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This paper examines the legacies of state formation on the patterns of non-state social welfare provision in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa. The paper cautions scholars about conceptualizing non-state social provision too simply as functionally filling the gaps left by neoliberal state retrenchment. First, Morris MacLean finds that neoliberal globalization is narrowing the informal, social relations of reciprocity among extended family members, friends and village neighbors in these two cases. These informal networks of social support are much less extensive and vibrant, even in rural areas, than is frequently presumed by scholars and policymakers. Second, drawing on Goran Hyden's typology of economy of affection-related institutional forms, the paper reveals how different legacies of state social and economic policies during a continuing economic crisis have transformed the mix of "pooling" versus "clientelist" forms of informal institutions of social support in divergent ways in the two cases. The analysis highlights how state institutions are capable of producing tremendous social change in what are usually considered to be quite powerful and resilient social structures, however, the direction and magnitude of these changes is often indirect and unintended. In the conclusion, Morris MacLean demonstrates the importance of analyzing the interaction between formal state and informal non-state institutions in order to understand politics and social welfare in Africa and elsewhere. Contrary to the familiar image depicted of the "weak" or "failed" African state, Morris MacLean argues that the history of state construction and particular path of economic reform powerfully shapes the extent and quality of non-state social welfare provision. Finally, the article considers the implications of these differences in the informal institutions of reciprocity for the exercise of democratic citizenship in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. The paper combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies and is based on over 18 months of fieldwork in two similar regions of neighboring Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Goran Hyden’s conceptual framing of the economy of affection to analyze recent changes in informal social support networks in rural Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. First, the paper finds that the economy of affection is much less extensive and vibrant, even in rural areas, than is frequently presumed by scholars and policymakers. Surprisingly, many Africans do not participate in any type of social support network, and when they do, the amount of help exchanged is very minimal and under increasingly stringent terms. Second, drawing on Hyden’s typology of economy of affection-related institutional forms, the paper reveals how different legacies of state social and economic policies during a continuing economic crisis have transformed the mix of "pooling" versus "clientelist" forms of informal institutions of social support in divergent ways in the two cases. In Ghana, while state social policies aimed at reinforcing extended family systems were relatively ineffective, economic policies encouraged the diversification of horizontal pooling between friends of the same age cohort, not necessarily the same family, class or ethnicity. Meanwhile in Cote d’Ivoire, the history of state social and economic policy combine to transform predominantly pooling systems into a more vertical, clientelist system of social ties. Third, the paper reveals the implications of these differences in informal networks for the meaning of citizenship, political participation and prospects for democracy in Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. Contrary to the familiar image depicted of the "weak" or "failed" African state, Morris MacLean argues that the state is capable of producing tremendous social change on what are usually considered to be quite powerful and resilient social structures, in particular, the social networks of the extended family and village community, however, the direction and magnitude of these changes is often indirect and unintended. The paper demonstrates the importance of analyzing the interaction effects between formal and informal institutions in order to understand politics in Africa and elsewhere. The paper combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies and is based on over 18 months of fieldwork in two similar regions of neighboring Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses comparative historical institutional analysis to examine whether, how and why the federal and state governments in the U.S. consult with American Indian tribes on the policies that concern them. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the potential impacts of future Medicaid reforms for the poor by analyzing what happens when American Indians lose access to Medicaid through short-term economic gains associated with new employment or tribal gaming dividends. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]