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Straipsnyje, remiantis viduramžių Vakarų Europos XIV a. pabaigos – XV a. pradžios herbynų (Gelre herbynas, Bellenville herbynas) informacija, skelbtais Vokiečių ordino, Lenkijos karalystės ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės dokumentais, gausia įvairių šalių istoriografija, siekiama atskleisti Lenkijos bajorijos – kryžiaus žygių į Lietuvą dalyvių – vaidmenį XIV a. pabaigos – XV a. pradžios Lietuvos istorijoje. Mėginama išskirti lenkų bajorų įsitraukimo į karines Vokiečių ordino akcijas, vadinamuosius „reisus“, etapus, išsiruošimo arba dalyvavimo žygiuose motyvus, taip pat pristatyti šių žygių dalyvių – lenkų bajorų – biografijas. Bendrų Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Lenkijos karalystės tarpvalstybinių santykių fone XIV amžiaus pabaigoje – XV a. pr. siekta atsekti tolimesnius Lenkijos kryžininkų ryšius su Lietuva Lietuvos valdovų Jogailos ir Vytauto aplinkoje. Based on the information from the armorials of medieval Western Europe of the late 14th century – early 15th century (Gelre Armorial, Bellenville Armorial), published documents of the Teutonic Order, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as well as abundant historiography of various countries, the article seeks to reveal the role of the Polish nobility as participants of the crusades to Lithuania in the history of Lithuania of the late 14th century – early 15th century. The participation of Polish nobility in the crusades to Lithuania in the 14th century was not marked by prominent intensity, though written sources include fragmentary hints to possible participation of Polish representatives in the crusades of 1322, 1343, 1345, and 1369. More significant changes in the situation occurred after the death of Casimir III the Great, King of Poland, the change of the ruling dynasty and the intensified Lithuanian military campaigns – in the autumn of 1376. The 1377 campaign of Louis I, King of Hungary and Poland from the Angevin dynasty, against Lithuania and a more active involvement of Polish nobles in the winter campaigns of the Teutonic Order of 1377-1378, 1378-1379, 1379-1380 testified by the occurrence of the coats of arms associated with the Polish nobility became a response to Lithuanian military campaigns. The death of Louis I in the autumn of 1382 was followed by an intensive period of 1382-1385 marked by controversy over the succession to the throne of the Kingdom of Poland, which did not discontinue the relations of a part of the Polish political elite and the nobility in the castle of Marienburg. The time was marked by intensified relations between the manor of one of the candidates to the throne, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, and his supporters in Prussia. A significant part of his more accomplished supporters went to Prussia as crusaders and they were mentioned in the list of participants of the "Table of Honour" (Ehrentisch) of 1385; through it, the coats of arms of these nobles made their way to Gelre and Bellenville armorials. In the attempt to assess the reasons of involvement of Polish nobility in the crusades against Lithuania, Polish historians paid attention to the motives behind the relations of the opposition to the royal crown and the Teutonic Order, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as the common enemy and, finally, the circumstances of competition of competing or newly emerging candidates (Siemowit IV of the Masovian Piast Dynasty as a representative of the old ruler dynasty against the foreign Angevin dynasty or a new foreign candidate Jogaila). According to the research of Werner Paravicini, one of the most outstanding researchers of the crusades in the Baltic region, on the application of Pierre Bourdieu’s "theory of capitals" in the activities of "meaningful waste" of crusaders, it can be stated that the access of a part of Polish nobles to the list of the "Table of Honour" important to the chivalrous ceremonial of the Teutonic Order, the visits of the duke of Masovia and his escort to Marienburg symbolised the growth of social, symbolic or honour capital unambiguously established in the afore-mentioned armorials of Western Europe of the late 14th century. The studies of the sources of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the late 14th century – early 15th century enable us to speak about the subsequent, though not very intensive, relations of these Polish noblescrusaders with Lithuania – military, social, political. [...]

Ketverių metų“ seimo metu buvo nutarta dėl administracinio Vilniaus vaivadijos padalijimo. Tačiau galutinai apskritis buvo suformuota 1792 m. Ašmenos apskritis buvo padalinta išilgai Neries upės. Jos pietinė dalis liko Ašmenos apskričiai, o iš jos šiaurinės dalies buvo sudaryta nauja Užnerio apskritis su centru Pastovyje. Naujoji apskritis priklausė Vilniaus gubernijai. Sekantis administraciniai pasikeitimai vyko 1839 m. ir tęsesi iki 1843 m. Apskritis buvo padidinta ir pakeitė savo pavadinimą į Švenčionių apskritį. Apskritis buvo sudaryta iš vieno dekanato kuris 1829 m. skilo į Švenčionių ir Svyrių. Užnerio apskrities bajorai po trečiojo valstybės padalijimo pradėjo įrodinėti savo kilmė, be abėjo toks pat procesas vyko ir kitose gubernijos apskritise. Dauguma turtingų bajorų, pasirupino kilmės įrodymais iki 1830-31 m. O smulkieji bajorai, dėl liešų trukumo ir tinkamų dokumetų stokos nebegalėjo to padaryti. Del to didesnė jų dalis po sukilimo buvo eliminuota iš luomo. Bajoriškos valdos skyrėsi savo dydžių, atnešamų pelnų ir valstiečių dydži��. Apskrityje vyravo vidutinių bajorų valdos, kurios siekė iki 1000 dešimtinių. Nagrinėjant bažnytinės metrikas, sužinome, apie bajorų užrašymo būdus, kaip kunigai, juos įrašydavo i metrikas. Per 23 metus apskrityje gimė 5271 bajorų vaikas, tarp jų 55,2 procento berniukų ir 44, 8 mergaičių. Nagrinėjant nesantuokinius vaikus, paaiškėjo, jog jie dažnaiusiai gimdavo smulkiųjų bajorų šeimose. Daugiausia bajorų gimdavo kaimuose o mažiausiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] During the four-year Parliament governance, it was decided for administrational division of Vilnius region. However, finally, this region was formed in 1792. Ašmena region was divided along Neris River. Its south part was left for Ašmena region and a new Užneris region of its north part with center in Pastovis was established. This new region belonged to Vilnius government. The later administrational changes were performed in 1839 and they continued up to 1843. This region was expanded and its name was changed into Švenčionys region. The region contained one deanery, which splitted into Švencionys and Svyriai in 1829. The nobles of Užneris region after the third division of the country started proving their origin. The same phenomenon happened in the others regions of the government. The majority of the rich nobles had taken care of the origin evidences before 1830-31. Small nobles could not do that due to lack of resources and documents. Because of the absence of the documents they were eliminated of the noble estate after the revolt. The nobles’ possessions were different in size, benefits and number of rustics. In this region, the biggest part of the average nobles prevailed that reached up to 1000 tithes. While anlysing church metrics, we get to know the information about the way the nobles were inscribed into metrics. It was born 5271 children of nobles over 23 years in the region; 55,2 percent of boys and 44,8 percent of girls. Irregular children were born mostly in... [to full text]