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Aim. This review aims to inform physicians of different specialties (anesthesiologists, intensivists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, oncologists) about the diagnostic capabilities of microwave radiothermometry, which enables to identify and analyze features of alterations of cerebral temperature in brain damage.The review displays a critical analysis of 80 recent Russian and foreign open access publications found by keywords.The review presents major clinical features and pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral thermal balance disruptions in brain lesions. Slow responsiveness and vulnerability of cerebral thermal homeostasis regulation mechanisms that underlie development of different temperature heterogeneity levels in the cerebral cortex in healthy brain and brain lesions are highlighted. The authors postulate their concept about the critical role of hyperthermia in the pathogenesis of brain damage and disruption of interconnections in the global central regulation system. A body of evidence explaining direct association between the depth of consciousness impairment and degree of cerebral cortex temperature heterogeneity manifestation is presented. It is emphasized that a significant increase in temperature heterogeneity with areas of focal hyperthermia accompanies an acute period of ischemic stroke, while in post-comatose state usually associated with prolonged impairment of consciousness, the temperature heterogeneity significantly subsides. It has been suggested that lowering of an increased and rising of the reduced temperature heterogeneity, for example by using temperature exposure, can improve altered level of consciousness in patients with brain damage. The diagnostic capabilities of various technologies used for cerebral temperature measurement, including microwave radiothermometry (MWR), are evaluated. Data on high accuracy of MWR in measurement of the cerebral cortex temperature in comparison with invasive methods are presented.Conclusion. In healthy individuals MWR revealed a distinct daily rhythmic changes of the cerebral cortex temperature, and badly violated circadian rhythms in patients with brain lesions. Since MWR is an easy-toperform, non-invasive and objective diagnostic tool, it is feasible to use this technology to detect latent cerebral hyperthermia and assess the level of temperature heterogeneity disruption, as well as to study the circadian rhythm of temperature changes.

Breast cancer represents a heterogeneous condition in which the interaction between host immune response and primary oncogenic events can impact disease progression. Ratios of systemic blood-based immunocytes have emerged as clinically-relevant prognostic biomarkers in cancer patients. The NLR (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) has been shown to be prognostic in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer. However, evaluation of the prognostic value for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of other key immunocyte ratios—neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil-to-white cell count ratio (NWR), lymphocyte-to-white cell count ratio (LWR), monocyte-to-white cell count ratio (MWR), platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR)—by breast cancer subtypes in a neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) cohort remains to be fully explored. An NAC-treated breast cancer cohort, comprised of Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-positive, and triple negative/basal breast cancers, treated at a tertiary referral center (minimum 3-year follow-up), was used to calculate immunocyte ratios and immunocyte cut-off values, calculated with >80% specificity (using decision tree modeling). The association with subtype-specific OS, DFS, and tumor grade was analyzed using cut offs calculated using both receiver operating characteristic curves and decision tree modelling. Decision tree calculated ratios showed that LMR (5.29) and MWR (0.06) were significantly associated with Luminal A OS (p = 0.004 and p = 0.022) and DFS (p = 0.004 and p = 0.022), and Luminal B OS (p = 0.027 and p = 0.008) and DFS (p = 0.005 and p = 0.007). NLR (1.79) and LWR (0.30) were significantly associated with HER2-positive OS (p = 0.013 and p = 0.043). NLR (1.79) and NWR (0.62) were significantly associated with DFS (p = 0.035 and p = 0.021). No significant association we observed between any immunocyte ratio in the triple negative cohort. Our results demonstrate the subtype-specific prognostic value of immunocyte ratios in NAC-treated breast cancer patients. Further validation of immunocyte ratios will provide clinicians with a new prognostic aid for disease management and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wettability is one of the critical properties of the falling film type absorber, limiting the wetting area in the absorber, hence the total mass transfer performance. To achieve low values of wetting rate in the absorber is an interesting feature to decrease the pumping power and, therefore, the size of the solution pumps. However, studies about the relationship between surface tension, contact angle, and minimum wetting rate are limited. In this work, working pairs LiBr - H 2 O and Carrol - H 2 O (Carrol contains LiBr and EG - Ethylene glycol - with a mass ratio at 4.5:1) with additives 2 - EH (2 - Ethyl - 1 - hexanol) and PCM (1 - Phenylethanol) are studied focusing on the surface tension and minimum wetting rate. The surface tension of the two solutions is measured at various temperatures and concentrations employing the Du Rouy method. The experimental results demonstrate the surface tension of both solutions and the effect of liquid/gaseous surfactants on the surface tension is similar. Also, the minimum wetting rate (MWR) is measured in an annular falling film experimental set-up employing the dewetting method using different materials tubes and fluids. The experimental results of MWR test agree with theoretical predictions and empirical correlations with a discrepancy of less than 10%. When the tube is coated with a hydrophilic surface, a contact angle at 30 ∘ is achieved, and the minimum mass flow of water to achieve complete wettability on the coated SS tube is reduced from 0.096 to 0.025 kg · m − 1 · s − 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The height of the mixing layer is a significant parameter for describing the dynamics of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), especially for air quality control and for the parametrizations in numerical modeling. The problem is that the heights of the mixing layer cannot be measured directly. The values of this parameter are depending both on the applied algorithms for calculation and on the measuring instruments which have been used by the data source. To determine the height of a layer of intense turbulent heat exchange, data were used from acoustic meteorological locator (sodar) and from a passive single-channel scanning microwave radiometer MTP-5 (MWR) to measure the temperature profile in a layer of up to 1 km. Sodar can provide information on the structure of temperature turbulence in the PBL directly. These data have been compared with the mixing layer height calculated with the Parcel method by using the MTP-5 data. For the analysis, July and September 2020 were selected in the city of Tomsk in Siberia as characteristic periods of mid-summer and the transition period to autumn. The measurement results, calculations and inter-comparisons are shown and discussed in this work. During temperature inversions in the boundary layer, it was observed that turbulent heat transfer (increased dispersion of air temperature) is covering the inversion layers and the overlying ones. Moreover, this phenomenon is not only occurring during the morning destruction of inversions, but also in the process of their formation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporal variability of the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) over Mahabaleshwar was studied for a period of 1 year from 1 December 2015 to 30 November 2016 using microwave radiometer (MWR) observations. The PBLH over Mahabaleshwar was found to be the highest during the pre-monsoon (March–May) season and lowest during the winter (December–February) season. The seasonal mean of PBLH was estimated to be 339±88 m during winter, 485±70 m during pre-monsoon, 99±153 m during monsoon, and 438±24 m during post-monsoon season. Frequency distribution analysis of PBLH during pre-monsoon season revealed that the formation of turbulence internal boundary layer (TIBL) is evident. In contrast, cold and moist air mass during the monsoon season enhances the wind shear with lower buoyancy term which results in lowering of PBLH. The comparison of PBLH between MWR and radiosonde observations shows a good correlation (r2 = 0.66, p=0.001). The growth rate was observed to be 388 m/h during pre-monsoon, 206 m/h during winter, 57 m/h during monsoon, and 167 m/h during post-monsoon season. The seasonal mean concentration of PM2.5 was found to be 42.3±4.6 μg/m3during winter, 33.4±8.7 μg/m3 during pre-monsoon, 6.6±2.2 μg/m3 during monsoon, and 26.1±1.7 μg/m3during post-monsoon season. The effect of higher loading of scattering-type aerosol (dust particle) was also investigated as a case study. The analysis reveals the inverse relationship between the PBL height variability and the particulate loading indicating the importance of aerosol direct effect. Analysis of the ventilation coefficient (Vc) revealed that the dissipation potential was higher (1736 m2/s) during pre-monsoon season as compared to (1191 m2/s, 455m2/s, and 1580 m2/s) winter, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observed zonal winds at Jupiter's cloud tops have been shown to be closely linked to the asymmetric part of the planet's measured gravity field. Here, we examine to what extent, and at which latitudes, must the flows at depth resemble those at the cloud level to match the gravity signal. We show, using both the symmetric and asymmetric parts of the measured gravity field, that the observed cloud‐level wind profile between 25°S and 25°N must extend unaltered to depths of thousands of kilometers. Poleward, the midlatitude deep jets also contribute to the gravity signal, but might differ somewhat from the cloud‐level winds. We analyze the likelihood of this difference and give bounds to its strength. We also find that to match the gravity measurements, the winds must project inward in the direction parallel to Jupiter's spin axis, and decay inward in the radial direction. Plain Language Summary: Observations of Jupiter's cloud‐tops reveal very strong atmospheric winds reaching 500 km/hr. Using very accurate measurements of the planet's gravity field, provided by NASA's Juno spacecraft, the cloud‐level winds were found to extend thousands of kilometers into the interior of Jupiter, with a wind profile similar to that observed at the clouds level. However, analysis of various measurements suggested that at some latitudinal regions the flow below the clouds might be different to some extent. Here we explore the constraints posed by the Juno gravity measurements on the latitudinal profile of the zonal flow in Jupiter below the cloud level. We find that to explain the detailed latitudinal structure of the wind‐attributed gravity field, the cloud‐level winds in the 60°S–60°N range have to extend deep into the planet, approximately keeping their observed latitudinal profile. With that, we find that most of the wind‐induced gravity signal comes from the 25°S to 25°N region, where the strongest jets reside, suggesting that in the midlatitudes the observed jets at the cloud level might be somewhat different at depth. Key Points: Jupiter's cloud‐level wind profile extended to depth, matches in sign and amplitude both the measured odd and residual‐even gravity harmonicsThe majority of the signal comes from the wind profile between 25°S and 25°N, which must extend unaltered thousands of kilometers deepThe gravity signal also implies that from the cloud‐tops downward the flow must be organized in a columnar structure and also decay radially [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimum Wage Regulation (MWR) can raise wage rate, but its relation with labor income share is in controversy. We explore the influence of raising wage rate on labor income share and overwork in China. Panel data regressions are taken mainly based on China's Industrial Enterprise Database and the International Labor Organization Database. Our findings show that raising wage rate can increase labor income share without leading to overwork. Factors that may significantly increase overwork are a higher proportion of male workers, a larger income gap and a lower per-capita income. We point out that the neoclassical explanation for labor income share is not persuasive. We support policies of raising wage rate and believe MWR is an effective measure to increase labor income share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jupiter's aurorae reflect microwave radiation emitted upward from Jupiter's atmosphere and downward from the cold sky above due to regions in the auroral plasma with increased electron densities. The lack of thermal radiation from the atmosphere was observed by Juno's Microwave Radiometer (MWR) on overflights of the aurorae during seven different orbits. Out of Juno's first 21 orbits, seven orbits inferred enhanced electron densities in Jupiter's auroral arcs. The most profound disruption in microwave emission was observed during Perijove 5. This perijove demonstrated the most significant cold spot for Channel 1 (0.6 GHz), with cold spots also present in Channels 2 (1.25 GHz) and 3 (2.6 GHz) in a location where the influence of Jupiter's moon, Io, likely increased the electron density in Jupiter's aurora. The maximum electron densities retrieved from Channel 1 are on the order of 3 × 109 cm−3, and in the presence of the Io flux tube, electron densities could reach 1010 cm−3 affecting Channels 2 and 3. Plain Language Summary: As Juno flew over Jupiter's auroral arcs, the microwave emission at the longest wavelength (50 cm) dropped dramatically for seven out of the first 21 orbits due to reflections of the cold sky by the densest sections of the aurorae known as the arcs. The occurrence of microwave reflections requires extraordinarily large electron densities compared to the densities measured in Earth's aurora and the Jovian ionosphere. The retrieval of electron densities presented in this paper provides upper limits for auroral electron densities that are up to 5 orders of magnitude larger than densities in the planet's ionosphere. The strongest of these results was in a location where Jupiter's satellite Io influenced the region's electron density. Key Points: Data from Juno's Microwave Radiometer (MWR) have shown reductions in microwave emission over Jupiter's auroraeA retrieval method has been developed to estimate upper limits for electron densities from the MWR brightness temperaturesUpper limits of electron densities are much larger than the observed H 3+ ion densities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jupiter lightning discharges produce various kinds of phenomena including radio wave pulses at different frequencies. On 6 April 2019, the Juno Waves instrument captured an extraordinary series of radio pulses at frequencies below 150 kHz on timescales of submilliseconds. Quasi‐simultaneous multi‐instrument data show that the locations of their magnetic footprints are very close to the locations of ultrahigh frequency (UHF) sferics recorded by the Juno MWR instrument. Hubble Space Telescope images show that the signature of active convection includes cloud‐free clearings, in addition to the convective towers and deep water clouds that were also recognized in previous spacecraft observations of lightning source regions. Furthermore, the detections of 17 very low frequency/low‐frequency (VLF/LF) radio pulses suggest a minimum duration of lightning processes on the order of submilliseconds. These observations provide new constraints on the physical properties of Jupiter lightning. Plain Language Summary: Jupiter lightning illuminates clouds and produces a strong pulse at radio wavelengths. Juno's radio observatory (consisting of two onboard instruments) in a broad radio range made several detections of extraordinary radio pulses on 6 April 2019. The high‐temporal observations of such radio pulses detected below 150 kHz indicate variations of the lightning related processes on the order of submilliseconds. Observations of these radio pulses and direct lightning‐induced radio emissions at 600 MHz come from the same area, very close to deep water clouds detected by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in the Jovian atmosphere. The coordinated Juno‐HST lightning observations provide a new way of understanding the lightning processes and lightning source regions associated with the cloud features at Jupiter. Key Points: First common observations of VLF/LF radio pulses, UHF sferics, and thunderstorms were carried out using Juno and the Hubble Space TelescopeNew high‐time resolution measurements of radio pulses associated with Jovian lightning processes resolve submillisecond variationsCloud structure with juxtaposed deep water clouds, convective towers, and clearings is the signature of active convection [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asymmetric gravity field measured by the Juno spacecraft has allowed the estimation of the depth of Jupiter's zonal jets, showing that the winds extend approximately 3,000 km beneath the cloud level. This estimate was based on an analysis using a combination of all measured odd gravity harmonics, J3, J5, J7, and J9, but the wind profile's dependence on each of them separately has yet to be investigated. Furthermore, these calculations assumed the meridional profile of the cloud‐level wind extends to depth. However, it is possible that the interior jet profile varies somewhat from that of the cloud level. Here we analyze in detail the possible meridional and vertical structure of Jupiter's deep jet streams that can match the gravity measurements. We find that each odd gravity harmonic constrains the flow at a different depth, with J3 the most dominant at depths below 3,000 km, J5 the most restrictive overall, whereas J9 does not add any constraint on the flow if the other odd harmonics are considered. Interior flow profiles constructed from perturbations to the cloud‐level winds allow a more extensive range of vertical wind profiles, yet when the meridional profiles differ substantially from the cloud level, the ability to match the gravity data significantly diminishes. Overall, we find that while interior wind profiles that do not resemble the cloud level are possible, they are statistically unlikely. Finally, inspired by the Juno microwave radiometer measurements, assuming the brightness temperature is dominated by the ammonia abundance, we find that depth‐dependent flow profiles are still compatible with the gravity measurements. Plain Language Summary: Jupiter's north‐south asymmetric gravity field, as measured by the Juno spacecraft, currently orbiting Jupiter, has been used to determine that the depth of its jet streams (associated with the famous visible cloud bands) are approximately 3,000 km. This estimate was based on all the gravity field measurements combined. However, there is also information about the structure of the flow hidden in each individual measurement. Here we analyze these measurements and show how each of them is sensitive to the flow at a different depth. We also systematically investigate the statistical likelihood of deep wind profiles that differ from the profile observed at the cloud level with various structures at depth. We find that Jupiter's measured cloud‐level jet streams fit with its gravity data for a relatively narrow envelope of vertical structures. Although other jet profiles that are different from the one observed at the cloud level are feasible (still consistent with the gravity data), they are statistically unlikely. Finally, we explore a depth‐dependent wind structure inspired by the Juno microwave radiometer instrument, which indicates that ammonia abundance varies with depth and might be correlated with the jet streams. We find that such a profile can still match the gravity data as long as the variation from the cloud‐level wind is not substantial. Key Points: Jupiter's asymmetric gravity field confines the vertical profile of the flow, with each harmonic constraining the flow at a different depthDeep zonal flows with a meridional profile significantly different from that of the cloud level are possible, but statistically unlikelyA flow profile inspired by the microwave radiometer (MWR) measurements is consistent with the gravity measurements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During its commissioning phase, the Copernicus Sentinel-3B satellite has been placed in a tandem formation with Sentinel-3A for a period of 6 months. This configuration allowed a direct comparison of measurements obtained by the two satellites. The purpose of this paper was to present the range of analyses that can be performed from this dataset, highlighting methodology aspects and the main outcomes for each instrument. We examined, in turn, the benefit of the tandem in understanding instrument operational modes differences, in assessing inter-satellite differences, and in validating measurement uncertainties. The results highlighted the very good consistency of the Sentinel-3A and B instruments, ensuring the complete inter-operability of the constellation. Tandem comparisons also pave the way for further improvements through harmonization of the sensors (OLCI), correction of internal stray-light sources (SLSTR), or high-frequency processing of SRAL SARM data. This paper provided a comprehensive overview of the main results obtained, as well as insights into some of the results. Finally, we drew the main lessons learned from the Sentinel-3 tandem phase and provided recommendations for future missions.

Abstract: During the Juno perijove explorations from 27 August 2016 through 1 September 2017, strong electromagnetic impulses induced by Jupiter lightning were detected by the Microwave Radiometer (MWR) instrument in the form of 600‐MHz sferics and recorded by the Waves instrument in the form of Jovian low‐dispersion whistlers discovered in waveform snapshots below 20 kHz. We found 71 overlapping events including sferics, while Waves waveforms were available. Eleven of these also included whistler detections by Waves. By measuring the separation distances between the MWR boresight and the whistler exit point, we estimated the distance whistlers propagate below the ionosphere before exiting to the magnetosphere, called the coupling distance, to be typically one to several thousand of kilometers with a possibility of no subionospheric propagation, which gives a new constraint on the atmospheric whistler propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possible interaction and modification of cloud properties due to aerosols is one of the most poorly understood mechanisms within climate studies, resulting in the most significant uncertainty as regards radiation budgeting. In this study, we explore direct ground based remote sensing methods to assess the Aerosol-Cloud Indirect Effect directly, as space-borne retrievals are not directly suitable for simultaneous aerosol/cloud retrievals. To illustrate some of these difficulties, a statistical assessment of existing multispectral imagers on geostationary (e.g., GOES)/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite retrievals of the Cloud Droplet Effective Radius (Reff) showed significant biases especially at larger solar zenith angles, further motivating the use of ground based remote sensing approaches. In particular, we discuss the potential of using a combined Microwave Radiometer (MWR)—Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) system for real-time monitoring of Cloud Optical Depth (COD) and Cloud Droplet Effective Radius (Reff), which are combined with aerosol vertical properties from an aerosol lidar. An iterative approach combining the simultaneous observations from MFRSR and MWR are used to retrieve the COD and Reff for thick cloud cases and are extensively validated using the DoE Southern Great Plains (SGP) retrievals as well as regression based parameterized model retrievals. In addition, we account for uncertainties in background aerosol, surface albedo and the combined measurement uncertainties from the MWR and MFRSR in order to provide realistic uncertainty estimates, which is found to be ~10% for the parameter range of interest in Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. Finally, we analyze a particular case of possible aerosol-cloud interaction described in the literature at the SGP site and demonstrate that aerosol properties obtained at the surface can lead to inconclusive results in comparison to lidar-derived aerosol properties near the cloud base.

In this paper, the simulations of falling film behavior on a flat plate with and without interfacial gas–liquid shear stress were carried out. A three-dimensional numerical model was established based on film flow characteristics. A source term was implanted into the numerical model to take into account the interfacial gas–liquid shear stress. The model was validated by the experimental data. Both continuous film flow and film breakup were simulated. The film thickness, velocity distribution and wall shear stress at different Reynolds numbers were presented to understand the film flow behavior comprehensively. The influence of water–air shear stress on film flow behavior was revealed. A reasonable prediction on both MWR (Minimum Wetting Rate: Δ min ) and MLFT (Minimum Liquid Film Thickness: Γ min ) were obtained. The model proposed in this study ought to be profitable for studies on mechanism of film breakup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular measurements of spectral Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at ten wavelengths, obtained from multi-wavelength radiometer (MWR) under cloudless conditions in the outskirts of the tropical urban region of Hyderabad, India for the period January 2008 to December 2009, are examined. In general, high AOD with a coarse-mode abundance is seen during the pre-monsoon (March to May) and summer monsoon (June to September) with flat AOD spectra and low Ångström wavelength exponent ( α), while in post-monsoon (October-November) and winter (December-February) seasons, fine-mode dominance and steep AOD spectra are the basic features. The aerosol columnar size distribution (CSD) retrieved from the spectral AOD using King's inversion showed bimodal size distributions for all the seasons, except for the monsoon, with an accumulation-mode radius at 0.12-0.25 µm and a coarse-mode one at 0.86-1.30 µm. On the other hand, the CSD during the monsoon follows the power law for fine mode and the unimodal distribution for coarse mode. The fine-mode aerosols during post-monsoon and winter appear to be associated with air masses from continental India, while the coarse-mode particles during pre-monsoon and monsoon with air masses originating from west Asia and western India. The single-scattering albedo (SSA) calculated using the OPAC model varied from 0.83 ± 0.05 in winter to 0.91 ± 0.01 during the monsoon, indicating significant absorption by aerosols due to larger black carbon mixing ratio in winter, whereas a significant contribution of sea-salt in the monsoon season leads to higher SSAs. Aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) calculated using SBDART shows pronounced monthly variability at the surface, top of atmosphere (TOA) and within the atmosphere due to large variations in AOD and SSA. In general, larger negative ARF values at the surface (−65 to −80 W m−2) and TOA (∼−17 W m−2) are observed during the pre-monsoon and early monsoon, while the atmospheric heating is higher (∼50-70 W m−2) during January-April resulting in heating rates of ∼1.6-2.0 K day−1. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possible interaction and modification of cloud properties due to aerosols is one of the most poorly understood mechanisms within climate studies, resulting in the most significant uncertainty as regards radiation budgeting. In this study, we explore direct ground based remote sensing methods to assess the Aerosol-Cloud Indirect Effect directly, as space-borne retrievals are not directly suitable for simultaneous aerosol/cloud retrievals. To illustrate some of these difficulties, a statistical assessment of existing multispectral imagers on geostationary (e.g., GOES)/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite retrievals of the Cloud Droplet Effective Radius (Reff) showed significant biases especially at larger solar zenith angles, further motivating the use of ground based remote sensing approaches. In particular, we discuss the potential of using a combined Microwave Radiometer (MWR)--Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) system for real-time monitoring of Cloud Optical Depth (COD) and Cloud Droplet Effective Radius (Reff), which are combined with aerosol vertical properties from an aerosol lidar. An iterative approach combining the simultaneous observations from MFRSR and MWR are used to retrieve the COD and Reff for thick cloud cases and are extensively validated using the DoE Southern Great Plains (SGP) retrievals as well as regression based parameterized model retrievals. In addition, we account for uncertainties in background aerosol, surface albedo and the combined measurement uncertainties from the MWR and MFRSR in order to provide realistic uncertainty estimates, which is found to be ~10% for the parameter range of interest in Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. Finally, we analyze a particular case of possible aerosol-cloud interaction described in the literature at the SGP site and demonstrate that aerosol properties obtained at the surface can lead to inconclusive results in comparison to lidar-derived aerosol properties near the cloud base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statutory and case law at the provincial and local level provides critical legal frameworks for water management in China. As many provincial and local governments struggle to improve efficiency in water management and resolve conflicts over water usage, they must continually assess the efficacy of their national and local water laws and regulating bodies. China's water laws have undergone reforms but are still disconnected and overlapping. This paper assesses China's state water law. It takes first steps toward a comprehensive state water resources act by setting out an analytical framework for a reform process. The methodology of the paper focuses on issues and conflicts in water management at the state, and local level. It amalgamates management and legal analyses that incorporate the diverse perspectives of state water stakeholders. The results are identification of management issues, profiles of provincial water laws and regulating bodies, and explorations of legal reforms that are available to the national government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The total and size segregated near surface aerosol mass concentrations obtained using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) impactor over Dibrugarh (27.3°N, 94.6°E, 111 m amsl), in the extreme northeastern part of India, during the period 2007 to 2009 are analyzed with concurrent measurements of columnar spectral aerosol optical depths (AOD) to infer on the seasonal changes in the contribution of near surface aerosols to columnar aerosol properties. Mass concentrations within the well-mixed atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) showed systematic seasonal dependence, with annual high (∼75.6 ± 17.7 μg m−3) in February and low (∼24.8 ± 6.5 μg m−3) in June; with both the total (M t) and accumulation mode (M a) aerosol mass concentrations depicted similar variations. The accumulation mode aerosols contributed more than 50% to the total aerosol mass concentration throughout the year; accumulation mass fraction (A f = M a/M t) being highest during Dec–Feb (mean value of A f ∼ 0.87 ± 0.03) and lowest (A f ∼ 0.54 ± 0.01) in July. Examination of the AOD properties, estimated using Multiwavelength solar radiometer (MWR) observations, showed moderate to high (∼33–72%) contributions of near surface aerosols to columnar extinction during retreating-monsoon (Oct–Nov) and winter (Dec–Feb) seasons, while it was lowest (<26%) during pre-monsoon (Mar–May) season, implying large contribution by aerosols above the ABL and in the free troposphere. Trajectory clustering and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis indicated that the potential sources over the west Asian locations and that over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) significantly contribute to the total aerosol abundance over Dibrugarh during winter and pre-monsoon seasons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A general framework is developed, using the least squares method (LSM), for the solution of a generalized population balance equation. The basic idea in the LSM is to minimize the integral of the square of the residual over the computational domain. The capability of the method for solving the PBE is evaluated by using case problems involving coalescence and breakage kernels having analytical solutions which allow the analysis of the method to be performed in a general way. By using the LSM to solve the PBE, the error in the properties of the distribution function depends on the order of the expansion, thus avoiding the introduction of heuristic rules to obtain sufficient accuracy in the values of a few of the physical moments. An interesting characteristic of the LSM applied to PBE is that a low number of equations are required to solve the problem. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To evaluate whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) and monocyte-to-white blood cell ratio (MWR) can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for laryngeal carcinoma (LC)., Methods: In this retrospective study, 50 patients with LC treated in the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of Beijing Tongren Hospital from August 2014 to August 2015 were enrolled in research group. In addition, 40 healthy volunteers from the same period were selected as control group. The counts of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets in the peripheral blood of participants were measured with a blood counting instrument (Sysmex XE-2100, Sysmex Corporation, Japan), and the NLR, PLR, LMR and MWR were calculated. After that, the survival rate of patients was observed through a 5-year follow-up. The prognostic value of the above four indexes and their combination was discussed in patients with different clinical characteristics., Results: Compared with the control group, the NLR, PLR and MWR were higher and the LMR was lower in the research group. In terms of survival, patients with higher NLR, PLR and MWR and lower LMR showed a higher 5-year mortality than those with lower NLR, PLR and MWR and higher LMR, indicating that NLR, PLR and MWR were higher and LMR was lower in the survival group than in the death group. Subsequent analysis identified that NLR, PLR, LMR and MWR were closely correlated with age, alcohol drinking, smoking, clinical staging and T-staging. Clinical staging, T-staging, NLR, PLR, LMR, and MWR were confirmed as influencing factors for LC., Conclusions: NLR, PLR, LMR, and MWR can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for LC and their combination has a superior diagnostic performance., Competing Interests: None., (AJTR Copyright © 2022.)

A new algorithm for the retrieval of day-time total column water vapour (TCWV) from measurements of a MSG-SEVIRI (Meteosat Second Generation Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) instrument is presented. The retrieval is based on a forward operator, at the core of which lies Radiative Transfer for TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV). This forward model relates TCWV and surface temperature to brightness temperatures in the split window at 11 and 12µm with the use of a first guess for temperature and humidity profiles from the ERA5 reanalysis. The forward model is then embedded in a full Optimal Estimation (OE) method, which yields pixel by pixel uncertainty estimates and performance indicators. The algorithm is applicable to any instrument which features the split window configuration, given a first guess for atmospheric conditions (i.e., from NWP) and an estimate of surface emissivity at 11 µm. The algorithm was developed within the framework of RealPEP (Near-Realtime Quantitative Precipitation Estimation and Prediction) in which the advancement of the estimation and nowcasting of extreme precipitation and flooding in Germany are studied. Thus, processing and validation has been limited to the German domain. Three independent ground-based TCWV observation data sets were used as reference, i.e., AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network), GNSS Germany (Global Navigation Satellite System) and measurements from two MWR (Microwave Radiometer) sites. The validation concludes with good agreement, with absolute biases between 0.11 and 2.85 kg/m 2 , root mean square deviations (rmsds) between 1.63 and 3.24 kg/m 2 and Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.96 to 0.98. The retrievals uncertainty estimates were evaluated against AERONET. The comparison suggests that, in sum, uncertainties are estimated well, while still some error sources seem to be over- and underestimated. In limited case studies it could be shown that SEVIRI TCWV is capable to both display large scale variabilities in water vapour fields and reproduce the daily course of water vapour exposed by ground-based observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During its commissioning phase, the Copernicus Sentinel-3B satellite has been placed in a tandem formation with Sentinel-3A for a period of 6 months. This configuration allowed a direct comparison of measurements obtained by the two satellites. The purpose of this paper was to present the range of analyses that can be performed from this dataset, highlighting methodology aspects and the main outcomes for each instrument. We examined, in turn, the benefit of the tandem in understanding instrument operational modes differences, in assessing inter-satellite differences, and in validating measurement uncertainties. The results highlighted the very good consistency of the Sentinel-3A and B instruments, ensuring the complete inter-operability of the constellation. Tandem comparisons also pave the way for further improvements through harmonization of the sensors (OLCI), correction of internal stray-light sources (SLSTR), or high-frequency processing of SRAL SARM data. This paper provided a comprehensive overview of the main results obtained, as well as insights into some of the results. Finally, we drew the main lessons learned from the Sentinel-3 tandem phase and provided recommendations for future missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]