through a chute at random, beginning 70 h post- CIDR removal. Cows were considered estrual (EC) when either the majority (> 50%) of patch showed color or if the patch was absent. Estrual cows received FTAI 70 to 73 h after CIDR removal. Non-estrual cows received GnRH (100 μg) 70 to73 h after CIDR removal and were FTAI 78 to 79 h after CIDR removal. Beefmaster sires (n=4) were equally represented across treatment and technician at FTAI. Pregnancy to FTAI was determined utilizing real-time ultrasound 35 d after FTAI. Data were analyzed using PROC FREQ of SAS. Overall, FTAI pregnancy rate and estrus response were 58% and 68%, respectively. Pregnancy rate for Control EC was greater (80.78%) than +PG EC cows [66.67%, (P < 0.05)]. Pregnancy rates for non-estrual cows were similar (P > 0.05) among +PG (50%) and Control treatments (40.91%). Pregnancy rates across sires were similar (P > 0.05). Estrus response to treatment was analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. Estrus response was greater (P < 0.02) for +PG cows (76.92 ± 5.84%) than for control cows (54.17 ± 7.19%). These results indicate that, PGF2α administration at CIDR insertion and removal in a7-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol for a Split-time AI program improved estrus response. However, pregnancy rates were lower and may have been influenced by the timing modification of FTAI to the Split-time AI program implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]