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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tan-10.1177_17562864231161163 for Sleep outcomes and related factors in Parkinson’s disease after subthalamic deep brain electrode implantation: a retrospective cohort study by Ruoyu Ma, Zixiao Yin, Yingchuan Chen, Tianshuo Yuan, Qi An, Yifei Gan, Yichen Xu, Yin Jiang, Tingting Du, Anchao Yang, Fangang Meng, Guanyu Zhu and Jianguo Zhang in Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders

Bone metastasis is the major cause of death in breast cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of bone metastasis progression are still largely unknown. The role of the tumour microenvironment in metastatic progression has been increasingly appreciated in recent years. As one of the major immune components of the tumour microenvironment, macrophages promote breast tumour progression and lung metastasis. In patient bone metastasis samples and preclinical in vivo models, I found that macrophages abundantly infiltrate in bone metastasis. The macrophage depletion assays significantly inhibit bone metastasis growth, showing the critical role of macrophages in bone metastasis growth. I noticed that heterogeneous macrophage populations in bone metastatic lesions and a specific subset of macrophages infiltrated inside tumours were identified by high expression of CD204 and IL-4R. Lineage tracking of macrophages showed they were recruited from circulating monocytes via CCL2/CCR2 chemokine signalling. Blocking their recruitment led to a significant delay of bone metastasis onset and inhibition of tumour growth. Furthermore, genetic ablation of IL-4R inhibits bone metastasis. To better understand the CD204hi bone metastasis-associated macrophage (BoMAMs) subset, I performed RNA sequencing to compare the transcriptional change of macrophages with high and low expression of CD204 in bone metastasis, as well as macrophages from healthy bone marrow with high CD204 expression. The results revealed the changes of CD204hi BoMAMs at the molecular level including the increased expression of wound healing, immunosuppressive and tissue remodelling related genes. These results provided several candidate genes that may benefit drug design. Meanwhile, I profiled the change of haematopoietic cell populations in bone metastasis progression using single-cell RNA sequencing. The data showed a significant difference of immune cell populations in early and late bone metastasis stages compared with normal bone. Several immune cell populations showed remarkable reductions including B cells and T cells, while neutrophils increased during metastasis growth. Interestingly, erythroid progenitors largely increased in the early stage of bone metastasis, which may promote the initial growth of bone metastasis. In summary, these studies identified the critical role of a monocyte-derived macrophage subset in promoting breast cancer bone metastasis. The macrophage subset is regulated by the CCL2/CCR2 axis and IL-4R signalling pathway. The BoMAMs highly upregulated wound healing and immunosuppressive related genes. In addition, I found other haematopoietic cell populations were also affected in bone metastasis. Apart from macrophages, erythroid progenitors may also play an important role in tumour growth. Together, these results provide several potential therapeutic targets to treat breast cancer bone metastasis.

Two kinds of UV absorbers 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone-5-sulphonic acid (HMBA) and cinnamic acid (CA) were successfully co-intercalated into the interlayer of Mg2ZnAl layered double hydroxides (LDH) by a modified coprecipitation method to prepare novel UV-shielding material HMBA-CA-LDH for improving the anti-photoaging capability of polypropylene (PP). The characterization results reveal the presence of host-guest interactions between the LDH host layers and HMBA/CA guest anions as well as guest-guest interactions between guest anions in HMBA-CA-LDH, and the HMBA-CA-LDH has much stronger UV absorption capability than the HMBA intercalated LDH (HMBA-LDH) in the whole UV band and a much broader UV absorption band than the CA intercalated LDH (CA-LDH). A series of LDH/PP composites with evenly dispersed LDH nanosheets were prepared by incorporating the prepared LDHs into the matrix of PP via the solvent casting method. As expected, LDH/PP composites show higher thermal stability and better anti-photoaging ability than pristine PP. Interestingly, HMBA-CA-LDH/PP shows better anti-photoaging performance in comparison with HMBA-LDH/PP and CA-LDH/PP because of its better UV-shielding ability arising from the synergistic UV-shielding effects of both HMBA and CA, and the HMBA-CA-LDH can reduce the photodegradation of PP by about 85%. Hence, the prepared novel HMBA-CA-LDH has potential application in the field of PP as an efficient and promising UV-shielding material.

Combined with micro-seismic exploration results, an unsteady production model for multi-branched fractures in bounded tight fractured reservoirs has been established in this paper, and by means of Laplace transform, point source integration, Stehfest numerical inversion, and semi-analytical solutions to the production model have been obtained. The accuracy of model simulation has been verified through the fitting analysis of the theoretical model and field production data. The influences of fracture branch number, inter-porosity flow coefficient, storage coefficient, branched fracture density, and drainage area on production have been analyzed. According to the calculation results, the larger the fracture branch number, the higher the decline rate in the early stage; in addition, the dimensionless production curves in the late stage coincided with each other; basically, inter-porosity flow coefficient affects the productivity of only the inter-porosity flow interval; the greater the inter-porosity flow coefficient, the higher the production; storage coefficient mainly affects the early productivity of volume-fractured wells; the greater the storage coefficient, the higher the early production, but the productivity decline rate is similar at different storage coefficients; fracture density mainly affects the early productivity of volume-fractured wells; the larger the fracture density, the smaller the productivity, but with the reduction of fracture density, the influence of fracture density on productivity is less obvious; a larger reservoir drainage radius leads to later entering of energy depletion stage. Much attention shall be paid to the optimization of productivity influence factors, and they shall be taken into account as comprehensively as possible in the actual production process.

Renal fibrosis, as the fundamental pathological process of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a pathologic extension of the normal wound healing process characterized by endothelium injury, myofibroblast activation, macrophage migration, inflammatory signaling stimulation, matrix deposition, and remodelling. Yet, the current method of treating renal fibrosis is fairly limited, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, angiotensin receptor blockade, optimal blood pressure control, and sodium bicarbonate for metabolic acidosis. MSCs are pluripotent adult stem cells that can differentiate into various types of tissue lineages, such as the cartilage (chondrocytes), bone (osteoblasts), fat (adipocytes), and muscle (myocytes). Because of their many advantages like ubiquitous sources, convenient procurement and collection, low immunogenicity, and low adverse effects, with their special identification markers, mesenchymal stem MSC-based therapy is getting more and more attention. Based on the mechanism of renal fibrosis, MSCs mostly participate throughout the renal fibrotic process. According to the latest and overall literature reviews, we aim to elucidate the antifibrotic mechanisms and effects of diverse sources of MSCs on renal fibrosis, assess their efficacy and safety in preliminarily clinical application, answer the controversial questions, and provide novel ideas into the MSC cellular therapy of renal fibrosis.

Light stabilizers are widely used in the plastic industry to extend the service life of plastics for outdoor use. Herein, a novel organic–inorganic hybrid light stabilizer was prepared by co-intercalating a reducing agent sorbic acid (SA) and an UV absorber 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone-5-sulphonic acid (UVA) into the interlayer galleries of MgAl layered double hydroxides (LDH) by a separate nucleation and aging steps method. The prepared SA–UVA–LDH was characterized by XRD, FT–IR, SEM, TG–DTA and UV–vis, and was added into the matrix of PP as light stabilizer to evaluate its stabilization efficiency. The results showed that SA–UVA–LDH was evenly distributed in PP, and can offer excellent UV–blocking effect for PP. The addition of SA–LDH, UVA–LDH and SA–UVA–LDH can enhance both the thermal and light stability of PP. It was found that the stabilizing mechanism of SA–LDH arising from the reducing ability of SA is different from the UV–blocking mechanism of UVA–LDH. SA–UVA–LDH/PP has better light stability than SA–LDH/PP and UVA–LDH/PP due to the existence of synergistic stabilizing effect between SA and UVA. Therefore, the prepared SA–UVA–LDH can be potentially used as novel hybrid light stabilizer for PP.

The thermal stability and migration resistance of light stabilizers are vital for their applications in plastics. Herein, a novel nano organic–inorganic hybrid light stabilizer with high thermal stability and low solubility was prepared by intercalating a synthesized hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) with UV absorption capability into the interlayer galleries of MgAl layered double hydroxides (LDH) through co-precipitation method. The prepared HALS–LDH was characterized by XRD, FT–IR, SEM, TG–DTA and UV–vis, and was incorporated into the matrix of polypropylene (PP) via solvent casting method to prepare LDH/PP composite for light stability test. It was found that the synthesized HALS was successfully intercalated into the interlayer galleries of MgAl–LDH, forming an organic–inorganic hybrid material HALS–LDH with a mean size of 63 nm. HALS–LDH nanosheets were evenly dispersed in the matrix of PP, and the addition of HALS–LDH can retard the thermal decomposition of PP. Moreover, the incorporation of HALS–LDH significantly improved the light stability of PP and reduced the photo degradation of PP by about 83.2%. Therefore, the prepared novel HALS–LDH has potential application in the field of PP as an efficient and promising light stabilizer.