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Fertilizers are commonly applied to improve the yield and quality in orchards. Leaf analyses are usually used worldwide for conscious fertilization. However, there may not be linear relationships always between leaf and fruit nutrient contents. On the other hand, fruit quality problems are directly related to fruit nutrient contents. Therefore, fruit analyses assessed together with leaf analyses are more reliable in assessing nutritional status of orchards. Fruit analyses on the other hand are possible with the reference values to be established for fruits. In this study, 260 apple orchards were selected from Isparta province of Turkey in where apple is cultivated intensively. Fruit samples were taken at 6 different periods covering the timeframe from June drops to harvest and the reference values representing deficiency and excess limits for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and B in each period were determined. To determine the reference values for all sampling periods, the regression curves were created by using the reference values of each period. A decrease was observed in reference values of all nutrients with increasing number of days from the full bloom. The cultivar-induced differences were also put forth in assessment of fruit analyses. Cultivars were compared in 68 orchards composed of different cultivars grafted on seedling rootstocks and at full-yield in two districts with different soil characteristics. Cultivars were found to be significant for all nutrients, except for N, Fe, Cu and Zn and the greatest values were observed in Granny Smith.

Bu çalışma, kuru ve sulu koşullarda toprakta bulunan KCl ile ekstrakte edilebilir NO3-N’u miktarına bağlı olarak artan dozlarda azot uygulamalarının Mitscherlich-Bray Eşitliği kullanılarak ekmeklik buğdayın azot ihtiyacının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre kuru koşullarda yürütülen denemelerde dekara 0, 3, 6, 9 ve 12 kg N uygulanırken sulu koşullarda 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 ve 24 kg N olacak şekilde üre (%46 N) gübresi kullanılarak uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, topraktaki KCl ile ekstrakte edilebilir NO3-N içeriği ile ürün artışı arasında elde edilen ilişkinin önemli olduğu ve Mitscherlich-Bray eşitliğinin kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Bitkinin azot ihtiyacının belirlenmesinde kuru koşullar için log (100-y)= log 100-b1*0.091-0.107*x ve sulu koşullar için log (100-y)= log 100-b1*0.043-0.076*x eşitlikleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca kuru koşullarda teorik maksimum verim 435 kg da-1 iken sulu koşullarda 574.3 kg da-1 olduğu bulunmuştur. Ekmeklik buğdayın teorik maksimum verimin % 90’ını hedef alan bir üretim için kuru koşullarda toprakta 10 kg veya daha fazla, sulu koşullarda ise 22 kg veya daha fazla NO3-N’u olması gerektiği belirlenmiştir. Bu durumda üründe artışlar sağlanabildiği ancak ekonomik analizin yapılması gerekliği ifade edilmiştir. Sonuçta, kuru ve sulu koşullarda ekmeklik buğday için Mitscherlich-Bray eşitliği kullanarak belirlenmiş ve ekonomik olarak uygulanması gerekli azotlu gübre miktarları, eksik veya gereğinden fazla azotlu gübre kullanımın önüne geçecektir. Dahası, ihtiyaç kadar gübre kullanımı ile hem üreticiler hem de ülke ekonomisine büyük katkılar sağlanacaktır.

WOS:000702255200001 Apple is grown in various parts of the world and consumed year-long in four seasons. The nutrient contents of fruit constitute the bases for several disorders experienced in storages. Although leaf analyses are used worldwide to assess the nutritional status of fruit trees, they may not yield accurate outcomes for assessment of fruit nutrient contents. Even if leaf nutrient contents are enough or quite high, various physiological disorders on fruits may be resulted from nutrient deficiencies. Fruit analyses should be performed to determine fruit nutrient contents and accordingly to improve flesh quality and to take relevant measures in early periods. In this study, fruit samples were collected for 2 years from 260 apple orchards in Isparta province of Turkey in 6 different periods covering the timeframe from June drops to harvest and fruit nutrient contents were determined from these samples. Firstly, seasonal variations of nutrients were examined. It was observed that fruit nutrient contents decreased periodically and this decreasing was quite faster through the early periods of the vegetation. Secondly, correlations between nutrient contents of the fruits sampled at the last period and the nutrient contents of the fruits sampled at earlier periods were also investigated in this study. Significant correlations revealed that fruit nutrient contents could be traced between the relevant periods and reference values could be established for these periods. Positive outcomes were observed for investigated nutrients except for N, Fe and Zn.

This study was conducted to investigate the possible use of flower analyses in assessing the nutritional status of apple orchards at the initiation of vegetation. In successive years, samples were ...

The importance of the current study was to determine the mineral and heavy metal contents of several tropical fruits provided from Indonesia. Mineral contents of some tropical fruits were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. As macro element, Ca contents of fruits were found between 167 mg/kg (Pir) and 1,051 mg/kg (Jambu). In addition, K contents of fruits ranged from 5,803 mg/kg (Manggis) to 17,659 mg/kg (Dragori). P contents ranged from 491 mg/kg (Sukun) to 3158 mg/kg (Dragori) (P

The mineral contents of Pistacia vera kernels were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The minimum and maximum values of K, P, Ca, Mg, and S elements ranged from 6,333 to 8,064 mg/kg, 3,630 to 5,228 mg/kg, 1,614 to 3,226 mg/kg, 1,716 to 2,402 mg/kg, and 1,417 to 1,825 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the mean values of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, Mo, Cr and Ni elements were determined as 42.48, 20.52, 12.81, 7.48, 11.31, 0.106, 0.511 and 1.67 mg/kg, respectively. Ash levels of kernels were found between 2.28 % (Urfa) and 2.79 % (Halebi). In addition, crude oil and protein contents were determined between 48.8 % (Halebi) to 55.3 % (Siirt) and 23.33 % (Uzun) to 27.16 % (Halebi), respectively.

The safflower seed contains about 25-40% solvent extract and 20-33% fiber. It is well known that dietary phospholipids lower serum cholesterol levels effectively. The nutrient composition of safflower seed changes depending on region, soil and genotypes. This research was made by using of six natural selected (A22, A29, A30, C12, E1, F4, G8, G12, J27) and three commercial (Remzibey, Dincer, Black Sun1) varieties of safflower genotypes. The research was conducted on field conditions for two years (2009 and 2010) in randomized complete block design with three replications in Konya-Turkey ecological conditions. Oil contents, mineral contents and their correlations were determined in the research. According to the results, oil content was ranged from 22.38% to 34.26%, while the minerals were in between the following values: 1469, 04-2068.07 mg kg-1 for Ca, 7.24-11.71 mg kg-1 for B, 13.29-17.41 mg kg-1 for Cu, 51.00-79.35 mg kg-1 for Fe, 3988-6638.34 mg kg-1 for K, 1418.61-2306.06 mg kg-1 for Mg, 11.37-17.76 mg kg-1 for Mn, 4172.33-7059.58 mg kg-1 for P and 32.60-59.00 mg kg-1 for Zn. Correlation analysis that was made separately for the commercial varieties and wild lines showed that high level of oil content was negatively affected by all the investigated minerals except for K and Zn in the commercial varieties.

Macro- and micro-elements of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers growing in Konya (Karapinar and Cumra locations) provinces in Turkey were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium contents of Jerusalem artichoke were found at high levels, whereas K content was found as 21615 mg/kg and 26251 mg/kg for Jerusalem artichoke; P contents of Jerusalem artichoke were found between 2585 and 4791 mg/kg; and Ca was determined between 1573 and 2073 mg/kg for Jerusalem artichoke. In addition, Zn content was found in a range from 11.0 mg/kg for Yaylapinar to 15.6 mg/kg for Saracoglu artichoke. While Fe content of Jerusalem artichoke was found between 23.32 mg/kg to 54.46 mg/kg, Cu content of Jerusalem artichoke was determined between 4.50 mg/kg to 8.98 mg/kg. The Cr contents of Jerusalem artichoke were found between 0.396 mg/kg to 0.642 mg/kg. Ash contents of Jerusalem artichoke tubers were found between 5.70% to 7.63...

The rate of heavy metal pollution in some minor fruit samples growing at roadsides in Turkey were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The mineral contents of samples were found to be different depending on the several parts Citrus fruits. The highest minor and heavy metal levels for Citrus fruits were determined between 17.24 and 45.30 mg/kg boron, 2.08 and 15.05 mg/kg copper, 1.01 and 16.00 mg/kg iron and 2.35 and 9.87 mg/kg zinc. Boron content ranged from 16.54 mg/kg (Deveci pear inner pulp) to 89.89 mg/kg (Arjantin apple outer skin). The level of Fe ranged from 1.49 mg/kg (quince pulp) to 25.05 mg/kg (Ankara pear pulp). Cu content of fruits ranged between 2.52 mg/kg (Fuji apple skin) and 25.93 mg/kg quince skin). Zn content was found between 0.46 mg/kg (Golden apple pulp) and 14.34 mg/kg (quince skin). P contents ranged from 651 mg/kg (Golden apple pulp) to 1269 mg/kg (quince skin). Na was found between 500 mg/kg (Fuji apple skin) and 907 mg/kg (Arjantin apple skin).

Although boron is essential for crop growth, the amount required differs among plant species. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) requires greater quantities of boron to satisfy its metabolic needs than other cultivated species. The present work was undertaken to evaluate what effects five boron doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg B ha-1 (applied as a spray of boric acid, H3BO3) would have on micronutrient contents in leaves of four sunflower cultivars grown in B-deficient calcareous soils (0.19 B mg kg-1) during the 2001 growing season. Boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations were measured in sunflower leaves at the flowering stage. According to the results, the B concentration in the leaves was highly correlated with boron doses, that is, the leaf B content increased in accordance with increasing B doses applied to the soil. Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentrations in the leaves were not changed by the different B levels. However, leaf Mn, B and Cu concentrations varied with the cultivars. Among the cultivars, TR-4098 had the highest Mn (90.74 mg kg-1) and Cu contents (45.95 mg kg-1), while AS-615 had the highest B (83.52 mg kg-1) and Fe (202.55 mg kg-1) concentrations.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of four boron (B) doses (control, 0 kg B ha−1; B1, 1 kg B ha−1; B2, 3 kg B ha−1; and B3, 6 kg B ha−1) in soils deficient in available B (0.19 mg B kg−1) and lime (CaCO3) content (20.7%) on yield and some yield components of five chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes, namely Akcin‐91, Population, Gokce, Izmir‐92, and Menemen‐92 in central Anatolian Turkey in the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons. Plant height, pods per plant, grain yield, protein content, protein yield, thousand seed weight, and leaf B concentration were measured. Grain yields in all genotypes (except for Gokce) were significantly increased by 1 kg ha−1 B application. Application of 1 kg ha−1 B increased the yield by an average of 5%. Genotypes studied showed significant variations with respect to their responses to additional B. Akcin‐91 gave the highest grain yield (1704.8 kg ha−1) at 3 kg B ha−1, whereas Population, Izmir‐92, and Menemen‐92 yielded best (1468.2 kg ha−1, 1483.0 k...

Pulses are an important dietary constituent in human and animal diets. As well as being a source of income and livestock feed, pulses satisfy 33% of the dietary protein nitrogen (N) needs of humans. Pulses are often exposed to environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic) that decrease their productivity throughout the world. Abiotic stresses (drought, salt, temperature, UV, nutrient deficiency) alone are responsible for more than 50% yield reductions of some major crops. The following examination of drought stress types (no irrigation, early period stress, late period stress, control) of 10 chickpea genotypes from Turkey was carried out for two years (2010 and 2011) in a field experiment set up accoding to a randomized complete block design with three replications and conducted under the ecological conditions prevalent in Konya, Turkey. The investigated nutrition-related parameters were the seed concentrations of protein, fat, ash, fiber, moisture, non-nitrogenous pith substances and minerals. Means achieved under the particular stress types showed that the protein percentage ranged from 19.71% to 19.80%, fat – 4.640 to 4.690%, ash – 2.810 to 2.860%, fiber – 7.360 to 7.400%, moisture – 9.150 to 9.180%, non-nitrogenous pith substances – 56.16 to 56.25%, while the mineral content (mg kg-1) corresponded to the following ranges: 9.700 to 9.980 B, 68.32 to 79.44 for Fe, 8866.3 to 8912.4 for K, 1383.1 to 1410.3 for Mg, 21.99 to 23.85 Mn, 3148.0 to 3192.6 P, 1815.6 to 1835.4 for S and from 25.81 to 28.43 for Zn. In general, the content of protein, magnesium and sulfur showed the lowest values under no irrigation conditions, while the content of ash, non-nitrogenous pith substances, boron, potassium, phosphorus and zinc showed the highest values under no irrigation conditions. Additionally, the nutritional value of chickpea seeds showed significant differences for all of the investigated characteristics viewed in terms of triple interactions (year x stress factor x genotype). The present research results can be useful for farmers, plant breeders, food companies etc., interested in chickpea. Finally, responses of the genotypes to different levels of drought stress were modified by the investigated quality characteristics. key words: mineral, nutrition, quality, seed composition, stress. dr Ali Kahraman, Department of Field Crops, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey, e-mail: kahramanali@selcuk.edu.tr

This study was carried out on leaves taken from apple orchards been in Isparta province in 2010-2011. With this study, reference values were determined for apple trees and compared with other reference values. 150 orchards were determined where cultivated intensively apple as fruit production amount and leaf samples were taken at the beginning of July. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and B were analyzed in taken leaf samples. The upper and lower level was determined for each nutrient. Reference values of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn and B were %2.45-2.85, %0.18-0.24, %1.57-1.99, %1.10-1.41, %0.32-0.43, 39-80 ppm, 13-26 ppm nd 33-42 ppm, respectively. When these reference values were compared with reference values obtained previous research, it was determined that N reference values of this research were higher than previous results, but Zn values were lower and the rest of the nutrient values were similar with the other references values., Standart yaprak örneği alım dönemindeki sınır değerlerinin bölgesel kalibrasyonu için yapılan bu çalışma, 2010-2011 yıllarında Isparta ilinde bulunan elma bahçelerinden alınan yaprak örnekleri kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Öncelikle standart yaprak örneği alım döneminde elma ağaçları için bölgesel referans değerler tespit edilmiş, daha sonra elde edilen bu değerler farklı araştırıcılar tarafından bildirilen referans değerlerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Elma yetiştiriciliğinin yoğun olarak yapıldığı bölgelerden meyve üretim miktarına göre 150 bahçe belirlenmiş ve temmuz ayı başında yaprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Alınan yaprak örneklerinde N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn ve B analizleri yapılmış, elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilerek her bir besin elementi için Isparta Bölgesine uygun alt ve üst sınır değerler belirlenmiştir. Azot, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn ve B için sırasıyla %2.45-2.85, %0.18-0.24, %1.57-1.99, %1.10-1.41, %0.32-0.43, 39-80 ppm, 13-26 ppm ve 33-42 ppm değerleri referans olarak tespit edilmiştir. Önceki çalışmalarda elde edilen değerlerle karşılaştırıldığında, belirlenen N değerinin yüksek, Zn değerinin düşük, diğer besin elementlerinin ise benzer aralık içerisinde yer aldığı belirlenmiştir.

WOS: 000343614200001, Bean is one of the most consumed pulse crops in the world. Hence, the quality of the protein and mineral content is important for producers and consumers. Line x tester methods were used to determine the combining ability and heterosis of protein content and mineral accumulation in common beans that were crosses of PV1, PV2, PV3, PV4, PV5, PV6, Sehirali 90, Alcman 98, and Yunus 90. Mean squares of line x tester interactions were significant for all of the investigated traits and indicated the prevalence of nonadditive variance; moreover, the value of the s(gca)(2)/s(sca)(2) ratio for all characters was less than 1 and indicated predominance of nonadditive gene effects. Line x tester analysis revealed significant general combining ability and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for all the traits. Among the parents, PV2 and Yunus 90 were found to have high general combining abilities for protein and minerals. The most promising specific combiners for protein and minerals were from crosses PV1 x Akman 98, PV2 x Akman 98, and PV5 x Yunus 90. The average heterosis for protein was -0.70% in the F-1 generation. The crosses PV1 x Akman 98, PV2 x Akman 98, and PV5 x Yunus 90 for protein content had significant estimates of both SCA effects and heterosis, suggesting the predominance of nonadditive gene action for the trait in these crosses. Additionally, only potassium content showed significant differences among the bean lines, while the testers exhibited nonsignificant differences for all of the investigated features. Analysis of the data indicated that the selection of parents should be based on per-seed content, as well as combining ability and heterosis, in order to improve protein and mineral contents in the common bean., Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects (BAP), Konya, TurkeySelcuk University [08401043], This study was supported by Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects (BAP), Konya, Turkey, Project No: 08401043.

In the experiment, mineral contents of the head, caudal, central fleshy part, and spinal columns of fishes were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The Ca content of base fleshy part ranged from 1,682 to 5,505 mg/kg. The Ca contents of central fleshy part were found between 104 and 428 mg/kg. This value was found between 5,582 and 7,368 in the spinal column parts. The K content in general ranged from 2,411 (Carassius gibellio) and 4,419 mg/kg (Scomber scombrus). The highest potassium was found on the central fleshy part and ranged between 3,214 and 4,419. The P content was found mostly on the bones and it range between 28,833 and 34,726. The least phosphor amount was found on the central fleshy part. While the Cd content ranges between 0.019 ppm and 0.104 mg/kg, Cr content changed between 1.32 and 4.20 ppm.

Micro- and macro-element contents of several commercial fruit juices purchased from marked were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Among the minor elements determined, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Co, Cd and Ni were found to be lover. Major mineral contents of fruit juices were established as Ca, K, Mg and P. The potassium contents of fruit juices were determined at the higher levels. K contents of fruit juices ranged between 475 mg/kg (B apricot) and 1478 mg/kg (B peach). In addition while Ca contents of fruit juices change between 19.3 mg/kg (E cherry) and 81.8 mg/kg (C orange), Mg contents ranged at the levels between 23.7 mg/kg (A apricot) and 65.4 mg/kg (D orange). Generally Ca and contents of peach, orange and apricot juices that belong to A and D companies were determined at the high levels.

The 64 varieties displayed a large variation for all mineral elements, investigated Fe, Mn and Zn, ranging from 24.2 to 43.1 mg/kg, 27.6 to 64.8 mg/kg and 10.4 to 38.2 mg/kg, respectively. The mean Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S concentrations in wheat rain varieties amounted to 378, 4,266, 1,183, 317, 3,513 and 1,542 mg/kg, respectively. Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S contents of wheat varieties changed at the levels between 266 and 531 mg/kg, 3,029 and 5,566 mg/kg, 972 and 1,525 mg/kg, 277 and 368 mg/kg, 2,422 and 4,610 mg/kg and 1,241 to 2,052 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn of durum wheat samples were found at high levels. The mean Al, Cr, Mo, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in durum wheat varieties amounted to 10.93, 0.47, 0.72, 0.72, 5.37, 34.9, 37.28 and 20.88 mg/kg, respectively.

Boron toxicity may occur in semi-arid regions due to high levels of B in soils, in the ground water, in fertilisers or in irrigation water (U.S. Salinity Lab. Staff, 1954; Nable et al., 1997).

Yield losses in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) may occur due to boron (B) deficiency when the susceptible cultivars are grown in calcareous boron deficient soils. The study was therefore aimed atinvestigating the effects of three B doses: control (0.0 kg ha-1), soil application (3.0 kg ha-1) and foliar fertilization (0.3 kg ha-1) on yield and some yield components of six common bean genotypes in the Bdeficient soil (with available 0.19 mg B kg-1). Plant height, pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed yield, protein content, 100-seed weight and B concentration in leaf were studied. Yield was obtained higher Bapplied genotypes than those of check. Applications both of soil and foliar B increased yield average of 10 and 20%, respectively. Genotypes had the highest seed yield when B was foliar applied indicating that soil factors affected available B. The highest seed yield was obtained from Karacaehir-90 with 4078.2 kg ha-1. Yunus-90 was found to be B tolerant, while the other genotypes appeared to be highly B sensitive. The result showed that B deficiency in common bean might lead to significant yield losses and foliar application should be advised.