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Modern commentators have doubts about the authenticity and cogency of the early propositions of Archimedes’ On Equilibrium of Planes Book 1. Ernst Mach famously said that the proof of Prop. 6, the so-called law of the lever, assumes what is to be proven. Comparing the initial text in Heiberg’s modern edition (1881, 1913) to the first propositions in Eutocius’ commentary on EP 1, J. L. Berggren ([1976]. ‘Spurious Theorems in Archimedes’ Equilibrium of Planes: Book I’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 16.2 (1976), 87–103.) claimed that the propositions up through Proposition 3 of the standard modern edition are schoolbook additions written by an ancient author inferior to Archimedes. The present paper argues for the logical connectedness of Postulates 1–5 to Props. 1–6, by means of a detailed examination of the course of the argument and a re-examination of Eutocius’ remarks. The paper reinterprets the role of the empirical in the early propositions and offers a reading of the contribution of Archimedes’ mechanics to the method of EP 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that the fundamental assertion underlying Mach's critique of Newton's first law is that inertial motion is not motion in the absence of causes; rather, it is motion whose cause lies in some homogeneous aspect of the environment. We distinguish this formal requirement (Mach's principle) from two hypotheses which Mach considers concerning the origin of inertia: that the distant stars play (1) a merely "collateral" or (2) a "fundamental" role in the causal determination of inertial motion. In his later writings, Mach deliberately avoids referring to the concept of causation, and indeed, this has made the interpretation of Mach's principle a subject of widespread controversy. However, in his earlier writings, the substance of Mach's critique is less ambiguously expressed. Therefore, close attention is given to Mach's early writings and the evolution of his thought. Various accounts in the secondary literature on Mach's principle, in particular those of Norton and DiSalle, are assessed on this basis. We end with a defence of the Machian status and legitimacy of the early Einstein's research program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La teoría atómica moderna nace en 1808 de la mano de Dalton y luego de algunos ajustes fue ampliamente usada por los químicos para explicar las reacciones químicas. A mediados del siglo XIX era usada para entender la estructura de moléculas orgánicas, mientras que entre los físicos la concepción atomista de la materia recién daba sus primeros pasos con Maxwell y la teoría cinética de los gases. Boltzmann continuó en esa línea y se enfrentó a figuras influyentes de su época que se resistían a la existencia de los átomos. Finalmente, a principios del siglo XX varios experimentos y en particular los de Perrin sobre movimiento browniano convencieron finalmente a los físicos de su existencia. Curiosamente, la comunidad de los químicos se adelantó medio siglo a los físicos en aceptar la teoría atómica. Este artículo discute y analiza esta peculiar historia.

The paper deals with issues of designing and creating knowledge bases in the field of nuclear science and technology. The authors present the results of searching for and testing optimal classification and semantic annotation algorithms applied to the textual network content for the convenience of computer-aided filling and updating of scalable semantic repositories (knowledge bases) in the field of nuclear physics and nuclear power engineering and, in the future, for other subject areas, both in Russian and English. The proposed algorithms will provide a methodological and technological basis for creating problem-oriented knowledge bases as artificial intelligence systems, as well as prerequisites for the development of semantic technologies for acquiring new knowledge on the Internet without direct human participation. Testing of the studied machine learning algorithms is carried out by the cross-validation method using corpora of specialized texts. The novelty of the presented study lies in the application of the Pareto optimality principle for multi-criteria evaluation and ranking of the studied algorithms in the absence of a priori information about the comparative significance of the criteria. The project is implemented in accordance with the Semantic Web standards (RDF, OWL, SPARQL, etc.). There are no technological restrictions for integrating the created knowledge bases with third-party data repositories as well as metasearch, library, reference or information and question-answer systems. The proposed software solutions are based on cloud computing using DBaaS and PaaS service models to ensure the scalability of data warehouses and network services. The created software is in the public domain and can be freely replicated.

Proponents of a recent interpretation of Ernst Mach's views on thought experiments argue that for Mach thought experiments must be continuous with and return to cached experiences. These criteria, the proponents hold, explain the tension which has been noted in Mach's views on thought experiments: on the one hand, Mach reprimands Newton in "extending principles beyond the boundaries of experience" when critiquing Newton's bucket argument, while on the other, Mach himself engages in speculative reasoning when presenting 'Mach's principle'. Against this interpretation, I argue that Mach's critique of Newton's argument does not turn on Newton's illegitimate use of thought experiments, but instead turns on Newton's illegitimate use of thoughts in thought experiments. Recognizing this leads to a simple and more compelling interpretation of Mach's views. I close the paper by gesturing towards such an interpretation and noting that taking Mach's views on thought experiments seriously implies that Mach is much less of a strict empiricist than he is usually understood to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated the value of re-analysing publicly available genetics data with recent analytical approaches. Publicly available datasets, such as the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) offered by the database of genotypes and phenotypes (dbGaP), provide a wealthy resource for researchers to perform multiple analyses, including Genome-Wide Association Studies. Often, the genetic information of individuals in these datasets are stored in imputed dosage files output by MaCH; mldose and mlinfo files. In order for researchers to perform GWAS studies with this data, they must first be converted to a file format compatible with their tool of choice e.g., PLINK. Currently, there is no published tool which easily converts the datasets provided in MACH dosage files into PLINK-ready files. Results Herein, we present Canary a singularity-based tool which converts MaCH dosage files into PLINK-compatible files with a single line of user input at the command line. Further, we provide a detailed tutorial on preparation of phenotype files. Moreover, Canary comes with preinstalled software often used during GWAS studies, to further increase the ease-of-use of HPC systems for researchers. Conclusions Until now, conversion of imputed data in the form of MaCH mldose and mlinfo files needed to be completed manually. Canary uses singularity container technology to allow users to automatically convert these MaCH files into PLINK compatible files. Additionally, Canary provides researchers with a platform to conduct GWAS analysis more easily as it contains essential software needed for conducting GWAS studies, such as PLINK and Bioconductor. We hope that this tool will greatly increase the ease at which researchers can perform GWAS with imputed data, particularly on HPC environments.

The specific case of a photon source, moving at a high velocity v in space in the direction x, while emitting photons in the perfect perpendicular direction y, was considered in (Brauns, 2021). The findings in (Brauns, 2021) resulted in the irrefutable Fig. 12 in (Brauns, 2021), demonstrating the existence of a photon location-of-arrival shift effect MF, as a result of the velocity v. The, in (Brauns, 2021) predicted, MF effect was proven experimentally in (Brauns, 2021). Fig. 12 in (Brauns, 2021) is thus falsifying the view by contemporary science, that M is the photon’s location of arrival, for whatever value of v. The amplitude of MF is in fact dependent from the photon source’s velocity v. It is thus feasible to measure MF and then calculate v. Such innovative velocity measurement concept, based on photons, should be introduced urgently in a broad R&D project, involving the collaboration of experts in multiple fields. A MF shift based, one directional velocity measuring device, needs to be realized first. Thereafter a three-dimensional (x,y,z) configuration can be considered, of three of such “one-directional” based velocity measuring devices, by mounting those perpendicular to one another. When attaching such three dimensional measurement configuration to a material object (being in motion at high speed in space), such configuration will allow to measure the scalar values, of each of the three perpendicular velocity vector components of that object (total velocity vector and its direction of motion). There are multiple important potential applications in space (high velocity objects) and on our planet.

Mach repudiated Newton's argument for absolute time. He denied there is such a thing as time itself that exists independently of any external change. In doing so, Mach failed to appreciate Newton's scientific practice. Absolute time is intrinsically related to Newton's laws of motion and the method of fluxions. Commentators have noted similarities between Mach's rejection of Newtonian time and his rejection of the independent existence of atoms. In this article, it shall be argued that the juxtaposition of absolute time and the atomic theory is unsound. Mach had good reasons to question the existence of substantial time, and he went on to provide an alternative, ontologically relational account. Whereas his dismissal of atoms can be seen as a questionable form of "phenomenalism" or "positivism," this is not the case regarding his position on time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new collaborative systems, coupled with uncontrolled data accumulation in traditional systems, poses sustainability challenges. This poster advocates the adoption of the MACH architecture as a potential framework to enhance sustainability and credibility within healthcare systems by offering robust system designs and management controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerosol deposition (AD) method is an emerging coating technique to create a dense ceramic or metal layer on a substrate through the kinetic impaction and cumulative deposition of ultrafine solid particles under near-vacuum conditions. Prediction of the particles' impact velocity and temperature during the AD process is crucial in enhancing the coating quality. In the present work, a two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian model is developed for an AD system equipped with a converging-barrel nozzle to simulate the supersonic gas flow, particle in-flight behavior, as well as particle conditions upon impact on a flat substrate. The focus of the current study is to understand the effects of compressibility and rarefaction on particle velocity and temperature during the AD process. The effects of compressibility and rarefaction can be assessed using the Mach and Knudsen numbers. Therefore, different models for the drag coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient that take into account the Knudsen, Mach, and Reynolds number effects are implemented into the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The results show that compressibility and rarefaction have significant influence on the particle temperature and velocity. As the particle size reduces, the effects of compressibility and rarefaction become more important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, leading work on the philosophy of thought experiments mistakenly credited Mach with coining the term. While Ørsted's prior use has become more widely acknowledged, there remains a consensus that Mach is the true source of the concept as currently understood. I argue that Mach's view has key features in common with Ørsted's account. Features of thought experiment emphasized by both Ørsted and Mach include (1) its experimental method of variation, (2) scientific thought as an expression of human autonomy, (3) its potential to solve the problem of new knowledge in geometry, and (4) the importance of thought experiment for pedagogy. These similarities make it likely, as an inference to the best explanation, that Mach was familiar with Ørsted's work. My research challenges recent assertions that Ørsted's view had no detectable influence on the development of the concept of thought experiment; I also raise problems for the assumption that Mach's view gained popularity because of its theoretical advantages over Ørsted's. I conclude there is no justification for drawing a line across the history of the philosophy of thought experiments that includes Mach but excludes Ørsted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient injection of fuel in the combustion chamber is significant for the advancement of the current supersonic vehicles. This study has focused on the role of non-alignment injector configuration on the fuel mixing of the hydrogen jet inside the combustion chamber of the scramjet engine. The fuel distribution and vortex generation behind both annular and coaxial jets are modeled and compared to disclose the mechanism of fuel diffusion in the combustion chamber. A three-dimensional model of two nozzle angles is produced to visualize the complicated flow interaction of four non-aligned circular jets at supersonic cross-flow. Our results indicate that the strength of the vortex pair produced by the core of the fuel jet is extended more when the angle of the nozzles is increased. The flow visualization of the jet also confirms that the flow becomes more complex in non-alignment jet configurations and fuel mixing is improved by the addition of the internal air jet in the suggested injection model. • The role of non-aligned injector system for efficient fuel mixing of hydrogen jets is investigated. • CFD is used to investigate the flow and fuel mixing inside the combustor of scramjet engine. • Role of the vortex pairs on the fuel mixing and penetration is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the value of re-analysing publicly available genetics data with recent analytical approaches. Publicly available datasets, such as the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) offered by the database of genotypes and phenotypes (dbGaP), provide a wealthy resource for researchers to perform multiple analyses, including Genome-Wide Association Studies. Often, the genetic information of individuals in these datasets are stored in imputed dosage files output by MaCH; mldose and mlinfo files. In order for researchers to perform GWAS studies with this data, they must first be converted to a file format compatible with their tool of choice e.g., PLINK. Currently, there is no published tool which easily converts the datasets provided in MACH dosage files into PLINK-ready files. Results: Herein, we present Canary a singularity-based tool which converts MaCH dosage files into PLINK-compatible files with a single line of user input at the command line. Further, we provide a detailed tutorial on preparation of phenotype files. Moreover, Canary comes with preinstalled software often used during GWAS studies, to further increase the ease-of-use of HPC systems for researchers. Conclusions: Until now, conversion of imputed data in the form of MaCH mldose and mlinfo files needed to be completed manually. Canary uses singularity container technology to allow users to automatically convert these MaCH files into PLINK compatible files. Additionally, Canary provides researchers with a platform to conduct GWAS analysis more easily as it contains essential software needed for conducting GWAS studies, such as PLINK and Bioconductor. We hope that this tool will greatly increase the ease at which researchers can perform GWAS with imputed data, particularly on HPC environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rudolf Haller was one of the pioneers of "Austrian philosophy" and analytic philosophy dealing with Bolzano, Brentano, Meinong, and Mach up to Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, especially Schlick and Neurath. As professor at the University of Graz he fostered this field with his teaching and research and promoted it together with a lot of invited renowned foreign scholars. In addition, he created the influential Grazer Forschungs- und Dokumentationsstelle für Österreichische Philosophie which hosts important philosophical archives. Moreover, he co-founded the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society in Kirchberg/W. in 1976 and supported the Institute Vienna Circle since its establishment in Vienna in 1991. This article is a personal review and remembrance of the author's pleasing interaction and cooperation with Rudolf Haller, as an appreciation of his extraordinary achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to present and demonstrate examples and comparisons of Blumenberg’s use of variations as a method of exploring and interpreting the history of philosophy. Using unpublished archive material, the text will present Blumenberg’s reflection on variations in music, further specifying the concept of variation, the relationship of experiment and variation by Ernst Mach, whose work Blumenberg followed. Finally, the text presents Marquard's reflection of Blumenberg’s variation on the Thales theme.

The interview discusses the problematic field of non-classical epistemologies, cyberfeminism, unstable ontologies and contemporary philosophy of technology. Alla Mitrofanova — philosopher, cyber theorist, one of the creators of the cyberfeminist International. Her scientific interests are the theory of technologically mediated culture and feminist philosophy. The interview begins with questions about how the cyberfeminist movement was shaped, how cyberfeminism can be integrated in the 20th century history of thought and also what cyberfeminism offers as a philosophical concept now. The main concepts of the interview are “noise ontology”, “intersectional feminism”, the epistemological “glass” of Russian philosopher P. Yushkevich, neorationalism. The meaning of these concepts unfolds through an appeal to the Mach-Marxist tradition.

In the current paper, a methodology combining a case study with a computational tool for aerospace engineering students is presented and discussed. The aim of this methodology is to improve the understanding of jet engine's operation through their thermodynamic cycle analysis, particularly focused on the effects of the main boundary conditions for an aircraft engine: altitude and flight velocity (or Mach). Additionally, the organization of the methodology as a case study performed in groups helps to facilitate student engagement, as well as the development of soft skills, such as teamwork ability. The experience of this methodology over the last 5 years shows that the activity is generally well perceived by the students, and also that there is a correlation between the engagement in this activity and the overall results achieved in the subject, confirming that the methodology helps to improve students' comprehension of the concepts behind engine performance. However, a few points of improvement for the near future are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mach's views on the nature of time have been unduly neglected. They are both more defensible in their own historical context and more relevant to our own contemporary context than has been appreciated. This essay provides an extended and comprehensive discussion of Mach's writings on time offering novel analysis and interpretation. Contra the prevailing current in the secondary literature, Mach's views on time are shown to be largely vindicated in the context of late nineteenth century physics. Then, building upon this more historical project, we conclude with a critical evaluation of the modern Machian view of time due to Barbour within the context of relativistic chronometry as instantiated via pulsar clocks and atomic clocks. Once more, considered analysis serves to support the Machian view. About time we go back to Mach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient fuel injection system is a vital part of scramjet for a high-speed flight. In this scientific study, the effects of the multi fuel jets on the inclined surface are investigated at the supersonic air stream with Mach = 4. This study employed the CFD technique for the simulation of the interaction of multi hydrogen-jets with free stream airflow. The impressions of inclined surface angle and hydrogen jet total pressure on the fuel mixing zone are disclosed. The Mach contour on the jet plane is presented to describe the chief terms on the distribution and penetration of hydrogen jet inside the combustion chamber. To perform a 3D computational study, the RANS equation with the SST turbulence model is used. Our study shows that the mixing performance of multi jets enhances in high jet pressure when the angle of the tending exterior is raised. Our findings also demonstrate that power and slant of the separation shock is highly effective on the size of the mixing zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resumo: A crítica à noção do Eu é um tema do pensamento de Nietzsche que pode ser contextualizado dentro do debate oitocentista sobre a psicologia científica. Esse debate encontra em autores como Friedrich Lange e Ernst Mach dois pontos de referência importantes. Ambos perspectivam um desenvolvimento das ciências cognitivas em direcção a uma “psicologia sem alma” favorecendo assim um afastamento desta disciplina da velha metafísica da substância. No presente artigo nos referiremos aos autores encimados para compreender se e em que sentido Nietzsche pensa na necessidade de uma rejeição da noção de sujeito em filosofia.

Copyright of Discusiones Filosóficas is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To make out in what way Einstein's manifold 1905 'annus mirabilis' writings hang together one has to take into consideration Einstein's strive for unity evinced in his persistent attempts to reconcile the basic research traditions of classical physics. Light quanta hypothesis and special theory of relativity turn out to be the contours of a more profound design, mere milestones of implementation of maxwellian electrodynamics, statistical mechanics and thermodynamics reconciliation programme. The conception of luminiferous ether was an insurmountable obstacle for Einstein's statistical thermodynamics in which the leading role was played by the light quanta paper. In his critical stand against the entrenched research traditions of classical physics Einstein was apparently influenced by David Hume and Ernst Mach. However, when related to creative momenta, Einstein's 1905 unificationist modus operandi was drawn upon Mach's principle of economy of thought taken in the context of his 'instinctive knowledge' doctrine and with promising inclinations of Kantian epistemology presuming the coincidence of both constructing theory and integrating intuition of Principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal indeterminacy comes in a variety of forms identified here as: (i) general legal indeterminacy; (ii) factual indeterminacy; and (iii) Mach/Feyerabend factual indeterminacy. The concept of general “legal indeterminacy” refers to problems in legal interpretation and has been extensively studied. “Factual indeterminacy” refers to the indeterminacy of facts as a matter of tax law when derived from separately indeterminate fields of law. “Mach/ Feyerabend factual indeterminacy” refers to fact words as derived from legal theory which provide the content for legal interpretation. The “facts” in tax law are not transcendent to law; in addition, the “fact” words of tax law cannot be simply imported from the field of economics. The incremental question of the origins of theory (as discussed by Karl Popper and Albert Einstein) is also analyzed here. The theory of tax law originates with “sympathy with experience” or “intellectual love” (tr. Einfühlung) of tax law by lawyers as reflected in the special heuristics and practices of the profession. Legal theory accordingly functions in similar fashion to scientific theory where a particular legal theory can be falsified (qua Popper) or understood in pluralistic terms by incorporating auxiliary ideas.

In this paper, an approach has been proposed to design an (OADM) made in silica- on silicon waveguide by combining Bragg gratings (BGs) and 2x2 3dB multimode interference couplers (3dB MMI coupler) in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This design technique shows an interesting result to obtain low insertion loss, low return loss, insensitive to polarization, high thermal stability, large optical bandwidth and low crosstalk.

Laplace wondered about the minimal choice of initial variables and parameters corresponding to a well-posed initial value problem. Discussions of Laplace’s problem in the literature have focused on choosing between spatiotemporal variables relative to absolute space (i.e. substantivalism) or merely relative to other material bodies (i.e. relationalism) and between absolute masses (i.e. absolutism) or merely mass ratios (i.e. comparativism). This paper extends these discussions of Laplace’s problem, in the context of Newtonian Gravity, by asking whether mass needs to be included in the initial state at all, or whether a purely spatiotemporal initial state suffices. It is argued that mass indeed needs to be included; removing mass from the initial state drastically reduces the predictive and explanatory power of Newtonian Gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanics was the foundation of physics in the 19th century. Its own foundation was, however, problematic. Mach proposed a new foundation of mechanics. As we shall see, the cause of acceleration is no longer the force, which was the great problem at that time, but rather the mass. The definition of force, which is a reading of the equation of force, did not solve, however, the conceptual problem. If we want to know what force is and we require that force is F in the equation F=ma, then we have to analyze F and not define it through the other side of the equation, as it has been done. This analysis enables us to conclude that force stems from a mathematical manipulation; it is not something that we can find in nature. This conclusion, in turn, enables us to understand those authors who looked for force in nature and did not find it, as well as those who said that force is a mathematical fiction, a mere human concept, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ernst Mach’s economic theory, simply categorized as “principle of economy”, reveals, instead, to a greater extent its complex theoretical nature, that could be summarized in three different concepts: the “economy of thought”, applied to every scientific mind, the “economy of nature”, valid without exception in the whole nature, and the “biological economy”, an original mixture of them, extended to all living organisms. This third concept is clearly meant to limit the most extreme consequences deriving from the other two ones.

Sobre las teorías de Mach (TD de R. Musil) rebate que la representación científica tienda a construir un claro y completo inventario de hechos. Pues Mach se ve obligado a presuponer relaciones constantes en la naturaleza; pero esta regularidad de los fenómenos implica que la ley es algo más que cierto «cuadro», que las meras dependencias que defiende están en un segundo plano y que una relación teórica en física es mucho más que una relación de orden. Su concepción de la economía científica como «adaptación natural» significa un monismo biológico opuesto a las dualidades propias de un empirista.

This article defends the hypothesis that Ernst Mach (1838-1916) employed naturalism (a word he never used) — an attitude which has its origin in Mach’s acceptance of Darwinism — as a weapon against metaphysics, since the former would try to establish evalutions criteria, including those necessary to choose scientific theories, capable of being used by human beings.