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The aim of the article is to describe the collections of books that belonged to Johan (1781–1870) and Baltzar (1789–1862) Fellman in the context of their merchant career and book history. Most of Fellman’s books were found in a project that aimed to revive the historical book collection of Raahe Business College. Bibliographic data was collected from this collection, as well as from the collections of the Raahe library and museum, on the 135 works of the brothers in nearly 300 volumes. The identification of books as belonging to Johan and Baltzar Fellman was mainly based on inscriptions and, for some books, on a school library catalogue. Actual physical book collections have rarely been used in 19th century research in Finland. The results of the study gave a surprisingly diverse picture of Fellman's library. In fact, its composition is very similar to libraries owned by other coastal Swedish-speaking bourgeoisie engaged in foreign trade and literary activities at the end of the 18th and early 19th century according to estate inventory deeds: mainly historical works, biographies, travel literature, dictionaries, trading and maritime guides and religious charter literature printed in Sweden. Johan and Baltzar Fellman’s library, however, had their peculiarities and the brothers also adopted the literary culture of their time in different ways. The former had plenty of science and textbooks from various fields and books in English, including the collected works of Shakespeare and Pope, Sterne’s novels, and reissues of 18th century literary journalism. Fiction in English was still rare in Finland at the beginning of the 19th century. The younger brother seems to have appreciated personal geographical and historical narratives. Fellman’s collections consisted mostly of non-fiction and professional literature after they became interested in shipping and started a joint business in the late 1810s. With a few exceptions, the output of Finnish printing houses was not evident until the 1840s. The study raised questions concerning book owner identification and the mobility and loss of books that pose challenges to historical research. In addition to the lack of more recent fiction, there was a lack of law books and only a few religious works. The results obtained were considered in the light of source-critical discussions on book ownership research as well as the values adopted by the brothers. Further analysis on books as individual objects is required to bring out the material dimension of the print culture of an Ostrobothnian town in the golden age of sail.

This deliverable describes the work conducted in ERIGrid 2.0 task NA4.1 ’Definition of Functional Scenarios’. The work has been conducted via a survey and a brainstorming workshop. The results are six Functional Scenarios:1. Ancillary services provided by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and active grid assets,2. Microgrids & energy communities,3. Sector coupling,4. Frequency and voltage stability in inverter dominated power systems,5. Aggregation and flexibility management, and6. Digitalisation,which describe the overarching topics within ERIGrid 2.0. The Functional Scenarios will be used as an input in further ERIGrid 2.0 work. Smart grid and smart energy systems solutions have become complex and multidisciplinary. With the further integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and other energy systems new testing scenarios, profiles, and processes must be defined. In order to achieve this, big trends affecting research, testing, and validation processes have been reviewed, with a special focus on new aspects such as interoperability testing or digitalisation. The scenario descriptions define requirements, actors, etc. on a functional level. ERIGrid 2.0 work package NA4 ’Iterative Creation of Scenarios and Test Case Profiles’ addresses these needs. This work has been conducted with emphasis on the alignment with the European Green Deal, further support on the technology validation and roll-out phases, and further integration of the research infrastructures. A Functional Scenario has been defined as an umbrella term comprising of motivation and relevance for ERIGrid 2.0, system descriptions, use case and test case descriptions, and experimental setup descriptions. Each scenario has a single core idea and is formed on the basis of inclusiveness. Functional Scenarios consider several high-level scenarios in other projects and networks as a background forming the overall circumstances in which the Functional Scenario is considered. The high-level scenarios provide a holistic understanding of the current status and development while also highlighting future visions and requirements impacting the Functional Scenarios. The high-level scenarios also address the high-level drivers for the Functional Scenarios, such as needs for digitalisation of the smart energy systems. Furthermore, Functional Scenarios are related to the generic system configurations developed in ERIGrid and consider the work conducted in ERIGrid as a strong background for ERIGrid 2.0.The necessity for a mutual understanding of scenarios which are of interest to the ERIGrid 2.0 partners and their research infrastructures and in alignment of the project objectives, led to conducting a survey regarding the first actions of the NA4.1 work. The purpose of this survey was to gather inputs on a set of Functional Scenarios that were analysed in more detail to deduce the most relevant approaches for ERIGrid 2.0. Overall, 15 partners participated in the survey and submitted 35 scenarios. The survey results include scenarios on sector coupling, multi-energy systems, ICT and automation, energy communities, microgrids and low-inertia grids, and stability, control and grid code challenges. Detailed descriptions of Functional Scenarios submitted to the survey are presented in Appendix A: Functional Scenario Survey Data of this deliverable.The formation of the Functional Scenarios was organised in six working groups, each of which focused on a single Functional Scenario. The decision on the six Functional Scenario was taken during the NA4 regular meetings and the brainstorming workshop itself based on the results of the Functional Scenario survey.The focus of the first working group has been on a component focused scenario developed based on the survey results on DERs and inverters. The resulting Functional Scenario 1 integrates key components, such as DER inverters and controllers with ICT, control and automation architectures to enable new grid services with the development of interfaces between the active components. The second working group has been focused on topics related to microgrids and energy communities forming Functional Scenario 2 to support the local microgrid and energy community development by enabling flexibility services locally with ICT and control including exploitation of grid intelligence. While the third working group has been working on the survey results on sector coupling and multi-energy systems with Functional Scenario 3 anticipating a massive roll-out of power-to-X components in the near future by developing system level understanding of the impacts on the electrical domain. The fourth working group has been focused on grid management and overall the perspectives of Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs) resulting in Functional Scenario 4 assuring frequency and voltage stability in low inertia systems through capabilities of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Distributed Generation (DG), controllable loads and storage systems as well as ICT and control systems. The fifth working group has been based on the survey results comprising of aggregation, flexibility, market and reserve topics and defined Functional Scenario 5 to focus on communication functionality for aggregation, service matching, fail-over, configuration, and interoperability addressing scale-related properties of aggregation and control solutions. Lastly, the sixth working group has been focused on digitalisation including wide range of topics such as ICT infrastructure, communication, automation, control and monitoring. Functional Scenario 6 explores the impact of ICT solutions on the physical (electrical power) system covering new applications of data and data processing as well as new paths for exchanging data.The Functional Scenario templates used during the brainstorming workshop have been included in the Appendix B: Functional Scenario Templates.The work started in NA4.1 will continue in NA4.2 and NA4.4 with discussions on more detailed definitions of the test cases which will initially provide the inputs for other project activities. The discourse on the Functional Scenarios is also assumed to support ERIGrid 2.0 physical lab and virtual access work and decision-making beyond ERIGrid 2.0.

Microgrids are considered as one of the most promising directions for the future of power systems. A major point in the characterization of a Microgrid is its ability to operate isolated from the main grid (islanded mode). However, the management strategy to allow such operation still poses a significant challenge in the implementation of these systems. The focus of this work is the behaviour of the distribution grid of a large-scale residential building during grid-connected and islanded modes, especially in terms of the control strategy to maintain a stable and uninterrupted supply of electricity.We developed aplatform for simulating a DC Microgrid’s (DCMG) long-term operation using a PSCAD model. This model allows for the simulation of a residential DCMG, targeting its energy management to maintain power balance under various conditions, including during islanded operation. This work discusses the control strategy used to maintain the voltage level at the distribution bus within a 5% limit of it’s rated value. For a theoretical building, the model yielded 2 hours of unlimited supply, and extra 4 hours of critical-load only. The results indicates that the proposed control strategy allows for adequate independence and stable operation during loss of grid connection.

While the number of building integrated renewable generation and battery systems is increasing, still a significant portion of the residential loads are AC. This makes for a hybrid system with both AC and DC components, which requires the installation of interface converters in multiple points of the building’s electricity distribution.The aim of this study is to discuss the implementation of a DC Microgrid in a large-scale residential building, with a specific focus on the distribution topology and placement of the current converters. We offer an overview of different distribution topologies for high-rise buildings and discuss the development of a generic model to allow the simulation of the most effective topology for efficiency and operation. The simulations performed with this model found the best topology for a DC Microgrid to be an Individual Floor Supply with interfaces connected per floor.

In this paper, the control and protection of a residential direct current (DC) microgrid (MG) is studied. Of particular interest is an ungrounded building grid, which is also galvanically connected to the supplying lowvoltage DC (LVDC) grid. The paper introduces a control strategy for the MG and analyses different faults with PSCAD simulations. A possible protection scheme for the grid is proposed.

Direct current (DC) grids have potential to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings but general guidelines and established practices are yet missing for the residential DC grid implementations. Thus, this paper studies potential customer grid topologies in lowvoltage DC (LVDC) grid and defines a customer interface for a DC customer. The defined interface together with the grid topologies help in understanding the different aspects of connecting a customer to an LVDC grid, which is the main outcome of the study.

This Electra internal report includes the work of Task T6.1 describing the nature, availability andcontribution of flexibility resources. This task also models the interactions across controlboundaries and identifies sources of control conflicts, giving also an overview of experiences fromthe ELECTRA partners regarding the realization of controllers in demonstration and field testprojects. The work was carried out during the period from May to December 2014.The different type of flexibility resources, their characteristics, affecting market mechanisms andpotential for aggregation were researched using a survey among project partners. The parametersused to characterise flexibility include the amount of power modulation, the duration, the rate ofchange, the response time, the location, the availability, the controllability, etc. Views were alsoreceived how these parameters will develop until 2030 and what are the general trends fordevelopment of amount and controllability of this resource types. The parameters characterisingdifferent energy resources provide the technical requirements for their applicability to flexibleoperation of the grid and their suitability for frequency and voltage control now and in the future.Regarding the flexibility of electricity generation, gas turbines and other heat motors asreciprocating engines can be started quickest. The speed of power change is clearly the highest forheat motors and their minimum power is low. Also steam and combined heat and power plantscan be utilised in the relatively quick increasing of the electricity generation. Slower power changesare possible also with the nuclear power but they cannot be carried out continuously. Theregulation characteristics of hydro power are superb in comparison to the other electricitygeneration methods. Besides the sun power, wind power is increasing most quickly in the world inthe coming years. The modern wind power plants are able to active and reactive power control.Storage systems can contribute to the frequency and voltage control mechanisms. Charging anddischarging of the storage system at the right moments (response within milli-seconds to seconds)can help to preserve the balance between consumption and generation. Storages can also providesecondary and tertiary frequency control. Static compensation devices maintain desired voltagelevel by feeding the grid with necessary reactive power. FACTS devices and cross-borderconnections based on HVDC converter schemes can play an important role in frequency andvoltage support. Demand response, including industrial loads and household devices and electricvehicles, will have great influence in flexible operation of the grid.This report describes appropriate models that characterize the interactions across controlboundaries under normal and emergency situations, introducing suitable data rates and models ofuse by real-time control functions. In the future power system scheme, TSOs will be able to controlsignificantly smaller part of the generation compared to the traditional centralized configuration,and thus they will not be able any more to compensate large deviations in the power balance.Moreover, increased electricity loads and sources such as EVs and residential PV systems, willinfluence the balance between day-ahead production and consumption schedule and will leaveenergy markets with higher and less predictable need for balancing power. The actors involved inthe future grid control are balance responsible Party (BRP), cell system operator (CSO), celloperational information system (COIS), distribution system operator (DSO). Their respective rolesare described and these actors play roles both to technical and market operations. Considering theweb of cells concept developed in this project, the generation units will be smaller and in manycases these will be renewable resources which are less suitable for frequency control [1]. For thatreason a more important role for participation at the demand side will be expected for voltage andfrequency control in the future. The report describes “model based interfaces”, where the flexibilityuser and the flexibility contributor agree on a simplified model which describes the actual behaviourand constraints of the flexibility resource. Main outcomes of the work are the definition of controller conflict from a flexible power system perspective, a review of state of the art in power system control conflict and an outline of the methodology for identifying these conflicts during system operation and their impact on system stability. The report summaries the main findings from the literature and from project participant’s experience in terms of scenarios or examples of controller interactions resulting in conflict. A measure of controller conflict is presented for each example. This can be used as an indicator of the impact of controller conflict on system stability. Suggestions for resolving controller conflict arealso presented. The report describes the methodology proposed to construct such a dynamicmodel for the purposes of extracting conflicting interactions of interest from the point of viewfrequency and voltage stability. From the voltage stability perspective there are many factors whichmay significantly influence the environment for voltage stability. It seems quite certain, thatpossible conflicts affecting voltage stability may occur mainly due to lack of proper coordinationamong players in the system voltage control and reactive power reserves management which areTSOs, DSOs, Generators and Aggregators. Generally the scenery foreseen for frequency, voltageand reactive power control in 2030+ is much more complicated than it is presently.An overview of experiences from the ELECTRA partners regarding the realization of controllers indemonstration and field test projects are also provided. It summarizes best practices and lessonslearned which will provide valuable inputs for the implementation of control concepts and theirtesting and validation. The main requirements for controllers are reliability, fault tolerance androbustness.

With this document the work in the DERri “JRA3 Real time simulation environment and parameteridentification for power systems” will be finished. One main focus of this last deliverable is on thedescription of available real-time simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop equipment available in laboratories of the DERri partners with special focus on the Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop approach.Moreover, the harmonization of applied rules and procedures for executing Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop is covered by this report. Also lessons learned and potential improvements of this advanced testing and validation method is provided by the DERri partners. A further focus of this deliverable is the validation of Distributed Energy Resource componentmodels using the DERri Common Reference Model. Therefore, reference implementations of selected models are compared with results from laboratory measurements and Hardware-in-the-Loopexperiments. Moreover, some remarks and conclusions regarding the modelling of Distributed Energy Resource components are presented. Finally, possible actions for further standardization work on Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop experiments and modelling of Distributed Energy Resource components are discussed.&nbsp

This publication presents visions and roadmaps for the Internet of Things, focusing on global asset management and smart lighting, with a strong productivity perspective. To maintain welfare and growth in Europe, a substantial productivity leap is needed. The Internet of Things (IoT) - the next step in ICT evolution - will boost productivity and create new business opportunities. In global asset management, productivity improves when downtime of production assets decrease and unnecessary service calls are eliminated. In smart lighting, productivity improves when there is right kind and right amount of light for the task in question. In the future, smart lighting will increase energy efficiency, comfort and introduce "more than light" features such as guidance and wellbeing with the light. In future asset management, equipment in the field will constantly monitor, adapt and report their state to service ecosystem and in the case of mechanical failure, outworn parts are made locally utilising additive manufacturing methods. There will be 50 billion connected devices by 2020, generating vast amounts of information. The real-time and openly available sensor information will offer immense benefits for business by enabling faster decision making, real-time control, enhanced operational efficiency and new business models.

Solar energy installations in Northern Europe mostly consist of small independent PV systems and solar heat collectors integrated to warm water supply of a household. Some larger solar heat plants are in use and have been planned in Northern Europe. Combined heat and power (CHP) solar energy systems are very rare because the concept is challenging but very interesting due to heating needs in the Northern countries. More research in this field is needed and especially in high temperature solar cells to increase possibilities for use of CHP in PV solar plants. Although solar irradiation is lower in Northern Europe, the difference to central Europe is not large as is commonly believed. The real reason for high PV capacity in Germany compared to e.g. Finland is the feed-in tariff system, not the actual difference in irradiation. Solar heat collectors together with regular heating systems can decrease heating costs in some cases. Prices of solar panels have decreased but PV panel prices in Finland do not appear to reflect global market prices. Photovoltaic solar energy production integration to energy system poses some challenges. One of the challenges is maximum power tracking of PV panels in power conversion devices to be able to operate at maximum available efficiency on different conditions. Grid protection reliability can suffer from distributed generation units and personal safety issues. Due the fact that solar production is concentrated to summer months and that production fluctuates also daily, there is a limit how much solar production can be connected to grid. One option could be to use energy storages to balance plant output but batteries are still too expensive for this. Heat storages are cheaper and they can be used in large solar thermal plants which generate electricity from solar heated steam turning turbines.

This deliverable describes the work conducted in ERIGrid 2.0 task NA4.1 ’Definition of Functional Scenarios’. The work has been conducted via a survey and a brainstorming workshop. The results are six Functional Scenarios: Ancillary services provided by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and active grid assets, Microgrids & energy communities, Sector coupling, Frequency and voltage stability in inverter dominated power systems, Aggregation and flexibility management, and Digitalisation, which describe the overarching topics within ERIGrid 2.0. The Functional Scenarios will be used as an input in further ERIGrid 2.0 work. Smart grid and smart energy systems solutions have become complex and multidisciplinary. With the further integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and other energy systems new testing scenarios, profiles, and processes must be defined. In order to achieve this, big trends affecting research, testing, and validation processes have been reviewed, with a special focus on new aspects such as interoperability testing or digitalisation. The scenario descriptions define requirements, actors, etc. on a functional level. ERIGrid 2.0 work package NA4 ’Iterative Creation of Scenarios and Test Case Profiles’ addresses these needs. This work has been conducted with emphasis on the alignment with the European Green Deal, further support on the technology validation and roll-out phases, and further integration of the research infrastructures. A Functional Scenario has been defined as an umbrella term comprising of motivation and relevance for ERIGrid 2.0, system descriptions, use case and test case descriptions, and experimental setup descriptions. Each scenario has a single core idea and is formed on the basis of inclusiveness. Functional Scenarios consider several high-level scenarios in other projects and networks as a background forming the overall circumstances in which the Functional Scenario is considered. The high-level scenarios provide a holistic understanding of the current status and development while also highlighting future visions and requirements impacting the Functional Scenarios. The high-level scenarios also address the high-level drivers for the Functional Scenarios, such as needs for digitalisation of the smart energy systems. Furthermore, Functional Scenarios are related to the generic system configurations developed in ERIGrid and consider the work conducted in ERIGrid as a strong background for ERIGrid 2.0. The necessity for a mutual understanding of scenarios which are of interest to the ERIGrid 2.0 partners and their research infrastructures and in alignment of the project objectives, led to conducting a survey regarding the first actions of the NA4.1 work. The purpose of this survey was to gather inputs on a set of Functional Scenarios that were analysed in more detail to deduce the most relevant approaches for ERIGrid 2.0. Overall, 15 partners participated in the survey and submitted 35 scenarios. The survey results include scenarios on sector coupling, multi-energy systems, ICT and automation, energy communities, microgrids and low- inertia grids, and stability, control and grid code challenges. Detailed descriptions of Functional Scenarios submitted to the survey are presented in Appendix A: Functional Scenario Survey Data of this deliverable. The formation of the Functional Scenarios was organised in six working groups, each of which focused on a single Functional Scenario. The decision on the six Functional Scenario was taken during the NA4 regular meetings and the brainstorming workshop itself based on the results of the Functional Scenario survey. The focus of the first working group has been on a component focused scenario developed based on the survey results on DERs and inverters. The resulting Functional Scenario 1 integrates key components, such as DER inverters and controllers with ICT, control and automation architectures to enable new grid services with the development of interfaces between the active components. The second working group has been focused on topics related to microgrids and energy communities forming Functional Scenario 2 to support the local microgrid and energy community development by enabling flexibility services locally with ICT and control including exploitation of grid intelligence. While the third working group has been working on the survey results on sector coupling and multi-energy systems with Functional Scenario 3 anticipating a massive roll-out of power-to-X components in the near future by developing system level understanding of the impacts on the electrical domain. The fourth working group has been focused on grid management and overall the perspectives of Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs) resulting in Functional Scenario 4 assuring frequency and voltage stability in low inertia systems through capabilities of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Distributed Generation (DG), controllable loads and storage systems as well as ICT and control systems. The fifth working group has been based on the survey results comprising of aggregation, flexibility, market and reserve topics and defined Functional Scenario 5 to focus on communication functionality for aggregation, service matching, fail-over, configuration, and interoperability addressing scale-related properties of aggregation and control solutions. Lastly, the sixth working group has been focused on digitalisation including wide range of topics such as ICT infrastructure, communication, automation, control and monitoring. Functional Scenario 6 explores the impact of ICT solutions on the physical (electrical power) system covering new applications of data and data processing as well as new paths for exchanging data. The Functional Scenario templates used during the brainstorming workshop have been included in the Appendix B: Functional Scenario Templates. The work started in NA4.1 will continue in NA4.2 and NA4.4 with discussions on more detailed definitions of the test cases which will initially provide the inputs for other project activities. The discourse on the Functional Scenarios is also assumed to support ERIGrid 2.0 physical lab and virtual access work and decision-making beyond ERIGrid 2.0.

Microgrids are a potential part of the future smart distribution grid with capability of island operation, envisioned to support the goals of increased use of renewable and distributed energy resources, active consumer participation and improved quality of electricity supply in the future power systems. This thesis examines the implementation of protection systems for microgrids and distributed energy resources using the IEC 61850 standard series. IEC 61850 is one of the core smart grid standards originally developed for substation automation, but extended in its usage to many areas including distributed energy resources. The main objectives of this thesis are analysing the implementation of microgrid protection, usage of IEC 61850 in distribution applications, and applicability of Multipower test environment of VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland in researching these subjects. A literature review of microgrid protection issues and proposed protection schemes as well as an overview of the IEC 61850 standard series and its extensions are presented. An adaptive protection scheme is implemented in an example microgrid configuration of the Multipower environment using IEC 61850, and its correct operation verified during islanding and in the case of a communication network failure. Finally, recommendations are given on the future development and research topics of the Multipower environment, including integration of different distributed energy resource units from other VTT research areas such as fuel cells and electrical vehicles to the system, studying the usage of different networks for communication inside the environment and testing of harmonization between IEC 61850 and other smart grid standards.