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Currently, the main role of the state in the implementation of the state innovation policy is to create infrastructure for innovation and to finance new developments and fundamental research. In today’s world, the speed of change is increasing, and the role of the state becomes even more important, especially in times of crisis and economic restructuring. State innovation policy can accelerate the pace of development of individual industries, stimulate inter-industry cooperation, and help to remove barriers to innovation (legislative and infrastructural). This study is devoted to the formation of effective innovation policy in the conditions of economic restructuring associated with the economic crisis, heavy international political and economic environment. In order to analyze and make recommendations on innovation policy, such main innovation factors are analyzed as: financing, creation of infrastructure, customer or initiator of innovations, development of competencies, as well as creation of innovation culture. The role of the state in the above factors is paramount. The study analyzes the data presented for the last 5 years and provides forecasts for 2023.

The significance and relevance of the issues are predetermined by the fact, that, by the time of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev’s activity, the political and social situation of Kazakhstan in the early 20th century was on the verge of collapse. The main factor that influenced this situation was the policy of spreading illiteracy, people alienated from religion language, and writing. From the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kazakhstan suffered from the colonial policies of the Russian Empire. Currently Kudaiberdiev writes a work “Catechism of Muslims”. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the consequences of the creative work on the economic and spiritual and cultural development of Kazakhstan. During the analysis, several scientific sources and materials were analyzed, and the following scientific methods were used: structural-functional and dialectical methods, the method of synthesis, logical and comparative analysis, and the method of generalization. During the research, it was proved that in the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev the calls to fight against the policy of tsarist Russia and to revive their language, customs, religion, and history were present. The main result of this research is proof that the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev had a tremendous impact on the social status, culture, religion, and language of the Kazakh people. His works acted in opposition to Russian policy and encouraged people who were tired of colonial oppression. The research on this issue is actively developed, therefore this work is of practical value for the definition of the role of Shakarim’s creativity during the economic, cultural, social, and political development of Kazakhstan at the end of 19 – the beginning of 20 century.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the emergence of takfirism, its spread and its evolution in contemporary Kazakh society. The methodological foundation of the study was provided by general theoretical methods of scientific cognition, and various methods of collecting and systematising information. Among the general scientific methods are the method of theoretical analysis; the historical method of comparing individual religious movements of different periods in Kazakhstan, and the specific scientific and philosophical-religious methods of research. The results have suggested that unfounded takfirism poses a threat to the sustainability of diverse communities in Kazakhstan. The religious, ideological and theological preconditions for takfirism in Kazakhstan were analysed. Noted the diversity of approaches by Muslim scholars to understanding and interpreting the ayats of the Qur'an. Presented aspects of distortion in interpreting the essence of Shariah texts. Noted that the influence of political and social factors is significant. Focuses on some of the sociopsychological aspects of the development of radical attitudes among young people. The qualities inherent in young people that enable them to resist external non-ideological attacks are identified. Illiteracy, poor quality of education and the low culture of some people in Muslim countries are among the key elements. It was noted that the main factor in takfirism in Kazakhstan is the influence of the Salafi-Wahhabi movement. The practical significance of the study is that its content is of interest in developing the worldview of contemporary young people in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results can be used as a teaching and practical material for students and researchers on contemporary history and religion in Kazakhstan.

The relevance of this article covers historical, religious, local and diplomatic factors, which reflect the importance of research and the multifaceted nature of Isbijab. The purpose is to study the Isbijab School of fiqh law in the Middle Ages in the context of Islamic law and the history of Kazakhstan. In this work, standard historiographical methods are used: historical-systemic method, historical-comparative method, method of historical periodization and others. The main result is to clarify the role of the fiqh school of Isbijab in the context of studying the history of Islamic law on the territory of modern Kazakhstan and in the region as a whole. The authors also found that Isbijab was one of the centres of Islamic studies and law not only in Kazakhstan but also in the whole of Central Asia in the XI to XII centuries. It was the time when Isbijab developed its legal concept and school of fiqh, the Hanafi madhhab. This school of Islamic law introduced a new generation of legal scholars and their pupils, whose major works and academic degrees paved their way in the historiography. Their experience helped the researchers to study the manuscript works of medieval Isbijab jurists from a historical-legal and theological point of view. The paper shows the findings of an ongoing study of Isbijab legal practitioners in the framework of the "Mukhtasar al-Tahawi" book. Work has practical relevance not only in the context of Islamic studies and Islamic law but also in history, international relations, country knowledge and in other disciplines.

Background Genetic differences between isolated endemic populations of plant species and those with widely known twin species are relevant for conserving the biological diversity of our planet’s flora. Prunus ledebouriana (Schlecht.) YY Yao is an endangered and endemic species of shrub almond from central Asia. Few studies have explored this species, which is closely related and morphologically similar to the well-known Prunus tenella Batsch. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of studies of three P. ledebouriana populations and one close population of P. tenella in Eastern Kazakhstan in order to determine the particular geographic mutual replacement of the two species. Methods The populations were collected from different ecological niches, including one steppe population near Ust-Kamenogorsk (P. tenella) and three populations (P. ledebouriana) in the mountainous area. Estimation of plant height using a t-test suggested a statistically significant difference between the populations and the two species (P

This work represents the development of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV) model, its validation, and the comparison of different control strategies based on the Toyota Mirai (1st generation) vehicle and its subsystems. The main investigated parameters are hydrogen consumption, and the variation of the state of charge, current, and voltage of the battery. The FCHEV model, which is made up of multiple subsystems, is developed and simulated in MATLAB® Simulink environment using a rule-based control strategy derived from the real system. The results of the model were validated using the experimental data obtained from the open-source Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) database. In the second part, the equivalent consumption minimization strategy is implemented into the controller logic to optimize the existing control strategy and investigate the difference in hydrogen consumption. It was found that the ECMS control strategy outperforms the rule-based one in all drive cycles by 0.4–15.6%. On the other hand, when compared to the real controller, ECMS performs worse for certain considered driving cycles and outperforms others.

The energy management system (EMS) of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is an algorithm that determines the power split between the electrical and thermal paths. It defines the operating state of the power sources, i.e., the electric motor (EM) and the internal combustion engine (ICE). It is therefore one of the main factors that can significantly influence the fuel consumption and performance of hybrid vehicles. In the transmission path, the power generated by the ICE is in part employed to accelerate the rotating components of the powertrain, such as the crankshaft, flywheel, gears, and shafts. The main inertial components are the crankshaft and the flywheel. This additional power is significant during high-intensity acceleration. Therefore, the actual engine operation is different from that required by the power split unit. This study focuses on exploring the influence of engine inertia on HEV fuel consumption by developing a controller based on an equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (ECMS) that considers crankshaft and flywheel inertia. The optimal solution obtained by the ECMS controller is refined by incorporating the inertia effect of the main rotating components of the engine into the cost function. This reduces the engine operation during high inertial torque transient phases, resulting in a decrease in vehicle CO2 emissions by 2.34, 2.22, and 1.13 g/km for the UDDS, US06, and WLTC driving cycles, respectively.

The article examines the factors and features of the formation of the national innovation system (NIS). The subject of the study is the specifics of the national innovation system in different countries. The absence of a universal effective NIS model that is universal for all countries indicates the significance of this study. The result of the study is to identify the features of the formation of NIS for a number of countries (clusters), and recommendations for building an effective NIS in Russia. The article applies the methods of correlation and regression analysis of innovative indicators for countries for which data are available in the public domain were used. Evaluation and verification of the adequacy of the applied model is determined by numerical analysis of the data obtained, as well as by economic interpretation. Correlation and regression analysis are performed separately for countries from different clusters in order to identify features between them. The study revealed the links between the type of government, state involvement and high-tech production (innovation).

This paper shows the impact of the MIMO model on control system solutions for efficient control of complex nonlinear processes (multiple input, multiple output model) in terms of efficiency, product quality and energy efficiency. In modern automatic control systems, there is a need for increased capacity in long-distance data transmission, high-speed local area networks, etc. Capacity can be increased by extending the frequency range. However, the application of these techniques is limited by biosafety requirements, limited power supply (in mobile devices), and electromagnetic compatibility. Therefore, if these approaches to communication systems do not ensure the speed of transmission of information about technological processes, a weak correlation will appear. The values of indicators for the construction and use of fuzzy MIMO models of control decisions are expressed in the form of linguistic variables. The fuzzy MIMO model makes qualitative decisions in the control of complex processes. This includes uncertainty and nonlinearity problems, which are used to optimize complex systems.

This paper investigates the impact of ultrasound on the physicalmechanical properties and wear resistance of polymeric composite materials and coatings used in architectural-artistic concrete products. The study is motivated by the frequent failure of polymer coatings on the working surfaces of technological equipment. The research focuses on the development of effective thermosetting epoxy polymeric materials with high adhesion and wear resistance properties for use in the working surfaces of architectural-artistic concrete products. The study examines the effect of ultrasonic treatment on the wear resistance of epoxy polymeric composites in contact with concrete. The investigation uses two types of base compositions of the binder. The compositions are filled with various industrial dispersed and fibrous fillers, including graphite, carbon fibers, soot, iron powder, cement, talc, kaolin, glass fiber, PTFE, and high-density polyethylene. The study is significant as it provides insights into the development of effective thermosetting epoxy polymeric materials with high adhesion and wear resistance properties for use in the working surfaces of architectural-artistic concrete products. The results of the study can help improve the efficiency and durability of metal equipment used in the production of concrete products.

From an ecological perspective, the study of biological diversity is a key element for maintaining the sustainability of ecosystems and for developing and implementing effective conservation and natural resource management strategies. Lake Alakol, a slightly saline, endorheic lake in Kazakhstan, is a unique natural object with rich biodiversity. According to research results, diversity indices such as Simpson (0.99), Shannon (3.48), Margalef (0.78), have similar values, which indicates a sufficient variety of macrophytes. Four ecological groups were identified, with a significant number being hygrophytes (Hg) - 30 species and hygromesophytes (HgM) - 26 species. The hydrophytic index of Lake Alakol was 0.7, which indicates the sustainability of the aquatic flora and a high proportion of true aquatic plants. Among the life forms, perennials (75 species) and annuals (16 species) predominate, which is explained by the morphological and anatomical characteristics of aquatic plants and determines their adaptation to the aquatic environment. Thus, ecological study of macrophytes of Lake Alakol can offer important data for devising successful management and conservation strategies for water basins and their surrounding environment.

Plants growing in arid environments developed structural adaptations to reduce water loss and dissipate excessive light energy. However, such adaptations as thick cuticle, sunken stomata, developed mechanical tissue, and trichomes, may have various functions and can also be found in plants growing in mesic environments. To better understand the role of xeromorphic adaptations, it is important to study plants of the same species from different habitats. The object of our study was Gymnospermium altaicum (Pall.), a small perennial plant having the status of a rare species for Kazakhstan. For anatomical and morphometric studies, plants were sampled from three populations with different moisture regimes. Populations 1 and 3 were growing in drier conditions, on south-east and north-east slopes, respectively, while population 2 was found on a north-facing slope receiving more rainfall. We demonstrate, for the first time, that anatomical features and morphometric parameters of G. altaicum are correlated to the humidity variations. The xeromorphic features of vegetative organs of plants from populations 1 and 3 were not observed in plants from population 2. The outcomes of this research will help us to better understand the adaptive potential of G. altaicum and develop effective conservation strategies for its wild populations.

The phase equilibrium modeling for multi-component systems is essential in process systems engineering. In particular, phase stability analysis, Gibbs free energy minimization and estimation of parameters in thermodynamic models are challenging global optimization problems involved in phase equilibrium calculations and modeling for both reactive and non-reactive systems. To date, many significant works have been performed in the area of global optimization, and several algorithms and computational contributions of global optimization have been used for solving these problems; global optimization methods used include both deterministic and stochastic algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review in the literature that focuses on the global optimization methods and their applications to phase equilibrium modeling and calculations. In this paper, we briefly describe the deterministic and stochastic optimization algorithms selected for our rectification process, and then consider their use for phase stability analysis, Gibbs free energy minimization, and parameter estimation in phase equilibrium models. In short, we present an overview of global optimization for modeling and computing the phase behavior of systems with and without chemical reactions, including the prediction of azeotropes and critical points.

The relative importance of various drivers of economic growth and prosperity has evolved over time, and innovation is the primary driver of economic growth for a growing number of countries. Innovations can be developed in countries where the state innovation policy is effectively implemented, and the state coordinates the subjects of innovation policy. The coordination requires integration, digitalization and sharing of information across departments and sectors. The objective of this paper is to describe how Uzbekistan's innovation system has evolved during the last decade since Uzbekistan moved from a highly regulated mixed economy to an open market economy. In this process, we start by describing the national innovation system of Uzbekistan, describe some of the key changes in the innovation policy coordination system, the legal acts of reforming the public administration, the bodies responsible for the implementation of laws, monitoring and evaluating the fulfillment of the set strategic tasks. Then we will reveal the state's role in coordinating and establishing an effective national innovation policy, reveal the theoretical aspects and compare them with the implementation in Uzbekistan. For these purposes, data from open and transparent sources from 2009 to 2021 are analyzed, and the impact of various factors on Uzbekistan's economic and innovative development using econometric analysis is evaluated. The conclusion of the research consists of the recommendations that are given in order to improve the state innovation policy, establish communication and achieve the goals of the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Рух пен нәпсі және жан талай ғалымдардың, әсіресе философтардың қызығушылығын тудырған және бұл тақырыптар төңірегінде көптеген еңбектер жазылған. Әбу Насир әл-Фараби де бұл тақырыпты айналып өтпеген. Әбу Насир әл-Фарабидің еңбектері әрқашан ғалымдардың, зерттеушілердің назарында. Ғалымдар, ізденушілер атақты философтың еңбектеріне сүйеніп талай ғылыми зерттеулер жүргізген, әлемнің қаншама тілдеріне аударылған. Бұл мақалада Әбу Насир әл-Фарабидің «Китаб мақалат әр-рафиға фи усул әт-табиға» атты еңбегінінің алғашқы тарауы «ақыл» туралы мақаласына теологиялық және лингвистикалық талдау жасалады. Ғалымның қолданған сөздеріне, ұғымдарына, терминдеріне талдау жасау арқылы ол ұғымдардың тілдік және теологиялық мәнін ашуға, олардың түрлі қолданыстары мен мағыналарына тоқталуды мақсат етеміз. Мақала әл-Фарабидің «ақыл» туралы мақаласының мәтінін зерттеуге арналғандықтан, мәтінтану саласындағы әдіс-тәсілдер қолданылады. Сонымен қатар әл-Фарабидің қолданған Құран аяттары мен Мұхаммед пайғамбардың (с.ғ.с.) хадистеріне герменевтикалық талдаулар да жасалады. Мақала нәтижесінде автордың сөйлемдерін талдау барысында оның діни көзқарастарын да баяндап, ғалымдар арасында пікірқайшылығын тудырған мәселелерге қатысты ғұламаның пікірін де айтамыз. Әл-Фарабидің ғайби (метафизикалық) мәселелерді талқылағанда, түсіндіргенде Құран аяттары мен Мұхаммед пайғамбардың (с.ғ.с.) хадистерін қалай басшылыққа алғанын, қандай әдісті қолданғанын да қарастырамыз. Бұл мақала діни мәтіндерді лингвистика ғылымы мен ислам теологиясы ғылымдарын байланыстыра зерттеудің, яғни салаларылық зерттеулердің маңыздылығын көрсетеді. Әл-Фарабидің еңбегіне тілдік және теолгиялық талдау жасау арқылы оның ойын толық түсіндіру мүмкіндігі туады. Жұмыстың нәтижелерін діни мәтіндерге лингвистикалық талдау жасауда және теологиялық ұғымдардың тілдік мағыналарын білуде қолдануға болады. Кілт сөздер: рух, нәфс, жан, нұр, ақыл, мағрифа.

The works of Abu Nasr al-Farabi continue to attract the attention of scholars, who quite actively and fruitfully studying the philosophical treatises of the Second Aristotle, contributed to their translation into a number of languages ​​in the world. This article attempts to make a theological and linguistic analysis of the first Chapter "’Aql" (intelligence, mind) of al-Farabi's treatise "Kitab makalat ar-rafia fi usul at-tabia". The aim of the study is to reveal both linguistic and theological meaning through the analysis of words, terms and concepts used by the Second Teacher after Aristotle. Since the object of the research is the text of the Chapter "’Aql" in the treatise of the medieval scholar-encyclopedist, the key methods were the methods used in the study of text, incl. hermeneutic method for the study of verses from the Quran and hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad. In the process of considering the treatise, we will study the religious point of view of al-Farabi, where discussion issues among scholars will be taken into account, as well as a philosophical, namely metaphysical point of view based on the text from the Quran and hadiths functioning in the treatise. The study is interdisciplinary, as it connects linguistics and religion, and in particular Islamic theology. The results of the study will contribute to the disclosure of linguistic meanings of theological concepts, as well as the implementation of linguistic analysis of religious texts.

The paper aims to present an analysis of the component sizes of commercially available vehicles with electrified powertrains. The paper provides insight into how the powertrain components (an internal combustion engine, an electric motor and a battery) of mass production electrified vehicles are sized. The data of wide range of mass production electrified vehicles are collected and analyzed. Firstly, the main requirements to performance of a vehicle are described. The power values to meet the main performance requirements are calculated and compared to the real vehicle data. Based on the calculated values of the power requirements the minimum sizes of the powertrain components are derived. The paper highlights how the sizing methodologies, described in the research literature, are implemented in sizing the powertrain of the commercially available electrified vehicles.

The article presents a method for determining the optimal technological and design parameters of the process, as well as the procedure for conducting technological analysis in the Aspen Plus environment. With the help of a wide range of thermodynamic models and process property databases, this modeling environment allows for an accurate representation of their behavior in the production of nitric acid. By using computer modeling in Aspen Plus, a 60.09% aqueous solution of HNO3 was obtained for 93465.8 kg/h of air and 5458.9 kg/h of ammonia. The objective of this modeling was to determine the optimal process parameters and its configuration, conduct a technological analysis, and determine the flows and properties of substances at various points. The main process parameters were analyzed, and their interrelation is shown in the graphs.

The article analyzes the developed non-linear predictive model of the control system in continuous time of the state space, including states, control and controlled values. The transformation of the continuous form of a function into a discrete one is carried out according to the trapezoid rule. Based on the discrete model, the optimality criterion for the objective function is formulated. The efficiency of the grinding process is considered based on the weight components of the model, since it entirely depends on the accuracy of estimating the particle size of the product and the performance of the plant. To control the volume of water in the sump, a dynamic inversion controller is provided, which makes it possible to reduce control problems to a solution in a closed form and guarantee asymptotic stability of the error dynamics.

This article presents an analysis of the results of an experiment conducted in the Muruntau quarry. All routes are divided into 5 groups depending on the average slope of the road. For the first group, routes with an average road slope from −1 to +1% were chosen; for the second group, with an average road slope from 1 to 3%; for the third, from 3 to 5%; for the fourth, from 5 to 7%; fifth more than 7%. The experiments were carried out on Komatsu HD785-7 dump trucks with a carrying capacity of 91 tons. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that the life of dump truck tires operated on routes with an average road slope of 6% is reduced by 2 times compared to tires operated on a horizontal road.

In this experiment, Paulownia fiber plant is ground to 0.5-1 cm. In order to determine the optimum alkali solution concentration to extract cellulose from the raw material, the optimum degree of polymerization was determined by boiling in 25, 35, 50, 55 g/l solution. It can be seen from the table that certain properties of cellulose produced under the influence of different concentrations of alkali have different indicators. At alkaline concentration of 50 g/l, the cellulose yield was 49.6%, α-cellulose 89.5%, and the degree of polymerization was known in 1100 experiments. Ash content was a positive indicator of 1.78%. The scientific essence is that the cellulose is first soaked in isopropyl alcohol and mercerized in caustic alkali (NaOH) solution. Then, the alkylation process is carried out by adding a certain amount of monochloroacetic acid to the alkaline cellulose. Then, the alkylation process is carried out by adding a certain amount of monochloroacetic acid to the alkaline cellulose. The resulting carboxymethylcellulose is sent for purification. Na-CMC with 38-40% moisture content is washed in 53% ethyl alcohol and dried.

In the last decade, a number of research works in electrified vehicles have been devoted to the analysis of the electric consumption of battery electric vehicles and the evaluation of the main influencing factors. The literature analysis reveals that the electric motor size, efficiency, and driving condition substantially affect the electric energy stored in the vehicle battery. This paper studies the degree of sensitivity of energy consumption to electric motor size and to its efficiency map characteristics. In order to accomplish this task, three electric motors whose parameters are re-scaled to fit the maximum power torque and speed with different efficiency maps are simulated by installing them on two commercially available battery electric vehicles. This allows for isolating the influence of the efficiency map on electricity consumption. The original characteristics of the motors are then used to evaluate the influence on the electricity consumption of both the size and the efficiency characteristics. The results of the simulation revealed that the influences of the efficiency map and the electric motor size can be around 8–10% and 2–11%, respectively. When both factors are taken into account, the overall difference in electricity consumption can be around 10–21%.

The chemical-mineralogical compositions and physic-chemical properties of slag waste from the Angren TPP and Uzmetkombinat JSC were determined. A Conclusion was issued on their suitability for use as additives in cement and the possibility of using them for producing new types of hybrid additives for the production of composite Portland cements. With different combinations and ratios of Portland cement clinker, natural gypsum stone, and hybrid additives, the compositions of composite Portland cements were obtained and optimized, and Conclusions were issued on their compliance with the requirements of the Standard of the Republic of Uzbekistan Uz DSt 2830:2014 "Portland cement with composite additives. Specifications".

Әбу Насир әл-Фарабидің еңбектері әрқашан ғалымдардың, зерттеушілердің назарында. Ғалымдар, ізденушілер атақты философтың еңбектеріне сүйеніп талай ғылыми зерттеулер жүргізген, әлемнің қаншама тілдеріне аударылған. Бұл мақалада Әбу Насир әл-Фарабидің «Китаб мақалат әр-рафиға фи усул әт-табиға» атты еңбегінінің алғашқы тарауы «ақыл» туралы мақаласына теологиялық және лингвистикалық талдау жасалады. Ғалымның қолданған сөздеріне, ұғымдарына, терминдеріне талдау жасау арқылы ол ұғымдардың тілдік және теологиялық мәнін ашуға, олардың түрлі қолданыстары мен мағыналарына тоқталуды мақсат етеміз. Мақала әл-Фарабидің «ақыл» туралы мақаласының мәтінін зерттеуге арналғандықтан, мәтінтану саласындағы әдіс-тәсілдер қолданылады. Сонымен қатар әл-Фарабидің қолданған Құран аяттары мен Мұхаммед пайғамбардың (с.ғ.с.) хадистеріне герменевтикалық талдаулар да жасалады. Мақала нәтижесінде автордың сөйлемдерін талдау барысында оның діни көзқарастарын да баяндап, ғалымдар арасында пікірқайшылығын тудырған мәселелерге қатысты ғұламаның пікірін де айтамыз. Әл-Фарабидің ғайби (метафизикалық) мәселелерді талқылағанда, түсіндіргенде Құран аяттары мен Мұхаммед пайғамбардың (с.ғ.с.) хадистерін қалай басшылыққа алғанын, қандай әдісті қолданғанын да қарастырамыз. Бұл мақала діни мәтіндерді лингвистика ғылымы мен ислам теологиясы ғылымдарын байланыстыра зерттеудің, яғни салаларылық зерттеулердің маңыздылығын көрсетеді. Әл-Фарабидің еңбегіне тілдік және теолгиялық талдау жасау арқылы оның ойын толық түсіндіру мүмкіндігі туады. Жұмыстың нәтижелерін діни мәтіндерге лингвистикалық талдау жасауда және теологиялық ұғымдардың тілдік мағыналарын білуде қолдануға болады.

The works of Abu Nasr al-Farabi continue to attract the attention of scholars, who quite actively and fruitfully studying the philosophical treatises of the Second Aristotle, contributed to their translation into a number of languages ​​in the world. This article attempts to make a theological and linguistic analysis of the first Chapter "’Aql" (intelligence, mind) of al-Farabi's treatise "Kitab makalat ar-rafia fi usul at-tabia". The aim of the study is to reveal both linguistic and theological meaning through the analysis of words, terms and concepts used by the Second Teacher after Aristotle. Since the object of the research is the text of the Chapter "’Aql" in the treatise of the medieval scholar-encyclopedist, the key methods were the methods used in the study of text, incl. hermeneutic method for the study of verses from the Quran and hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad. In the process of considering the treatise, we will study the religious point of view of al-Farabi, where discussion issues among scholars will be taken into account, as well as a philosophical, namely metaphysical point of view based on the text from the Quran and hadiths functioning in the treatise. The study is interdisciplinary, as it connects linguistics and religion, and in particular Islamic theology. The results of the study will contribute to the disclosure of linguistic meanings of theological concepts, as well as the implementation of linguistic analysis of religious texts.

The significance and relevance of the issues are predetermined by the fact, that, by the time of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev’s activity, the political and social situation of Kazakhstan in the early 20th century was on the verge of collapse. The main factor that influenced this situation was the policy of spreading illiteracy, people alienated from religion language, and writing. From the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kazakhstan suffered from the colonial policies of the Russian Empire. Currently Kudaiberdiev writes a work “Catechism of Muslims”. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the consequences of the creative work on the economic and spiritual and cultural development of Kazakhstan. During the analysis, several scientific sources and materials were analyzed, and the following scientific methods were used: structural-functional and dialectical methods, the method of synthesis, logical and comparative analysis, and the method of generalization. During the research, it was proved that in the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev the calls to fight against the policy of tsarist Russia and to revive their language, customs, religion, and history were present. The main result of this research is proof that the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev had a tremendous impact on the social status, culture, religion, and language of the Kazakh people. His works acted in opposition to Russian policy and encouraged people who were tired of colonial oppression. The research on this issue is actively developed, therefore this work is of practical value for the definition of the role of Shakarim’s creativity during the economic, cultural, social, and political development of Kazakhstan at the end of 19 – the beginning of 20 century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this article covers historical, religious, local and diplomatic factors, which reflect the importance of research and the multifaceted nature of Isbijab. The purpose is to study the Isbijab School of fiqh law in the Middle Ages in the context of Islamic law and the history of Kazakhstan. In this work, standard historiographical methods are used: historical-systemic method, historical-comparative method, method of historical periodization and others. The main result is to clarify the role of the fiqh school of Isbijab in the context of studying the history of Islamic law on the territory of modern Kazakhstan and in the region as a whole. The authors also found that Isbijab was one of the centres of Islamic studies and law not only in Kazakhstan but also in the whole of Central Asia in the XI to XII centuries. It was the time when Isbijab developed its legal concept and school of fiqh, the Hanafi madhhab. This school of Islamic law introduced a new generation of legal scholars and their pupils, whose major works and academic degrees paved their way in the historiography. Their experience helped the researchers to study the manuscript works of medieval Isbijab jurists from a historical-legal and theological point of view. The paper shows the findings of an ongoing study of Isbijab legal practitioners in the framework of the "Mukhtasar al-Tahawi" book. Work has practical relevance not only in the context of Islamic studies and Islamic law but also in history, international relations, country knowledge and in other disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to analyse the emergence of takfirism, its spread and its evolution in contemporary Kazakh society. The methodological foundation of the study was provided by general theoretical methods of scientific cognition, and various methods of collecting and systematising information. Among the general scientific methods are the method of theoretical analysis; the historical method of comparing individual religious movements of different periods in Kazakhstan, and the specific scientific and philosophical-religious methods of research. The results have suggested that unfounded takfirism poses a threat to the sustainability of diverse communities in Kazakhstan. The religious, ideological and theological preconditions for takfirism in Kazakhstan were analysed. Noted the diversity of approaches by Muslim scholars to understanding and interpreting the ayats of the Qur'an. Presented aspects of distortion in interpreting the essence of Shariah texts. Noted that the influence of political and social factors is significant. Focuses on some of the sociopsychological aspects of the development of radical attitudes among young people. The qualities inherent in young people that enable them to resist external non-ideological attacks are identified. Illiteracy, poor quality of education and the low culture of some people in Muslim countries are among the key elements. It was noted that the main factor in takfirism in Kazakhstan is the influence of the Salafi-Wahhabi movement. The practical significance of the study is that its content is of interest in developing the worldview of contemporary young people in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results can be used as a teaching and practical material for students and researchers on contemporary history and religion in Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy management system (EMS) of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is an algorithm that determines the power split between the electrical and thermal paths. It defines the operating state of the power sources, i.e., the electric motor (EM) and the internal combustion engine (ICE). It is therefore one of the main factors that can significantly influence the fuel consumption and performance of hybrid vehicles. In the transmission path, the power generated by the ICE is in part employed to accelerate the rotating components of the powertrain, such as the crankshaft, flywheel, gears, and shafts. The main inertial components are the crankshaft and the flywheel. This additional power is significant during high-intensity acceleration. Therefore, the actual engine operation is different from that required by the power split unit. This study focuses on exploring the influence of engine inertia on HEV fuel consumption by developing a controller based on an equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (ECMS) that considers crankshaft and flywheel inertia. The optimal solution obtained by the ECMS controller is refined by incorporating the inertia effect of the main rotating components of the engine into the cost function. This reduces the engine operation during high inertial torque transient phases, resulting in a decrease in vehicle CO2 emissions by 2.34, 2.22, and 1.13 g/km for the UDDS, US06, and WLTC driving cycles, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being commonly used as effective preparation for surgical hand antisepsis, alcohol solutions have major drawbacks, such as drying effect, emergence of hand eczema, and other diseases. This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as antiseptic in comparison to single sodium hypochlorite and 70% ethanol. In 5-day tests, the effects of 3 antiseptics were established according to standard test methods. The antiseptics were applied to the hands of 82 volunteers, and samples of bacteria were collected on days 1 and 5, immediately after drying and 6 hours later after antiseptic application. Student’s t test and ANOVA were applied in a statistical study. The NaOCl with H2O2 composition demonstrated noninferiority to both sodium hypochlorite only and alcohol products and superiority to these antiseptics on day 5 (P

The genus Oxytropis DC. is one of the largest genera in the Fabaceae family. The most plant species belonging to the Oxytropis genus have an important medicinal value. Currently the botanical taxonomy of the genus is complicated due to existence of many subgenera and sections that developed based on morphological traits. Also, in the literature there is luck of knowledge on phylogeny of Oxytropis species from Central Asian region. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was the clarification of taxonomic relationship of two Oxytropis species from SouthEast of Kazakhstan (O. almaatensis Bajt. and O. glabra DC.). The study was based on using phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network assessment based on sequences ITS (internal transcribed spacers), which is DNA marker of nuclear genome. Plant materials of O. almaatensis were collected from 2 populations in two neighboring Gorges in Trans Ili Alatau Mountains, O. glabra plant material was obtained from Herbarium of the Department of Biodiversity and Bioresources, al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Based on DNA sequences of ITS the phylogenetic and network relationships were investigated by using Neighbor Joining and Median Joining methods, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of ITS of O. almaatensis and O. glabra were aligned with sequences of 29 Oxytropis references found in the NCBI database. Out of the 601 aligned positions of ITS 33 (5.6 %) sites were found to be polymorphic nucleotides and used in evaluation of the genetic relationship of species. Constructed MJ haplotype network showed a very high congruence with the NJ phylogenetic tree. MJ network provided valuable additional hints in clarification of the taxonomic relationship among species involved in the analysis. In this study phylogenetic NJ tree and MJ network based on the variation of ITS sequences confirmed the monophyletic origin of the genus. The ITS haplotype network suggested that O. glabra is very diverse species and possibly played important role in the evolutionary processes of the genus in Central Asian region. The study is additional contribution in the molecular taxonomy of complex Oxytropis genus.

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