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Benefiting from the advancements in monitoring and measuring terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET), diverse ET products have been proliferated. This study evaluated nine ET products from three types, namely remote sensing-based retrievals (GLEAM, PML and PLSH), gauge-based upscaling (FCCRU, FCGSW and FCWFD) and land surface model-based reanalysis (ERA5-Land, GLDAS and MERRA) over China and its seven climate zones. Both spatial and temporal change trends in ET were investigated, and period feature were analyzed. Then, in-situ ET observations were used for validating the performances of ET products. The results demonstrate that all products show comparable performances in spatial distribution over China, but the mean ET values present evident discrepancies (433–563 mm/a). Among them, reanalysis ET products reproduce higher ET, but with less difference. In terms of climate sub-regions, the most significant discrepancies are located in QT. In addition, PLSH, MERRA and GLDAS present substantial increasing trends, while all three gauge-based upscaling ET products display decreasing trends. Regionally, all the ET products show positive trends in QT. Moreover, most of ET products present apparent periodic oscillation ranging from 2.0–5.5 year scales. At point scale, most ET products perform well at NMG and CBS sites (CC > 0.80, RMSE < 20 mm/month). However, general underestimations appear in northwestern China sites (HB and DX), and systematical overestimation exist in southern China sites (DHS and XSBN). By comparison, remote sensing-based ET products performs best, followed by gauge-based upscaling ET, comparatively, reanalysis-based ET products have poorest performances against in-situ ET observations. This study can provide valuable reference information for the selection of proper ET datasets for the hydrological simulation and analysis over China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous advancement of the global industrialization process, industrial cultural heritage has gradually attracted the attention of all parties, but its protection and excavation still face multiple challenges. The purpose of this study is to explore the conservation and mining strategies of global industrial cultural heritage based on big data. Through a comprehensive analysis of the value and status quo of industrial cultural heritage, this study integrates multi-source data and constructs a big data processing and analysis model by using the questionnaire method. The research results show that big data has significant application potential and practical value in the protection of industrial cultural heritage, and can provide more accurate and personalized protection strategies. Based on the data analysis, this study further proposes a series of practical conservation and excavation strategies to provide strong support for the sustainable development of industrial cultural heritage. This comprehensive analysis and practical recommendations are expected to advance scientific research and policy implementation in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) is pivotal for a variety of applications, especially when ILs are used as electrolytes. Many aspects of the transport dynamics of ILs remain to be understood. Here, a common ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BmimNTf2), was studied with molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that BmimNTf2 displays typical structural relaxation, subdiffusive behavior, and a breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein diffusion relation as in glass-forming liquids. In addition, the simulations show that the translational dynamics, reorientation dynamics, and structural relaxation dynamics are well described by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation like fragile glass forming liquids. Building on previous work that employed ion cage models, it was found that the diffusion dynamics of the cations and anions were well described by a hopping process random walk where the step time is the ion cage lifetime obtained from the cage correlation function. Detailed analysis of the ion cage structures indicated that the electrostatic potential energy of the ion cage dominates the diffusion dynamics of the caged ion. The ion orientational relaxation dynamics showed that ion reorientation is a necessary step for ion cage restructuring. The dynamic ion cage model description of ion diffusion presented here may have implications for designing ILs to control their transport behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]