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OBJECTIVES: To develop a clinical prediction model enabling the calculation of an individual patient's life expectancy (LE) and survival probability based on age, sex, and comorbidity for use in the joint decision-making process regarding medical treatment. METHODS: A computer software program was developed with a team of 3 clinicians, 2 professional actuaries, and 2 professional computer programmers. This incorporated statistical spreadsheet and database access design methods. Data sources included life insurance industry actuarial rating factor tables (public and private domain), Government Actuary Department UK life tables, professional actuarial sources, and evidence-based medical literature. The main outcome measures were numerical and graphical display of comorbidity-adjusted LE; 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival probability; in addition to generic UK population LE. RESULTS: Nineteen medical conditions, which impacted significantly on LE in actuarial terms and were commonly encountered in clinical practice, were incorporated in the final model. Numerical and graphical representations of statistical predictions of LE and survival probability were successfully generated for patients with either no comorbidity or a combination of the 19 medical conditions included. Validation and testing, including actuarial peer review, confirmed consistency with the data sources utilized. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence-based actuarial data utilized in this computer program design represent a valuable resource for use in the clinical decision-making process, where an accurate objective assessment of patient LE can so often make the difference between patients being offered or denied medical and surgical treatment. Ongoing development to incorporate additional comorbidities and enable Web-based access will enhance its use further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Predicted patient life expectancy (LE) and survival probability (SP), based on a patient's medical history, are important components of surgical decision-making and informed consent. The objective of this study was to assess patients' interpretation of and desire to know information relating to LE, in addition to establishing the most effective format for discussion., Methods: A cross sectional survey of 120 patients (mean age = 68.7 years, range 50-90 years), recruited from general urological and surgical outpatient clinics in one District General and one Teaching hospital in Southwest England (UK) was conducted. Patients were included irrespective of their current diagnosis or associated comorbidity. Hypothetical patient case scenarios were used to assess patients' desire to know LE and SP, in addition to their preferred presentation format., Results: 58% of patients expressed a desire to know their LE and SP, if it were possible to calculate, with 36% not wishing to know either. Patients preferred a combination of numerical and pictorial formats in discussing LE and SP, with numerical, verbal and pictorial formats alone least preferred. 71% patients ranked the survival curve as either their first or second most preferred graph, with 76% rating facial figures their least preferred. No statistically significant difference was noted between sexes or educational backgrounds., Conclusion: A proportion of patients seem unwilling to discuss their LE and SP. This may relate to their current diagnosis, level of associated comorbidity or degree of understanding. However it is feasible that by providing this information in a range of presentation formats, greater engagement in the shared decision-making process can be encouraged.

Purpose: We assessed which clinical parameters consultant urologists use to recommend treatment for early prostate cancer., Materials and Methods: A total of 30 consultant urologists reviewed 70 paper representations of patients with prostate cancer. Each contained 7 commonly available cues, including prostate specific antigen, Gleason grade, rectal examination, magnetic resonance imaging/laparoscopic stage, medical history, patient choice and age, in addition to 2 cues not yet routinely available, that is predicted life expectancy and 10-year survival probability, as calculated using actuarial formulas based on noncancer comorbidity. Consultants indicated how strongly they would recommend radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy with or without hormones, or active surveillance/hormones. Judgment analysis was performed using multiple regression analysis with significance considered at p

Background: There is increasing evidence to support the phenomenon of response shift (RS) in quality of life (QoL) studies, with many current QoL measures failing to allow for this. If significant response shift occurs amongst prostate cancer patients, it will be necessary to allow for this in the design of future clinical research and to reassess the conclusions of previous studies that have not allowed for this source of bias. This study therefore aimed to assess the presence of RS and psychosocial morbidity in patients with advanced prostate cancer and their partners., Methods: 55 consecutive advanced prostate cancer patients and their partners completed the Prostate Cancer Patient & Partner questionnaire (PPP), shortly after diagnosis and again at 3 months and 6 months. At the follow-up visits, both patients and partners also completed a then-test in order to assess RS., Results: Partners consistently showed greater psychological morbidity than patients in relation to the prostate cancer. This was most marked on the General Cancer Distress (GCD) subscale (p < 0.001, paired t-test), and regarding worries about treatment (p = 0.01). Significant RS was identified in partners and patients by the use of the then-test technique, particularly on the GCD subscale, the concerns about treatment and the concerns about urinary symptoms items., Conclusion: These results suggest the presence of RS in patients with advanced prostate cancer and their partners, with higher levels of psychosocial morbidity noted amongst partners. This is the first study to identify RS in partners and calls into question the interpretation of all studies assessing changes in QoL that fail to allow for this phenomenon.

Objectives: To develop and assess the psychometric properties of a short self-report nocturia-specific Quality-of-Life (QOL) questionnaire., Methods: The Nocturia Quality-of-Life questionnaire (N-QOL) was developed using focus group interviews with men experiencing nocturia. To refine it further and psychometrically validate the questionnaire, 107 men with nocturia (from four urology clinics in the United Kingdom) completed the pilot N-QOL, along with measures of health status and sleep quality. To assess reproducibility, men from one clinic completed the pilot N-QOL again at 1 week., Results: After standard item reduction analyses, 18 items were dropped from the pilot questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the remaining 13-item instrument were tested in accordance with standard criteria. Factor analysis identified two subscales, sleep/energy and bother/concern, loading at 0.5 and greater. The N-QOL overall score and subscales proved to be internally consistent (alpha = 0.84 to 0.90) and reproducible (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.74 to 0.82). N-QOL scores correlated with sleep quality (P <0.01) as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and energy/vitality and social functioning (P <0.01) as measured by the SF-36 Health Survey, demonstrating good convergent validity. The N-QOL also demonstrated statistically significant differences between the scores of those experiencing one, two, and three or more episodes of nocturia on an average night, indicating excellent discriminant validity., Conclusions: These analyses provide support for the psychometric validity of the N-QOL for use in a male population with nocturia.

Purpose: To identify the important issues which have an impact on the quality of life (QoL) of men suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED) and to generate a new ED-specific QoL questionnaire ready to undergo further psychometric testing., Methods: QoL issues relating to ED were generated through in-depth qualitative interviews of 29 patients, literature review and consultation with other healthcare professionals. The issues were formulated into a questionnaire, which was piloted using 40 patients with ED and subsequently refined using well-established principles of questionnaire development., Results: The qualitative interviews revealed numerous psychosocial problems associated with ED, which were operationalised into a 40-item questionnaire. Pilot testing allowed the questionnaire to be reduced to a manageable 15-item final questionnaire while maintaining face and content validity and the potential to discriminate between men with varying degrees of affected QoL. This questionnaire had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.94., Conclusions: A new ED-specific QoL measure has been developed using appropriate methodology. Qualitative techniques identified a range of psychosocial morbidity in men with ED, leading to a simple but robust instrument with face and content validity. This questionnaire, Erectile Dysfunction-Effect on quality of life (ED-EQoL), has now undergone psychometric testing for validity and reliability.

Purpose: We developed the ureteral stent symptom questionnaire (USSQ), a psychometrically valid measure to evaluate symptoms and impact on quality of life of ureteral stents., Materials and Methods: A total of 309 patients were asked to participate during different phases of our study. In phase 1 a structured literature search, 9 patient interviews and studies of 90 patients using existing instruments formed the foundation for the initial draft of our new questionnaire. In phase 2 the USSQ was pilot tested, reviewed by experts and field tested in 40 patients to produce a final 38-item draft. In phase 3 formal validation studies were performed in 55 patients to assess validity, reliability and sensitivity to change. Discriminant validation was performed by administering the questionnaire to 3 groups of patients without stents., Results: The final draft addressed various domains of health (6 sections and 38 items) affected by stents covering urinary symptoms, pain, general health, work performance, sexual matters and additional problems. The validation studies showed the questionnaire to be internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha > 0.7) with good test-retest reliability (Pearson's coefficient > 0.84). The questionnaire demonstrated good construct validity and sensitivity to change shown by significant changes in the score with and after removal of stents. The new USSQ discriminated patients with stents from healthy controls (p < 0.001) and patients with urinary calculi without stents and lower urinary tract symptoms., Conclusions: Indwelling ureteral stents have a significant impact on health related quality of life. The new USSQ is a valid and reliable instrument that is expected to become a standard outcome measure to evaluate the impact and compare different types of stents.

Purpose: We report the prevalence of symptoms associated with ureteral stents, their impact on health related quality of life and utility analysis based on the validation studies of the new ureteral stent symptom questionnaire (USSQ)., Materials and Methods: A total of 85 consecutive adult patients with unilateral indwelling ureteral stents who were asked to participate during the validation phases of the USSQ were considered for this analysis. They were asked to complete the USSQ and the EuroQol, a weighted utility instrument, 4 weeks after stent insertion and removal. In addition, 40 patients were asked to complete these questionnaires 1 week after stent insertion to assess the prevalence of symptoms and utility values at different times., Results: Of the 85 patients 62 (73%) with a mean age of 50 years completed the necessary questionnaires. Urinary symptoms and pain that affected work performance and general health were important stent related problems. Of the patients 78% reported bothersome urinary symptoms that included storage symptoms, incontinence and hematuria. More than 80% of patients experienced stent related pain affecting daily activities, 32% reported sexual dysfunction, and 58% reported reduced work capacity and negative economic impact. The mean EuroQol utility values, which indicate patient satisfaction with treatment, were significantly reduced following stent insertion., Conclusion: Urinary symptoms and pain associated with indwelling ureteral stents interfere with daily activities and result in reduced quality of life in up to 80% of patients. Stents are associated with negative functional capacity and reduced utility values. The results have implications in terms of routine clinical practice, patient counseling and future stent research.

Objective: To report a scientific approach incorporating patient preferences towards the development of a patient-information booklet about ureteric stents., Patients and Methods: Phase 1 of the study included 35 adult patients with ureteric stents who were surveyed using semi-structured interviews (four patients) and a questionnaire (31 patients) to assess various issues relating to information given to patients about ureteric stents. In addition, published papers were assessed and clinicians' opinions sought. The results formed the basis for a comprehensive patient-information booklet about ureteric stents that incorporated patients' views and preferences. In phase 2, the booklet was tested and formally validated by inviting 30 patients, a panel of 20 urologists and general practitioners, and five stent manufacturers to assess the booklet for adequacy, coverage and readability of the content., Results: Of the 35 patients, 30 (19 men and 11 women, mean age 49 years, range 20-78) participated in the initial survey; 80% of patients reported dissatisfaction about the information they received. Patients wanted more information about the use, adverse events and effects of stents on daily life; 85% preferred all relevant information about the stents to be in a written format with illustrative drawings. An eight-page booklet was thus developed. The validation study revealed that the booklet matched patients' experiences (approval score of 9/10, range 8-10) and was reported as satisfactory by clinicians and manufacturers., Conclusions: A validated information booklet on ureteric stents was developed, incorporating patients' expectations and views. This booklet is expected to be an effective tool for patient communication that would help patients cope better with indwelling stents and be useful in counselling patients. A similar approach could be adopted for the development of other patient-information packs.

High flow arteriogenic priapism is uncommon and usually occurs after trauma to the genitoperineal area. The onset of prolonged erection can be delayed and is often relatively pain free. Arteriography in this case illustrated the causative bilateral arteriocavernosal fistulae and pseudoaneurysms. Treatment consisted of staged bilateral superselective metallic microcoil embolisations, resulting in prompt detumescence. There were no complications. The patient had normal erectile function six months later. Recent concerns about erectile dysfunction with the bilateral use of permanent metallic coils appear to be unfounded.

Objective: To assess psychometrically a new questionnaire for measuring the psychosocial morbidity in patients with prostate cancer and in their partners, and to compare the morbidity of patients and their partners., Patients and Methods: A sequential sample of patients with any stage of prostate cancer and attending general urology outpatient clinics was identified. The questionnaire was administered to 135 patients and their partners in their homes. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire was also administered to permit construct validation of the new measure. Test-retest reliability was calculated by re-administering the questionnaire to 60 individuals. The hypothetical general cancer distress and social subscales of the questionnaire were also tested for internal consistency. Psychosocial morbidity scores obtained by the patients and partners were compared., Results: The questionnaire had good test-retest reliability and construct validity when tested against the HADS. The general cancer distress and social subscales were internally consistent. General cancer distress was highly prevalent and significantly more severe in partners than in patients. There was some degree of general cancer distress in 47% of patients and 76% of partners, whereas severe distress was detected in 11% and 30%, respectively. Social morbidity was limited and of equal severity between the groups. Treatment-related worries and concerns about pain and physical limitation were more common among partners than patients, whereas there was no difference for worries about urinary symptoms. Sexual concerns were the least prevalent and were more of a problem for patients than partners., Conclusion: Psychosocial morbidity in prostate cancer is highly prevalent, not only among patients but particularly among their partners. The new questionnaire showed adequate psychometric properties for use in identifying individuals with significant psychosocial morbidity. Applying the questionnaire should permit emotional and informational support to be targeted at the most vulnerable.

Objective: To design a questionnaire capable of measuring psychosocial morbidity in patients with prostate cancer and in their partners., Methods: Issues to be covered in the questionnaire were determined by discussion among professionals, a literature review and semi-structured interviews with a group of seven patients and their partners. The potential issues were analysed and condensed, then re-presented to a further group of professionals, and to 10 patients and partners for comment and amendment. This process aimed to confirm the completeness and relevance of the list of issues. Questions were then constructed around the final list of issues and the questionnaire adjusted continually while testing on patients, until it was completed easily., Results: The questionnaire consisted of 10 items; three items related to the general threat of cancer (concern about the diagnosis itself, fear of the future and difficulty dealing with the emotional response to the disease). Two items covered social and role functioning and there were five items to determine the severity of psychological morbidity caused by pain, urinary symptoms, treatment, physical limitation and sexual dysfunction. The questionnaire appeared to cover those areas of morbidity most consistently raised by patients and partners; it was also rapidly and easily completed by most respondents., Conclusion: The questionnaire constructed may be easily applied as part of routine clinical practice; it addresses aspects of psychosocial morbidity related to prostate cancer in patients and their partners. Although it appears to have content validity, further psychometric testing is required.

Objective: To investigate morbidity in the partners of patients with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) by developing and validating a disease-specific questionnaire., Patients and Methods: Phase 1 of the study comprised preliminary interviews with 15 patients who had newly diagnosed BPE, and with their partners, to determine the relevant issues for the partners. In phase 2, using these issues, a questionnaire was produced and tested on the 15 partners. In phase 3 the questionnaire was completed by 90 further partners, 50 at interview and the next 40 by post. As part of the validation process, the partners were also asked to complete the Short-Form-36 questionnaire, and the patients the Internation Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the ICSmale questionnaires., Results: In phase 1 all 15 of the partners were affected by the patients' disease and nine issues were identified. In phase 2, of the 90 partners, only one had no morbidity from the patient's symptoms; 71% were worried that the patient may have cancer and 69% concerned that the patient may require an operation. Only six partners were present at the patients' urological consultation. The partners' questionnaire scores were related significantly to the Mental Health and Vitality domains of the SF36 and with the patients' IPSS., Conclusions: The study confirmed the presence of significant morbidity in the partners of patients with BPE. The degree of partner morbidity was related to the severity of the patients' symptoms. Many of the questionnaire issues can be addressed in the consulting room by open discussion with patient and partner.

Objectives: To investigate the performance of the EuroQol (EQ) quality-of-life measure and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) in assessing the outcome of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), and to determine which men experience the greatest increase in health-related quality of life (HRQL) after TURP., Patients and Methods: A prospective cohort study was undertaken over 12 months from Arpil 1992 of 314 men who completed the EQ, the NHP and a symptom inventory before undergoing elective TURP for probable BPO (Group 1). Identical postal questionnaires were used to follow up this group at 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months post-operatively, with response rates of 79%, 74% and 69%, respectively. Overall, 92% of patients responded at either 6 or 12 months after surgery. A group of 51 men who had not undergone operation, also with LUTS and probable BPO, were similarly followed over 6 months, before eventually undergoing TURP (Group 2). These patients differed from Group 1 in being younger, less symptomatic and having a higher baseline quality-of-life score, but the inclusion of this group from a broadly similar diagnostic category allowed outcome to be assessed over time in the absence of surgery., Results: There was a significant improvement in all LUTS 6 weeks after TURP; post-micturition dribbling and storage symptoms continued to improve for up to one year. The NHP revealed pre-operative morbidity in all dimensions of the profile. At 12 months after surgery there were significant improvements in the domains of social interaction, energy, pain, emotional reactions and sleep. The EQ profile also showed morbidity in all dimensions before surgery, with significant improvement at 12 months in usual activities, mood and pain/discomfort. The EQ self-rated health and composite quality-of-life score also showed improvement with TURP which continued for 12 months after surgery. The patients in Group 2 tended to deteriorate over the 6 months of follow-up using all measures, but the changes were not significant. The EQ composite quality-of-life score also discriminated between patients on the basis of age, number of symptoms and ASA grade, suggesting that these subgroups experienced differing amounts of benefit from surgery., Conclusion: TURP led to significant improvement in the indices of generic HRQL as measured using the NHP and EQ; this improvement continued for 12 months after surgery and mirrored the symptomatic improvement. The EQ confirmed clinical experience, in that men who were younger, fitter and most symptomatic experienced the greatest benefit from surgery. This has not been shown previously using a quality-of-life measure. Generic HRQL measures can be incorporated easily into clinical trials and both the measures used in this study have sufficient sensitivity to be used in this population. The EQ has the advantage of generating a composite quality-of-life score which is easy to interpret and can be used in cost-utility analysis. The addition of HRQL measures leads to a more robust appraisal of the results of surgical intervention. Ultimately, patient-based outcome from TURP will be assessed using a combination of psychometrically tested disease-specific and generic measures, together with symptom scoring.

The sacral anterior nerve roots were stimulated in a conscious female paraplegic by means of an intradural implanted Finetech/Brindley stimulator activated by inductive radio signals. Changes in vaginal blood flow were monitored by a photoplethysmograph. Stimulating S2 and S3 (but not S4) caused significant increases in vaginal pulse amplitude indicating genital vasodilation and increased blood flow.

Complete sacral posterior rhizotomy was carried out in 15 spinal injury patients in conjunction with implantation of sacral anterior root stimulators. All patients were incontinent pre-operatively and had video-pressure cystometry before and at regular intervals after surgery. Detrusor hyper-reflexia was totally abolished in all but 1 patient following rhizotomy and 87% no longer require any form of incontinence appliance. Deafferentation produced adverse changes in vesicourethral function and even when rhizotomy was complete, continence could not be guaranteed. The pre-operative state of the bladder neck and distal sphincter mechanism had an important bearing on future continence and those patients with a closed bladder neck and no previous sphincterotomy had the greatest chance of becoming continent after deafferentation. The majority of patients in this series are now fully continent, representing a transformation in their quality of life; it is recommended, however, that to optimise the success of rhizotomy precise pre-operative evaluation and selection of patients are essential.

Objective: To observe the effects of stimulation of the sacral anterior roots on anorectal and low colonic pressures and to programme implanted stimulators to produce defecation., Design: Prospective study of 12 consecutive patients., Setting: Spinal injuries unit and university gastrointestinal physiology department., Patients: 12 Patients with complete supraconal spinal cord lesions. Their injuries had been sustained at least two years before the study., Interventions: A Brindley-Finetech intradural sacral anterior root stimulator was implanted in all patients. Three months postoperatively the stimulator settings were adjusted after measurement of simultaneous anorectal and low colonic pressures., Main Outcome Measures: Full defecation., Results: Six patients achieved complete rectal evacuation of faeces using the implant and subsequently did not require manual help for defecation. For all but one of the patients the total time taken to complete defecation was reduced, and all were free from constipation, the most prevalent gastrointestinal symptom in patients with spinal injuries., Conclusions: Sacral anterior root stimulators can be programmed to achieve complete unassisted defecation and can considerably improve the quality of life of patients with spinal injuries.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the natural course of urethral stricture disease could be modified following urethrotomy by teaching patients intermittent self-catheterization. Preliminary results in 42 patients show that postoperative urine flow rates can be maintained if this method of 'low-friction' catheterization is adopted. The technique has been well received by an elderly group of patients and can be recommended for wider use.