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This study examines the unique relationship between panic, technology, and sexuality using a sex panic framework. Sex panic, a derivative of moral panic theory, focuses on fears related to or because of sexuality or sexual practices. Inextricably tied to emotion, sex panic events are often scripted and based on performativity. In Texas, a sex robot “testing center” attempted to open as a storefront in the suburbs of Houston. Local officials and community leaders condemned the brothel announcement. A critical discourse analysis of sixty news articles and videos, Houston City Council meeting minutes, and the subsequent city ordinances were evaluated to explore the controversy of the ultimately banned brothel. Through this analysis, prevalent discursive themes on the protection of women and children, fears about sex robot users, and concerns over how the Houston community would be viewed were found. Discursive tactics centered on creating panic around issues of rape, dehumanization, and moral standards. This study contributes to the critical scholarship on sex robots and their effects on public discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formal rules define urban governance, yet in democratic systems like the United States, institutions governing public input shape decision-making. Governance literature needs more breadth on how civic engagement varies across types of nature and its implications for urban social-ecological systems. We analyzed five cities' ordinances within the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan region, identifying nature-based rules and civic engagement mechanisms. We found ten engagement mechanisms across six nature types, primarily discussed within zoning ordinances—farm animals being the exception. Public hearings were the most frequently mentioned engagement mechanism, yet they have documented biases toward elite perspectives. Despite codification of engagement opportunities, it remains unclear whether utilized mechanisms support substantive input and influence into urban nature governance. Our study not only lays groundwork for research on how to address the inequitable distribution of nature-related benefits and burdens felt by some urban communities, but also inspires further exploration into this crucial area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated employment decision tools use machine learning, artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, and other data-driven approaches to enhance candidate experiences and streamline employment related decision-making, allowing human resources to be concentrated where they are needed most. However, the use of these tools without appropriate safeguards has resulted in a number of high-profile scandals in recent years, particularly in regard to bias. Accordingly, lawmakers have started to propose laws that require bias audits of automated employment decision tools to examine their outputs for subgroup differences. The first of its kind was New York City Local Law 144, but other US states have since followed suit. In this paper, we examine the concerns about the effectiveness of this and other similar laws, including the suitability of metrics, the scope of the law, and low levels of compliance. We conclude that despite the law being a good initial first step towards greater transparency around automated employment decision tools and reducing bias, examining outcomes alone is not sufficient to prevent bias elsewhere in the tool. Moreover, effective bias prevention will require a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in IO psychology, law, and computer science to develop appropriate metrics and maximize the enforceability of such laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1967–1968 Marches on Milwaukee led to the passage of a strong open housing city ordinance. The first march routes challenged what people then interpreted as Polish American space. Journalists and other observers assumed that Polish Americans led the opposition to the marchers. Certainly, there were Polish American bigots heckling the marchers. Polish Americans did complain using racist arguments in letters to public figures and to newspapers. Yet a nuanced survey of these documents in manuscript collections shows that these documents reflected the widespread racism found throughout the city. While the response to the first two marches reflected a racist response of local Polish American residents, white power organizations and other activists organized later counterprotests and counter marches. The counterprotests ended with the John Birch Society coopting the counterprotesters into a political organization with a legislative agenda. The white power protesters should be seen as more of a part of continuing American racism and the emerging New Right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This article investigates the role of the spatial dimension in the formulation of pandemic rules in Italy, with a specific focus on the municipal ordinances enacted in Milan. The study conducts a critical review of multidisciplinary literature, which often marginalises the significance of spatial dynamics in the development of (pandemic) regulatory frameworks, relegating “space” to a peripheral rather than central concern. This research proposes an analytical framework to evaluate spatial rules based on key thematic categories, with reference to the application and structural attributes of pandemic regulations. The article also discusses the practical integration of spatial dimensions into regulatory design, emphasising the imperative of acknowledging and engaging with unique spatial characteristics in order to enhance the efficacy of legal and policy interventions.

Examining the physical-perceptual structure of architecture creates a context for users to understand the goals and meaning of architecture by being in the space, on the other hand, it creates the precise proportions of the spatial body, in which meanings can be understood. Movement in space, both internal and external, which is created by the presence of the body, deepens the users' understanding of architecture. Functional body structure also refers to the activities that take place inside the space and means a proportional body that creates a suitable space for certain activities. This research is of a nested combination of qualitative and quantitative to extract components and dimensions after a semi-structured interview and then from PN modeling for the degree of factor effect and comparing the component effect system as well as the matrix. Correlation sampling is used for the snowball system interview, and in the quantitative stage, the upper limit of the Morgan table is used. The facilitating software's are ATLASTI8 and JMPSAS17. The results show that access coherence, user coherence and environmental coherence have the highest dimension and a larger factor contribution that has significant relationships, but coherence in creating security despite the influence coefficient of Bal has a significant relationship. does not have Coherence in municipal laws has a larger factor share than the first three cases, but it has a less significant amount. In general, based on the scope of the effect of the components of confinement and also its focus, it shows the continuity of the relationship between the components. Based on the relational correlation, it is determined that each dimension has a relationship with the other two dimensions and can be predicted, and the third dimension, which will be added to the blue color, has far less predictability than them. It is important to pay attention to the dimension of cohesion in both sets, which has no predictability based on other dimensions and has acted separately and should be considered in the first stage for planning and design. In general, the dimensions of confinement in the collection of Ati Saz and Ekbatan have a correlation of 0.772 in the way of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding complex urban systems necessitates untangling the relationships between diverse urban elements such as population, infrastructure, and socioeconomic activities. Scaling laws are basic but effective rules for evaluating a city's internal growth logic and assessing its efficiency by investigating whether urban indicators scale with population. To date, only limited research has empirically explored the scaling relations between variables of urban mobility in mega-cities at an intra-urban scale of a few meters. Using multiple urban-sensed and human-sensed data, this study proposes a thorough framework for quantifying the scaling laws in a city. To begin, urban mobility networks are built by aggregating population flows using large-scale mobile phone tracking data. To demonstrate the spatiotemporal variability of urban mobility, various network-based mobility measures are proposed. Following that, three different features of urban mobility laws are exposed, explaining spatial agglomeration, spatial hierarchical structures, and the temporal growth process. The scaling correlations between urban indicators pertaining to socioeconomic features and infrastructure and a mobility-population measure are then quantified using multi-sourced urban-sensed data. Applying this framework to the case study of Shenzhen, China revealed (a) spatial travel heterogeneity, hierarchical spatial structures, and mobility growth, and (b) not only a robust sub-linear relationship between infrastructure volume and population, but also a sub-linear relationship for socioeconomic activity. The identified scaling laws, both in terms of mobility measures and urban indicators, provide a multi-faceted portrait of the spatio-temporal variations of urban settings, allowing us to better understand intra-urban developments and, consequently, provide critical policy evaluations and suggestions for improving intra-urban efficiency in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Municipal programs of Tax Incentive seek in their implementations to increase the collection of the Tax on Services of Any Nature (ISSQN), promote tax citizenship and reduce tax evasion. The program Nota Londrina was established in 2015 by Municipal Law nº 12.348, in order to encourage the population of Londrina to request the Service's Tax Note (NFS).The program Nota Curitibana was created by Municipal Law nº 102/2017, with the main objective of increasing the collection of ISSQN.Through Law nº 13.953/2021, the ISS Awarded Program was instituted in the city of Ponta Grossa, with the objective of increasing the collection of ISSQN, without increasing rates. The objective of the research is describing how these tax incentive programs were implemented, how their developments were and to verify if there was an increase in the emission os Service's Tax notes was. In this way, we verified the factors that led the other cities not to implement them. The methodology applied characterizes as descriptive, bibliographical and documental research, of qualitative nature. The period analyzed was from 2014 to 2020.For data analysis, two structured interviews were used and data collected from the programs' websites. The analysis indicated that 1% of the state of Parana has active tax incentive programs. In the city of Curitiba, there was an increase in the emission of NFS, as for the program's results, they have been positive so far. About the motivation of the other cities, most showed disinterest in the implementation in their city halls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise pollution in Latin American countries, such as Ecuador, is an environmental problem that has been scientifically assessed but ignored in regulatory action. Up to 2022, Loja held the ninth position in population among cities in the country and experienced substantial automotive sector growth, attaining the tenth position over the last decade. Although a municipal ordinance to mitigate noise pollution has been in effect since 2006, thorough assessments have been limited, and internal policy implementation has proven ineffective. This study evaluates the levels of sound pressure in the urban area of Loja in Ecuador to assess the current noise pollution and develop the first noise map to derive internal policies. Seventy-six sampling points were distributed around residential, commercial, industrial, and service areas and monitored using type 1 integrating sound level meters. Results revealed that 94% of the points exceeded the maximum allowed limits, with an average of 67 dBA between 55 and 72.9 dBA. The noisiest places are associated with major traffic routes, primarily avenues with a constant flow of vehicles. To mitigate noise pollution, traffic flow management during peak hours, awareness campaigns promoting quieter transportation modes, and biannual controls are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extends the concept of granularity from firms to cities, examining how large cities influence national economic dynamics beyond their relative size. By applying Zipf's law, which describes the power law distribution of city sizes, we investigate the interplay between granularity and business cycles. Our aim is to test the granular hypothesis that large cities have a significant impact on the business cycle beyond their relative size. We analyze data from American and Brazilian cities between 2003 and 2019 assessing the granular residuals and their explanatory power. Our findings reveal that in the United States, the granular city size is three metropolitan areas or five counties when redefined. In Brazil, it equates to three municipalities. These results emphasize the substantial role large cities play in national economic fluctuations, suggesting that policy interventions that target infrastructure, education, and innovation in major urban centers could have widespread economic benefits. This paper's contribution to the literature is to highlight a spatial component of granularity not considered so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although a common German sociological methodology, the documentary method has rarely been received outside the German-speaking region or in the field of criminology in general. Additionally, while ethnographic semantics is a recognized means of analysis in the field of ethnography, it is less known in criminological research. This paper proposes that the approaches in themselves but especially a combination of both allow for a deeper understanding of the cultural practices, everyday routines, and implicit knowledge of security actors. While the police are a constant focus of criminological and social science research, the study of Municipal Law Enforcement Services (MLES), particularly qualitative approaches, have been largely neglected, despite the increasing number of municipalities implementing their own security personnel. Consequently, their increased presence in public space warrants further investigation. The added value of linking two reconstructive approaches to analysis is demonstrated using MLES as an example. Thereby, both the advantages of such a combination for criminological research and new insights regarding the ways MLES interact with people in public space are illustrated. The research follows an ethnomethodological design and is based on expert interviews and participant observation. The paper addresses peripheral issues on three levels: the use of a previously geographically limited method of data analysis, an innovative triangulation of approaches to analysis that has not yet been applied in international criminological research as well as the presentation of German MLES as an under-researched subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the role of the spatial dimension in the formulation of pandemic rules in Italy, with a specific focus on the municipal ordinances enacted in Milan. The study conducts a critical review of multidisciplinary literature, which often marginalises the significance of spatial dynamics in the development of (pandemic) regulatory frameworks, relegating "space" to a peripheral rather than central concern. This research proposes an analytical framework to evaluate spatial rules based on key thematic categories, with reference to the application and structural attributes of pandemic regulations. The article also discusses the practical integration of spatial dimensions into regulatory design, emphasising the imperative of acknowledging and engaging with unique spatial characteristics in order to enhance the efficacy of legal and policy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper studies the much-debated term politikoi nomoi ('civil laws'), as recorded in P.Gur. 2.44–45 = Sel.Pap. II 256 = CPJ I 19 (226 BCE, Crocodilopolis). The term is used here in the context of a diagramma, which allows the consideration in court of the politikoi nomoi – a body of law subsidiary to royal legislation, applicable whenever matter at dispute is not addressed by the latter. I argue that the term is used here for the designation of city laws of Alexandria. In P.Gur. 2, in a case heard by Greek dikasts outside Alexandria, the diagramma is introduced in order to allow one of the litigants to draw upon the Alexandrian dikê erêmos. However, it is quite plausible that in its original context of conception, the diagramma was meant to serve as guideline in Alexandrian courts of law only, not elsewhere in Egypt. Its usurpation, and ultimate admission by non-Alexandrian dikasts is indicative of the proliferation of Alexandrian laws and regulations in Ptolemaic Egypt at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay examines late medieval discussions concerning 'Kaiserrecht' (Imperial Law, Emperor's Law) in northern and eastern Germany. A closer look at the municipal law of Lüneburg (1401) with its different layers of customs, book of statutes, 'Kaiserrecht' and Canon law shows clearly the problem. Notwithstanding the close similarity to the learned concept of the theory of the statutes, the Lüneburg source did in fact not follow the erudited hierarchy of particular law and civil law. The city possessed some manuscripts of the so called 'Schwabenspiegel' (Swabian Mirror) and the 'Kleines Kaiserrecht' (Emperor's Little Law) which were both, contemporarily, denominated as 'Kaiserrecht'. Broadening the perspective from this example to other northern and eastern cities, it is possible to find more than 80 examples of Law Books ('Rechtsbücher') which were all called Emperor's Law. The influence of the Swabian Mirror – firstly recorded in Regensburg or Augsburg – spread from the south wide into the north and the east. The often treated question if there existed some common German customs in medieval time is perhaps not that silly, as shows modern research, while older scholars' approaches – like Heinrich Christian von Senckenberg's (18th century) – may have been promising. On the other hand the reception of the learned law should perhaps sometimes be dated later. Although the duty to apply the Emperor's Law in procedural edicts and statutes was enacted in the 15th century, decisions still followed Roman law as well as, sometimes, the German Law Books from the 13th or the 14th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to recover the history of the implementation of an agroforestry project at the Professor Benjamin Padoa Municipal School, highlighting the components and organization of this system, as well as its importance in the school context. The methodology used involved the application of a semi-structured questionnaire to members of the school community involved in the project, in addition to the analysis of the political-pedagogical project, documents, videos and photographic records of the school, as well as laws and resolutions of the Municipal Education System. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively, following the development of the project since its inception, seeking to understand the motivations behind the implementation of the agroforestry system in the school and investigating its use and importance for the school community. In addition, the pedagogical potential of these non-formal teaching spaces was verified. The agroforestry system at the Professor Benjamin Padoa Municipal School started in 2003, after the completion of the new physical structure of the school, which left empty areas in the courtyard. Through the planting of several species, the opportunity arose to use this system as a non-formal teaching space, where practical science classes would be held, especially botany, in addition to activities related to environmental education. This theme is important in all subjects of the curriculum and should be worked on throughout all years of basic education. The results showed that, even without specific planning for the implementation of the agroforestry system, the afforestation carried out through practical activities made its creation possible. Based on this, the educational potential of this system as a pedagogical tool was explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the peculiarities and problems of realization of human rights in the field of local self-government in the context of martial law and the Russian-Ukrainian war. The full-scale armed invasion of the Russian Federation has significantly affected the state of human rights in general and in territorial hromadas in particular. Real local self-government, decentralization of power and human rights, their realization and protection are inextricably linked phenomena and processes. Despite the significant economic, social, environmental and other problems caused by martial law, the decentralization processes in Ukraine, launched in 2014, have not stopped. Territorial hromadas, the formation and development of legal personality of which is the main goal of the reform processes, are gradually acquiring the features of full-fledged subjects of local self-government, the main bearers of its functions and powers, active participants in economic, social, cultural, environmental, informational and other municipal relations. The content of these relations is primarily formed by municipal human rights, etc., those subjective rights, the realization and sometimes protection of which is conditioned by the specifics of the life of territorial hromadas. It is also noted that the relevance of studying the human dimension of local self-government and decentralization processes is due to new challenges for our state caused by the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation. Therefore, today there is a need for scientific analysis and further resolution of problematic issues related to ensuring the realization of human rights as a resident -- a member of a territorial hromada, implementation of systemic measures to protect them in the context of not only national security challenges, but also in the context of the prospects for post-war recovery and sustainable development of territorial hromadas. The purpose of the article is to outline the peculiarities of the human dimension of local selfgovernment in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author emphasizes that the existence of systemic problems under martial law, primarily economic, social, cultural, environmental, informational, etc., relating to the full functioning of territorial hromadas and, over time, the reconstruction of the destroyed municipal infrastructure, indicates the significant role and importance of local self-government in the processes of realization of most human rights. In turn, it is human rights that determine the content and focus of the activities of all actors of the local self-government system in various areas of municipal life. It is emphasized that the Russian-Ukrainian war has had a dramatic impact on the priorities of many territorial hromadas in Ukraine. New economic, social, cultural, environmental, information and other challenges of municipal life necessitate the formation of innovative approaches to the human rights protection potential and human-centered orientation of municipal authorities in terms of ensuring, institutional and procedural guarantees of human rights protection of a member of a territorial hromada, the main areas of improvement of municipal human rights protection activities, etc. In this context, the article focuses on the trends in the development of territorial hromadas, legislation on local self-government and municipal law in the context of modern challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review essay, I analyse two philosophical positions presented by Cormac Mac Amhlaigh in New Constitutional Horizons – namely, a pluralistic analytic legal theory, which offers a criterion of 'individuation' of legal systems in the context of transnational laws (to explain the relationship between domestic and international law), and a pluralistic account of constitutionalism, which understands the concept of 'constitution' and related political concepts in the context of transnational legal relationships (treating them as 'interpretive concepts' in the sense of Ronald Dworkin). My main target is not Mac Amhlaigh's account of constitutionalism, with which I agree, but, rather, his analytic legal theory. After a brief summary of the former, to make explicit the interpretive methodology of the book, I respond to the latter in two ways: first, I present Dworkin's argument to defend Hans Kelsen's international legal monism against H.L.A. Hart's objections, and, second, I argue that the analytic ambition to provide a test to distinguish sharply between municipal law and international law, treating them as separate while simultaneously valid systems, is unachievable. I end with a claim that Dworkin's thesis of the unity of value entails a distinctive version of legal monism, which is more plausible than Kelsen's traditional legal monism because it is not committed to a 'linear' or 'hierarchical' theory of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this text is to address the historical structuring of the waste problem in Mexico and the emergence and evolution of its regulations, highlighting the influence of regulations from the United States. The history of solid urban waste regulations in both countries is briefly reviewed, recognizing that they result from second and third-level processes in order to uncover epistemic frameworks and empirical domains underlying conflicts through an analytical and comparative documentary method from interdisciplinarity and complex systems perspectives. The influence of American regulations on those of our country is revealed, stemming from structural inertias of industrialization and neoliberalism. This text examines how this matter was regulated in different Mexican sanitary codes of the last century until the General Law for the Prevention and Integral Management of Waste, through environmental laws and their regulations over the last 40 years as well as regulations on public services in Mexico City; without neglecting the review of Mexican municipal law. Likewise, the history of American waste legislation from the 1960s to the present is reviewed for a comparative perspective. It is concluded that by understanding the genesis of the problem and the construction of solutions from neighboring countries rather than simply emulating them, true opportunities to solve the waste problem in Mexico and promote respect for human rights would be facilitated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"I believe cities make decisions all the time based on the health and welfare of their residents. If an abortion facility moved into Abilene, TX, it's not Austin, TX's problem. It's not Washington D.C.'s problem. It's Abilene's problem." Mark Lee Dickson, Right to Life of East Texas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption, a ubiquitous phenomenon throughout history and societies, has been long criminalized in many countries. However, international cooperation against corruption only gained momentum in the 1990s. Since then, the international legal framework has expanded significantly through conventions like the Organisation on Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Anti-Bribery Convention and the UN Convention against Corruption. Nearly all states have now ratified at least one anticorruption treaty. However, implementation and enforcement of these standards has been uneven across states. Domestic reforms have also lagged in some areas like prevention. Corruption remains widespread, and its socioeconomic costs have not appreciably decreased. This Symposium aims at assessing the outcomes of three decades of international cooperation in combating corruption, while also exploring the future directions of international anticorruption rules and cooperation. Through a positive, critical, and normative legal analysis, complemented by empirical research and behavioral science, it focuses on the dynamic interactions between international anticorruption instruments and municipal law, highlighting understudied problems, both substantive and methodological. After discussing the origins and evolution of international anticorruption law, this introductory article presents the state of the art on the questions tackled by this Symposium and highlights its contribution to existing literature on the topic. In doing so, it brings together various trends emerging from the articles contained in this Symposium and explores avenues for further research and reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does financial reform improve public good provision? We examine state-level adoption of municipal bankruptcy law. After reform, municipalities' borrowing costs decrease and bonds' issuance increase, particularly for bonds financing hospitals; hospitals' investments increase, particularly when using such bonds; local firms' investment and performance increase, particularly in the construction sector. Ex ante, reform occurs earlier in states with weaker unions, stronger bondholders' interests, and better courts. Similar factors explain congressional voting on municipal bankruptcy law. These results support the hypothesis that financial reform destroys labor union rents and expands investment, highlighting a novel spillover channel from public finance to the real economy. This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance. Funding: This work was supported by the Baffi-CAREFIN Research Center at Bocconi. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4800. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change disproportionately affects low‐income and minority populations. This study identified vulnerable populations to extreme heat, focusing on home air conditioning. State and municipal laws and regulations usually consider home air conditioning an amenity rather than a requirement for habitability such as heat, water, and electricity. Using the historical census data and the American Housing Survey data, this study identified the vulnerable populations to extreme heat and their spatial dynamic in Los Angeles County, CA. This study found that low‐income minority populations are more likely to live without home air conditioning, and they are more likely to be exposed to extreme heat in the coming years if their residential location patterns continue. Changing spatial patterns of low‐income and minority populations need to be incorporated into urban and regional planning for climate change. State regulations and municipal codes should require air conditioning as a habitability requirement for cooling equity. Also, cooling stations that provide immediate relief for those without home air conditioning need strategic placements based on the locational concentration of the vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyses three criminal suits brought against nobles from rural districts of two Italian city-communes who were accused of homicide, robbery, and assault – and focuses on their courtroom defences. By the late 1200s, chivalric values and lifestyle were at odds with the political culture promoted by civic governments, while rural lords had lost most of their ancient privileges and independence to the cities. Nonetheless, in courtrooms, nobles often presented themselves as proud members of the chivalric warrior elite. The defendants may have sought to exploit the publicity of criminal trials to negotiate power and prerogatives with civic governments. Their chivalric 'self-portraits' were adapted to the expectations of civic audiences, and were combined with legalistic arguments and appeals to municipal laws. More generally, this article investigates the reception of judicial institutions and examines the effects of the encounter between different value-systems and 'languages' in pre-modern polities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article is about one of the most used, least studied spaces in the country: the sidewalk. It is easy to think of sidewalks simply as spaces for pedestrians, and that is exactly how most scholars, policymakers, and laws treat them. But this view is fundamentally mistaken. In big cities and small towns, sidewalks are also where we gather, demonstrate, dine, exercise, rest, and shop. They are host to commerce and infrastructure. They are spaces of public access and sources of private obligation. And in all of these things, sidewalks are sites of underappreciated conflict. The centrality of sidewalks in our day-to-day lives is rooted in the fact that they are open to everyone and to all of these varied uses, every hour of every day, but it is that very vibrancy that risks being their undoing. As competing claims on sidewalks increase in both number and intensity due to cultural shifts, technological advances,climate change, and more, the sidewalks we take for granted may crumble—both literally and figuratively—under the weight of contradictory and self-defeating governing principles and uncoordinated governmental oversight. This Article is the first to systematically examine the incoherence of the property law of sidewalks and of the fragmented regulatory architecture that municipalities have built to manage them. Drawing on insights from both property and local government law, as well as first-person interviews with current and former municipal officials, it demonstrates how both legal regimes have in fact deepened sidewalk conflict and have confused and undermined accountability for the quality and accessibility of sidewalks. With these shortcomings in mind, this Article charts a new course and constructs from the ground up a new municipal agency to administer the sidewalks—one that would be better positioned to protect and foster the utility and vitality of these critical social, economic, and political spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being popular with the public and preventing racial and economic inequality, states often preempt their local governments' ability to adopt workers' rights laws. We test several competing theories of preemption (ideology, political institutions, interest group involvement, demographics, and policy diffusion) using a time-series, cross-sectional approach. Using data on state legislative activity from 1993 to 2018, we find that increasing legislative conservatism, and more unified political control of the state government, regardless of party, are associated with a higher risk of preempting local workers' rights laws, all else equal. Our focus on legislative ideology, a more precise measure than party control at the subnational level, as the nexus of preemption activity helps clarify prior contradictory results in the literature. For those looking to prevent or overturn workers' rights preemptions, the most direct approach appears to be to change the ideology of state legislatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on national and local anti-homeless ordinances and investigates emerging spatial banishment strategies and their impacts on unhoused folks' basic freedoms. First, we review debates on co-existing geographies of punishment and care through theoretical and legal lenses. Focusing on sixteen cities in the United States, we examine categories of anti-homeless ordinances and their evolution in the past two decades. Next, we focus on Los Angeles and use archival research and interviews with activists to examine the expansion of newly emerging anti-homeless spaces. Our research details ad hoc strategies of spatial banishment targeting homelessness. We find that the city represents a fragmented landscape of "no-go-zones" for the unhoused. We posit that the COVID-19 pandemic enabled various spatial banishment strategies and that Los Angeles is neo-revanchist. We advocate for city policies that abolish spatial banishment strategies and respond to the needs of the unhoused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As law enforcement organizations report challenges surrounding recruitment, evidence-based practices are critical and cost-effective measures which fundamentally support and advance the policing profession. To combat a hiring crisis and remain competitive among endless options of agency vacancies, employers must recognize internal data resources at hand along with the advantages of researcher-practitioner partnerships. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the effectiveness of a single mid-size southeastern municipal law enforcement agency's recruitment program to identify unique indicators present within career decisions from the incoming officer workforce. Primary findings identified the recruitment process to play an integral role in the ultimate application and agency selection decision for participants, regardless of participant background. Further, participant interviews identified elements such as Responsiveness, Communication, Personal, and Timeliness critical to perceived success of the recruitment program. Regarding police staffing, this study introduces a self-sustaining model for agency-specific key motivating factors in recruit agency selection, to include application of strong recruitment practices and benchmark identification for sustained program effectiveness. Implications include the impact of customer-service approaches to police staffing and evidence-based strategies for agency-specific strengths during a nation-wide staffing crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Library of Norway holds three manuscripts that contain reproductions of medieval legal texts in Old Norse. These manuscripts shed light on the efforts to reconstruct and restate the medieval legal archive in the 17th and 18th centuries. The author examines the material and textual characteristics of these manuscripts to understand the methods used by the scribes and commissioners. The article emphasizes the fluid nature of the discursive archive and its importance in understanding the interplay of juridical, antiquarian, historical, and philological interests during this period. The manuscripts discussed include Ms. fol. 86, which combines medieval and early modern influences, Ms. fol. 87b, which contains various legal texts with a focus on accuracy, and Ms. 8° 66, an ornate manuscript likely commissioned by Eggert Ólafsson. These manuscripts provide valuable insights into the medieval textual tradition of Iceland and Norway. [Extracted from the article]

Depolicing is a behavior that occurs when law enforcement officers disengage from proactive police work. Despite the term's more recent popularity, these behaviors have been identified in policing literature for decades. Scholars have primarily tried to quantify the depolicing phenomenon through the lens of public scrutiny and the Ferguson Effect. However, there are currently no quantitative studies that have attempted to examine the multitude of reasons as to why depolicing behavior could potentially occur. The current inquiry uses survey data retrieved from eight municipal law enforcement agencies to further examine potential predictors of depolicing. The predictor variables consisted of public scrutiny, liability concerns, organizational unfairness, burnout, physical danger, COVID-19, and years of experience. Our results indicate that public scrutiny, liability concerns, COVID-19, and years of experience are all significant and positive predictors of depolicing. We also found that agency location and rank significantly impacted depolicing behavior. The findings and limitations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing a municipal governance system is a long process focused on selecting the best practices that have proven to be effective and efficient. One of the methods is the transit of elements of municipal systems borrowed from other countries. The experience of ensuring democratic participation of the community formed in Germany is of interest. The purpose of the article is to identify the components of the German model of municipal governance that can be used by Ukraine to improve the efficiency of the national system of local self-government and bring it closer to EU standards. The elements of the comparative analysis in the article are the analysis of the institutional model of municipal governance and its state and political basis; determination of the specifics of the distribution of powers between the state and local governments and the nature of community participation in local self-government; characterization of the system of financial guarantees and the budget system; determination of the principles of cooperation and coordination of municipalities. The article uses the methodology of comparative analysis based on the identification and analysis of the legal, structural, organizational, political and economic components of municipal governance in Ukraine and Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under current models of sustainable housing, many local governments are attempting various methods to mitigate, to varying degrees, the inevitable human impact on the environment that arises from residential buildings. This Note anticipates a synthesis of these diverse approaches and, to this end, offers comparative international legal analyses of municipal ordinances designed to promote sustainable neighborhoods. This Note, however, is written for an American planning and development audience. This Note argues sustainable neighborhoods often require three types of municipal ordinances at the level of the subdivision: (1) ordinances to promote urban agriculture to allow food security, reduce food miles, and localize and diversify auxiliary sources of agricultural production; (2) ordinances to offset ubiquitous encroachment on biodiversity through mandating greenways, easements, and other greenspaces, often through overlay zones; and (3) ordinances for the design of energy-efficient multifamily buildings to sustain low-impact, nonsprawl living spaces that require certifications addressing site design and overlay zones. Special examples include promoting vegetation through "green " or vegetated roofs to reduce stormwater and citywide temperatures, as well as requiring more greenspace in heat island overlay zones. Heat island overlay zones are a new concept I am introducing that could be used to save lives from the increasingly dangerous effects of climate change, especially in underprivileged neighborhoods that have traditionally been neglected by city councils and planning commissions. For example, heat islands unfairly leave people of color at risk2 and especially affect the lives of the elderly.3 This Note also emphasizes the relationship between land use and the functional interactions of humans with their environment to help support food independence, minimize urban sprawl, and prevent species eradication. This Note advocates an approach to subdivision planning that could be compatible with other areas of large-scale planning, like mixed-use neighborhoods and comprehensive zoning. This Note will address concerns that multifamily residential complexes like townhouses, condominiums, and apartments do not have room to grow food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Sociología is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Muiraquitã: Revista de Letras e Humanidades is the property of Muiraquita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The New Orleans Adopt-A-Catch Basin Program is the city's first experiment that puts democratic concepts into practice concerning water management. The program as codified in city ordinance Section 66–287 requires adoptive citizens to be responsible for maintaining the catch basin and the area extending 18 inches off the curb line. This paper examines the adoption of co-production of services between the city and its citizens and analyzes how efficient the program has been in solving the city's perennial challenges of street flooding. The researchers collated data through surveys issued to stakeholders. Data obtained was analyzed using specific themes to create narratives that answer the questions of the study. The study identified that the primary issues affecting the New Orleans Adopt-A-Catch Basin Program includes ineffective communication, recruitment, risks, liability, and distrust of government. A well-planned program would create better synergy between government and the people, while achieving the program's objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research affirms that municipal laws regulate and criminalize activities associated with homelessness. Research has yet to explore how these laws intersect with other socio-legal processes to create socially organized relations of surveillance and punishment for those who are its targets. This participatory institutional ethnography began with interviews with precariously housed and homeless youth to learn about their socio-legal histories across a range of public sector institutions. Analysis of interviews revealed common points of friction in young people's lives, which anchored subsequent policy and legislative analysis. In this article, we show how young people's early experiences with the police recursively organize how their subsequent criminal-legal work unfolds—particularly, as they spend more time in public spaces that are governed by neo-vagrancy by-laws and provincial safe streets legislation. Analytically, the concept of pervasive penality (Herring et al., Social Problems 67: 131–149 2020) oriented us toward the socio-legal relations that link the activities of young people on the streets with police officers, child protection workers, public transit guards, and other professionals who administer policy and law. Homeless youth are often drawn into relations of surveillance because they are viewed to be in need of protection; over time, however, these same relations position youth as the targets of penalizing policies and laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VAD: Veredes, Arquitectura y Divulgación is the property of Alberto Alonso Oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes expropriation for public utility and its relationship with Administrative Law. It highlights that the majority of expropriation cases correspond more to Constitutional Law and Provincial and Municipal Public Law. The importance of property rights and public interest in this context is emphasized. The author of the article is Jorge Luis Bastons, a lawyer and specialist in Administrative Law. [Extracted from the article]

In article problems of the theory of functions of a modern Municipal Law are considered. The basic essential and meaningful, objective and subjective, internal and external aspects of modern Municipal Law. It is noted that among the basic tasks that are currently faced domestic science Municipal Law, is the formation of a coherent and comprehensive knowledge of the system of municipal law of Ukraine, its legal aspects and patterns of development and operation of its norms and institutions. A holistic conception of the Municipal Law of Ukraine in the unity of its static and functional, material and procedural elements are important theoretical and methodological basis for the development and improvement of the system of national municipalism, current municipal legislation and municipal law-making and law enforcement activities. However, if the theory of problematic issues of Municipal Law as in law, its genesis, sources, norms and institutions are reflected in the works of Ukrainian researchers, the problem functions of this area of law remains almost unexplored. Understanding the nature and content of the functions of Municipal Law makes it possible to understand the importance of this area of law to regulate social relations and answer questions about the role of Municipal Law in society and the state. It is proven that the legal features and qualifications of the functions of municipal law find their logical continuation in each independent group of these functions, which can be distinguished according to the appropriate division criteria. These criteria, which are the basis for the classification of functions of municipal law, should include: a) objects of influence of municipal law. According to this criterion, it is necessary to distinguish such objective functions of municipal law, from among the main ones, such as political function, economic function, social function, ideological function and corresponding external functions of municipal law; b) ways and means of influence of municipal law on relevant social relations. Such functions should include regulatory, establishing, protective, control, integrative (system-forming), law-making, law-enforcing, informational, axiological and a number of other functions of municipal law; c) conditions of influence of municipal law on relevant social relations. Such functions should include temporal (permanent and temporary) and territorial (national and local). These criteria are the main criteria for the classification of functions of municipal law and do not exclude the possibility of identifying other criteria that would make it possible to improve their classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines drivers' perceived traffic police corruption and its impact on their compliance with traffic laws in the capital city of province Punjab i.e. Lahore. For this purpose quantitative methodology was employed and cross-sectional survey was conducted on 400 driver participants recruited through simple random sampling. Questionnaire was used as a tool of data collection and regression analysis was done in order to assess the impact of independent variables on dependent variable. Results show that personal and vicarious corruption experiences decreased the drivers' likelihood to comply with traffic laws. Moreover, it was found that the drivers' personal and vicarious corruption experiences in Lahore city were less that still affect their level of compliance with traffic laws. The implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ruling of the Superior Court of Justice of Castilla y León (Valladolid) on June 22, 2023 addresses the modification of the Municipal Ordinance on the Use of Communal Assets in Manzanal de Arriba (Zamora). The inclusion of a "special or extraordinary use" in the communal assets is being discussed, which is considered incompatible with its legal nature. In addition, the authorization of mycological use by non-residents in the locality is also questioned. The ruling concludes that these modifications are null and do not comply with current legislation. [Extracted from the article]

The use of imagem strategies in medical socieal networks is increasingly widespread, meeting the ethical limit established by the CEM. Knowing this, the present study sought to understand the problem of patient exposure in medical social networks. For this, a literature review was carried out from the Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Pubmed, UpToDate, LILACS databases, articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese published from 2018 onwards were included. Thus, a tendency was noticed in some cities to create laws to regulate this exposure, given that the use of images has become routine in medical advertising, as a way to demonstrate results. However, this practice is greatly accompanied by ethical failures as recommended by the CFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In article problems of the theory of functions of a modern Municipal Law are considered. The basic essential and meaningful, objective and subjective, internal and external aspects of modern Municipal Law. It is noted that among the basic tasks that are currently faced domestic science Municipal Law, is the formation of a coherent and comprehensive knowledge of the system of municipal law of Ukraine, its legal aspects and patterns of development and operation of its norms and institutions. A holistic conception of the Municipal Law of Ukraine in the unity of its static and functional, material and procedural elements are important theoretical and methodological basis for the development and improvement of the system of national municipalism, current municipal legislation and municipal law-making and law enforcement activities. However, if the theory of problematic issues of Municipal Law as in law, its genesis, sources, norms and institutions are reflected in the works of ukrainian researchers, the problem functions of this area of law remains almost unexplored. Understanding the nature and content of the functions of Municipal Law makes it possible to understand the importance of this area of law to regulate social relations and answer questions about the role of Municipal Law in society and the state. Characteristic signs of functions of a Municipal Law are analyzed. The functions of municipal law should be considered exclusively in the focus of the subject and method(s) of municipal law. Therefore, they are inextricably linked with the functions of municipal power and the functions of municipal human rights. Based on the above and other characteristics, the functions of municipal law as a branch of law should be defined as the main directions and types of influence of municipal law on social relations that arise in the process of recognition, formation, organization and exercise of municipal power, as well as the implementation and protection of municipal rights a human's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, political scientists have gained greater understanding of how national parliamentary parties use their parliamentary tools: that is under what conditions they submit parliamentary questions or amendments to legislation. We know surprisingly little about how local councillors use the tools at their disposal: under what conditions do these local councillors submit questions to the local executive? When do they submit amendments to local ordinances? We examine to what extent the use of amendments and questions reflects differences between local party groups' ideologies in terms of anti-elitism and the left-right dimension, and differences between coalition and opposition parties. On the basis of an analysis 454 local council groups in 53 Dutch municipalities we find considerable evidence for differences in the use of council tools between coalition and opposition parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)