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2. Spelling Errors and Shouting Capitalization Lead to Additive Penalties to Trustworthiness of Online Health Information: Randomized Experiment With Laypersons

Author

Witchel, Harry J, Thompson, Georgina A, Jones, Christopher I, Westling, Carina E I, Romero, Juan, Nicotra, Alessia, Maag, Bruno, and Critchley, Hugo D

Subjects
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

BackgroundThe written format and literacy competence of screen-based texts can interfere with the perceived trustworthiness of health information in online forums, independent of the semantic content. Unlike in professional content, the format in unmoderated forums can regularly hint at incivility, perceived as deliberate rudeness or casual disregard toward the reader, for example, through spelling errors and unnecessary emphatic capitalization of whole words (online shouting). ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify the comparative effects of spelling errors and inappropriate capitalization on ratings of trustworthiness independently of lay insight and to determine whether these changes act synergistically or additively on the ratings. MethodsIn web-based experiments, 301 UK-recruited participants rated 36 randomized short stimulus excerpts (in the format of information from an unmoderated health forum about multiple sclerosis) for trustworthiness using a semantic differential slider. A total of 9 control excerpts were compared with matching error-containing excerpts. Each matching error-containing excerpt included 5 instances of misspelling, or 5 instances of inappropriate capitalization (shouting), or a combination of 5 misspelling plus 5 inappropriate capitalization errors. Data were analyzed in a linear mixed effects model. ResultsThe mean trustworthiness ratings of the control excerpts ranged from 32.59 to 62.31 (rating scale 0-100). Compared with the control excerpts, excerpts containing only misspellings were rated as being 8.86 points less trustworthy, those containing inappropriate capitalization were rated as 6.41 points less trustworthy, and those containing the combination of misspelling and capitalization were rated as 14.33 points less trustworthy (P

Published
2020
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8. Typographers react to client needs, not Mac perfection

Author

Maag, Bruno

Subjects
Architecture and design industries
Abstract

Jim Davies has obviously not quite seen beyond the horizon of Helvetica (Feature, DW 9 September). What is he talking about, type designers reacting to two things: corporate homogeneity and [...]

Published
2004

9. Getting back to basics. (Reviews)

Author

Maag, Bruno

Subjects
About Face (Michaels, Fern) (Novel) -- Book reviews, Books -- Book reviews, Advertising, marketing and public relations, Arts and entertainment industries, Business
Abstract

Bruno Maag Is Impressed by new David Jury book, About Face I had assumed that this would be another one of those typography books celebrating illegibility, deconstructing type and generally [...]

Published
2002

10. Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in Trustworthiness.

Author

Witchel, Harry J., Jones, Christopher I., Thompson, Georgina A., Westling, Carina E. I., Romero, Juan, Nicotra, Alessia, Maag, Bruno, Critchley, Hugo D., Witchel, Harry J., Jones, Christopher I., Thompson, Georgina A., Westling, Carina E. I., Romero, Juan, Nicotra, Alessia, Maag, Bruno, and Critchley, Hugo D.

Abstract

Background: Spelling errors in documents lead to reduced trustworthiness, but the mechanism for weighing the psychological assessment (i.e., integrative versus dichotomous) has not been elucidated. We instructed participants to rate content of texts, revealing that their implicit trustworthiness judgments show marginal differences specifically caused by spelling errors. Methods: An online experiment with 100 English-speaking participants were asked to rate 27 short text excerpts (∼100 words) about multiple sclerosis in the format of unmoderated health forum posts. In a counterbalanced design, some excerpts had no typographic errors, some had two errors, and some had five errors. Each participant rated nine paragraphs with a counterbalanced mixture of zero, two or five errors. A linear mixed effects model (LME) was assessed with error number as a fixed effect and participants as a random effect. Results: Using an unnumbered scale with anchors of "completely untrustworthy" (left) and "completely trustworthy" (right) recorded as 0 to 100, two spelling errors resulted in a penalty to trustworthiness of 5.91 ± 1.70 (robust standard error) compared to the reference excerpts with zero errors, while the penalty for five errors was 13.5 ± 2.47; all three conditions were significantly different from each other (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Participants who rated information about multiple sclerosis in a context mimicking an online health forum implicitly assigned typographic errors nearly linearly additive trustworthiness penalties. This contravenes any dichotomous heuristic or local ceiling effect on trustworthiness penalties for these numbers of typographic errors. It supports an integrative model for psychological judgments of trustworthiness.

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