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20. Dabigatran etexilate versus warfarin in cerebral venous thrombosis in Chinese patients (CHOICE-CVT): An open-label, randomized controlled trial.

Author

Ma, Hongrui, Gu, Yaqin, Bian, Tingting, Song, Haiqing, Liu, Zhi, Ji, Xunming, and Duan, Jiangang

Abstract

Background: The efficacy and safety of dabigatran etexilate for Chinese patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) has not been well established. Methods: CHOICE-CVT was an exploratory, single-center, randomized, open-label study in the National Center for Neurological Disorders involving Chinese patients with CVT aged 18 to 80 years who were randomly assigned (1:1) to either dabigatran etexilate or warfarin. Oral anticoagulants were initiated after 10–15 days of LMWH. The primary efficacy and safety endpoints included the number of patients with recurrent CVT and/or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and major clinical bleeding within 180 days. Secondary efficacy endpoints included venous recanalization and change in papilledema at day 180. Secondary safety outcomes comprised death, clinical nonmajor bleeding, and any bleeding. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under NCT03930940. Results: Between October 2017 and February 2023, a total of 89 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either dabigatran etexilate (n = 44) or warfarin (n = 45). At day 180, the dabigatran etexilate group showed a statistically nonsignificant but likely clinically significant number of patients with recurrent CVT and/or DVT (8 (18.2%; 95% CI, 6.3–30.0) vs 3 (6.7%; 95% CI, 0.0–14.2), p = 0.099, with a power (1-β) of 38.401%) compared with the warfarin group. The dabigatran etexilate group showed a comparable number of patients with clinical major bleeding (0 (0) vs 0 (0) p = 1.000), and clinical nonmajor bleeding (1 (2.3%; 95% CI, 0.0–6.9) vs 1 (2.2%; 95% CI, 0.0–6.7)) but demonstrated a lower risk of any bleeding (1 (2.3%; 95% CI, 0.0–6.9) vs 9 (20.0%; 95% CI, 7.8–32.2)) compared with the warfarin group. Most patients in both groups achieved venous recanalization according to the Modified Qureshi scale (27 (75%; 95% CI, 60.1–89.9) in the dabigatran etexilate group vs 34 (82.9%; 95% CI, 70.9–95.0) in the warfarin group) and exhibited improvement in papilledema as per the Frisén classification (35 (97.2%; 95% CI, 91.6–100.0) in the dabigatran etexilate group vs 37 (88.1%, 95% CI, 77.9–98.3) in the warfarin group). Conclusions: These findings regarding efficacy and safety support the consideration of dabigatran etexilate therapy as a viable treatment option for Chinese patients with CVT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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36. Efficient and Selective Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to N2Using a Flow-Through Zero-Gap Electrochemical Reactor with a Reconstructed Cu(OH)2Cathode: Insights into the Importance of Inter-Electrode Distance

Author

Zhou, Jianjun, Zhu, Yunqing, Wen, Kaiyue, Pan, Fan, Ma, Hongrui, Niu, Junfeng, Wang, Chuanyi, and Zhao, Jincai

Abstract

Electrochemically converting nitrate, a widely distributed nitrogen contaminant, into harmless N2is a feasible and environmentally friendly route to close the anthropogenic nitrogen-based cycle. However, it is currently hindered by sluggish kinetics and low N2selectivity, as well as scarce attention to reactor configuration. Here, we report a flow-through zero-gap electrochemical reactor that shows a high performance of nitrate reduction with 100% conversion and 80.36% selectivity of desired N2in the chlorine-free system at 100 mg-N·L–1NO3–while maintaining a rapid reduction kinetics of 0.07676 min–1. More importantly, the mass transport and current utilization efficiency are significantly improved by shortening the inter-electrode distance, especially in the zero-gap electrocatalytic system where the current efficiency reached 50.15% at 5 mA·cm–2. Detailed characterizations demonstrated that during the electroreduction process, partial Cu(OH)2on the cathode surface was reconstructed into stable Cu/Cu2O as the active phase for efficient nitrate reduction. In situ characterizations revealed that the highly selective *NO to *N conversion and the N–N coupling step played crucial roles during the selective reduction of NO3–to N2in the zero-gap electrochemical system. In addition, theoretical calculations demonstrated that improving the key intermediate *N coverage could effectively facilitate the N–N coupling step, thereby promoting N2selectivity. Moreover, the environmental and economic benefits and long-term stability shown by the treatment of real nitrate-containing wastewater make our proposed electrocatalytic system more attractive for practical applications.

Published
2024
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40. Optical diagnostics and combustion analysis in a gasoline direct injection engine

Author

Ma, Hongrui and Stone, Richard

Subjects
629.2504, Spark ignition engines
Abstract

Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines work with stratified charge at part load and burn with lean mixtures in order to save fuel, whilst at full load, the fuel and air mix homogeneously for maximum power output. The higher compression ratio and the absence of throttling are two of the most significant benefits of GDI engines. The key issues facing GDI combustion include in-cylinder mixture preparation and post-combustion soot formation. This work was intended to investigate these aspects and was undertaken on a dedicated Jaguar single-cylinder optical GDI engine with a spray-guided combustion system. The spray-guided concept does not rely as much on charge motion or piston design, and can avoid wall-wetting effects so as to reduce engine emissions. Relevant engine control hardware and data acquisition equipment were commissioned. Data/image processing software was also developed to suit the measurements. A data-processing case study with data from a small two-stroke glow ignition engine has been conducted to develop a method to combine the burn rate and heat release analyses in the study of engines with premixed charge but compression ignition. Difficulties such as unknown ignition timing and polytropic index have been addressed. Results for all operating conditions have shown good correlations between the two methods. The technique of quantitative planar laser-induced fluorescence is useful for measuring 2-D fuel distribution in GDI engines. The relevant physics and literature were reviewed in depth. A multi-component fuel was designed to give reasonable co-evaporation characteristics with tracers matching different fuel fractions. The absorption and fluorescence features of each fuel component and tracer were characterised. Optimisation of hardware and signal-to-noise ratio was performed. A recirculating loop was set up for the calibration of the technique. The technique of colour-ratio pyrometry (CRP) for estimating the temperature and loading of soot was applied on the GDI engine. Critical features of the candidate CCD colour camera including its spectral response and noise behaviours were fully studied. Validation tests with reference sources together with an error analysis suggested an accuracy of ±50K within the combustion temperature range. Engine combustion images were then taken under various operating conditions. Temperature estimates were shown to be insensitive to the concentration of soot. Simulation with a thermodynamic modelling package, ISIS, was introduced for comparison with the experimental data. With careful tuning, ISIS gave outputs comparable to the CRP and proved to be a cost-effective tool to study GDI engines. High-speed combustion imaging was carried out using a CMOS camera, allowing the study of flame properties as well as crank-angle resolved CRP. By using a lens in the piston crown to give full bore optical access and appropriate image processing, the flame front could be detected reliably throughout the main combustion process.

Published
2006

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