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Introduction: Currently, the standard treatment of gallstone disease is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Considering its availability, reduction of postoperative pain and shortened stay in the hospital, a constant upward trend in the number of such procedures is observed. However, about one third of patients undergoing such treatment report pain and dyspeptic disorders following the surgery. The assessment of the quality of life of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, based on standardized questionnaires, should be one of the elements allowing for the assessment of the impact of the applied treatment on patients' lives. Aim: The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the quality of life of patients operated in one center. Materials and methods: The study has been carried out retrospectively with the use of a GIQLI questionnaire completed online by the patients 6 months after undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The study included patients over 18 years of age who have not experienced any complications within the perioperative period and did not require open surgery. The study group has been divided into two subgroups depending on the presence of symptoms of acute gallstone disease in the pre-operative period. Results: The study group consisted of 205 patients (53 men, 152 women, aged 19 to 87, with an average of 54.3). The subgroup with an asymptomatic gallstone disease (dyspeptic disorders, without biliary colic) consisted of 47 patients (18 men, 29 women, aged 19–87). Symptomatic gallstone disease occurred in 158 people (35 men, 123 women aged 22 to 81). There have been certain statistically significant differences in the post-operative health condition between the group of patients with symptoms of gallstone disease and the asymptomatic patients. 94.3% of symptomatic patients concluded that their condition has improved and 5.7% that it remained unchanged. Among asymptomatic patients, only 53.2% of patients stated that they felt better post-surgery, 44.7% reported no changes (p < 0.001). There have been no significant differences in the overall QIQLI scores between these subgroups, although symptomatic patients assessed their social functioning better (8.9 ±1.5 vs 8.11 ±2.08, p = 0.004). There have been certain differences between men and women in the assessment of the quality of life in the context of the presence of key symptoms (M: 28.87 ±4.23, F: 26.77 ±5.0, p = 0.007). Conclusion: The patients with a symptomatic gallstone disease report they feel better after laparoscopic cholecystectomy as compared to the group of asymptomatic patients. The overall QOL score measured by the GIQLI form does not depend on the presence of symptoms in the preoperative period. Men benefited more from surgery as regards key symptoms.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was the assessment of the effect of cervical spine rotation on the activity of the upper (UT) and lower (LT) trapezius and serratus anterior (SA) muscles during selected shoulder movements. Methods: The investigation included 33 healthy individuals (mean age ± SD: 22 ± 1.73 years). Bioelectrical activity of the right (R) and left (L) UT, LT, SA muscles was assessed during the following movements: elevation, flexion, abduction in the scapular and right coronal planes of the dominant (right) arm accompanied by three cervical spine positions (neutral, right rotation, left rotation). Results: RLT EMG activity was higher during right shoulder abduction with right spine rotation vs. that registered during abduction without cervical spine rotation (p < 0.001). RUT EMG activity during right shoulder abduction was higher when abduction was associated with left cervical spine rotation (p < 0.01) and lower during right shoulder flexing with right cervical spine rotation, compared to shoulder movements with neutral spine position (p < 0.001). A higher RSA EMG activity was seen during shoulder flexing (p < 0.001) and abducting (p < 0.05) (both in the frontal and scapular plane) when the movement was performed with right cervical spine rotation, compared to RSA activity during shoulder movements without spinal rotation. Conclusions: The present results suggest that inclusion of appropriate cervical spine rotation during shoulder movements may result in improved activity of the trapezius and serratus anterior.

Introduction. Young graduates of nursing have a number of opportunities. This is mainly due to the staff shortages in the health sector. Aim. The aim of the thesis was the review of the literature related to the career paths of nurses, the migration of nursing staff, their motivation and the nursing staff field analysis. Conclusions. The article also deals with issues related to the image of a nurse in Poland. Polish nursing is currently grappling with many problems, and one of them is the migration of Polish nurses. Another one is a possibility of the development of nurses. Young nursing graduates are aware of the fact that the world is their oyster. They are awaiting the encouragement from the Polish employer. In addition, development opportunities should also be provided by employers, allowing their employees free courses and training. However, the reality is different. Summary. The thesis includes dilemmas and problems with which young graduates of nursing deal with, and raises the question what opportunities are provided for them not only by the employer but also by the whole health system.

Introduction. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a non-specific inflammatory bowel disease of unknown aetiology. It is characterised by the presence of gastrointestinal and general symptoms that affect the daily functioning of the patient. Aim. The aim of the study was to analyse factors that influence the quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis. Material and methods. The study was conducted in a group of 50 patients with ulcerative colitis, treated in the Department of General and Colorectal Medical Surgery in Łódź, and remaining under the care of a specialist Gastroenterological Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital No. 1 in Łódź. The study was conducted as a diagnostic survey using a standardised SF-36v2 questionnaire as well as a questionnaire regarding demographic and clinical data. Results. Analysis of the obtained results showed reduced quality of life among respondents, especially during exacerbations. The respondents showed slightly lower mental functioning compared to physical functioning. The young age of respondents and higher education level significantly improve the quality of life. Conclusions. Chronic disease contributed to decreased quality of life of respondents. The quality of life for men and women was at a similar level. The quality of life improved during disease remission. Chronic intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms reduce the quality of life of patients.

Introduction. Ulcerative colitis (UC) belongs to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases of previously unknown etiology. Although UC may occur at any age, the peak of incidence falls between the ages of 20 and 40 and over 65. It is characterized by alternating periods of remission and exacerbations that hinder the daily functioning of patients. The aim of the study was to determine the degree of acceptance of the disease among WZJG patients, depending on selected socio-demographic and clinical variables. Material and methods. The study was conducted on a group of 50 patients with confirmed UC, treated at the General and Colorectal Surgery Clinic of the Medical University in Lodz, and under the care of a specialist Gastroenterological Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital No. 1 in Łódź. The study was conducted using the own structure questionnaire and the Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS). Results. Young people predominated in the study group. The average age of respondents was 38.82. Analysis of the results showed a reduced degree of acceptance of the disease among patients in the phase of exacerbation of the disease. The mean point score of the AIS scale for the study group was 29.65, which indicates the average level of acceptance of the disease among respondents. Conclusions. People with higher education, professionally active and treated conservatively, accepted their illness to a better extent. The influence of having offspring on better adaptation to the disease has not been demonstrated.

Introduction. Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. Its chronic nature, as well as symptoms of intestinal and overall significantly impedes the daily functioning of patients. Alternately occurring periods of exacerbation and remission are the cause of reduced quality of life of patients. Understanding the factors that caused the decrease in the quality of life, it allows us to understand the behavior and the situation of the patient and the ability to cope with stress caused by the disease. Aim of the study. The aim of the study was to analyze the factors affecting the quality of life of people with Crohn’s disease. Material and methods. The study group consisted of 50 people diagnosed with Crohn’s disease. Respondents were treated at the Department of General Surgery and Colorectal Medical University of Lodz and Gastroenterological Clinic at the University Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Lodz. Quality of Life Survey was carried out by a diagnostic survey using a research tool SF-36v2 and surveys of its own design. Results. Analysis of the results demonstrated that the quality of life of patients with Crohn’s disease was reduced, especially during exacerbations. Evaluation of the quality of life of respondents in physical terms was slightly higher than in the mental aspect. Higher education subjects and the lack of need for surgical treatment significantly improves the quality of life. Conclusions. The occurrence of chronic disease reduces the quality of life of respondents. Elderly patients are better able to adapt to the difficult situation caused by the disease. The quality of life of women and men is at a similar level and patients in remission of the disease have a better quality of life of patients during exacerbations.

Osteoporoza charakteryzuje się postępującym ubytkiem masy kostnej, co w konsekwencji prowadzi do częstych złamań kości. Schorzenie stanowi jeden z głównych problemów zdrowotnych w Polsce. Do rozwoju choroby przyczynia się wiele czynników, między innymi wiek, płeć, nieodpowiednia dieta, mała aktywność fizyczna, palenie papierosów, ale również brak profilaktyki oraz edukacji zdrowotnej. Celem badań było poznanie poziomu wiedzy kobiet w zakresie czynników ryzyka osteoporozy oraz podejmowanych zachowań zdrowotnych. Badaniem objęto 105 kobiet w wieku 40-76 lat. Wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego i technikę ankietowania, w której posługiwano się następującymi narzędziami: autorski kwestionariusz ankiety oraz Inwentarz Zachowań Zdrowotnych (IZZ). Na podstawie wyników uzyskanych w autorskim kwestionariuszu ankiety ustalono, że mniej niż połowa kobiet wykazała bardzo dobry poziom wiedzy w zakresie czynników ryzyka osteoporozy, natomiast ponad połowa ankietowanych wykazała się przeciętnym ogólnym wskaźnikiem nasilenia zachowań zdrowotnych. Osoby starsze wykazały niższą wiedzę ogólną, natomiast zaobserwowano w tej grupie wyższe nasilenie zachowań zdrowotnych. Badania pokazały, że kobiety mieszkające w większych miejscowościach mają wyższy poziom wiedzy, z kolei kobiety z wyższym wykształceniem charakteryzują się wyższym poziomem wiedzy ogólnej, ale niższym nasileniem zachowań zdrowotnych, a więc im wyższa wiedza tym niższe nasilenie zachowań zdrowotnych. Analiza wyników badań pozwoliła na stwierdzenie, że wiedza w zakresie czynników ryzyka osteoporozy oraz podejmowanych zachowań zdrowotnych jest niewystarczająca. Wyniki wskazują na konieczność prowadzenia edukacji zdrowotnej dotyczącej zasad profilaktyki osteoporozy oraz promocji zachowań zdrowotnych zarówno osób zdrowych, jak i chorych, w celu zapobiegania wystąpienia schorzenia oraz eliminowania czynników sprzyjających chorobie. Osteoporosis is characterized by loss in bone weight, which leads to often fractures. The disease is one of the main health problems in Poland. The progression of the disease is contributed by many factors, like age, sex, inappropriate diet, low physical activity, smoking and lack of health prevention and education. The purpose of thesis: The purpose of the research was to check the level of women's knowlege on the osteoporosis risk factors and health actions taken. The research was carried out on 105 women at the age of 40-76. The method used was diagnostic survey, with the following tools: author's questionnaire of survey and Inventory of Health Behaviours. Less than 50% of women shown very good level of knowledge, basing on author’s questionnaire of survey, and over 50% of women characterized with the average level of health behaviours. The harmful results of smoking are mostly noticed by women who quit smoking, and in the least by those who smoke more than one packet per day. The analysis of the results of the research leads to the statement, that the knowlege on osteoporosis risk factors is insuficient. The results show the need for running education on osteoporosis prevention and for promotion of health behaviors both of health and sick people, to prevent the sickness and to eliminate the factors that enhance the sickness.