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The night‐time economy (NTE) provides many opportunities for crime as there is an abundance of potential victims who are often intoxicated and clustered in a small geographical area. Previous research on NTE violence has primarily focused on assault. However, other offences are also common, such as robbery. This study focused on NTE‐related robbery using police recorded crime data relating to 1624 personal robberies (including attempts) from West Midlands Police, UK. The data was binary coded to identify and compare offence characteristics. Robbery offences in the NTE showed unique characteristics compared to robberies unrelated to this context. In particular, there were differences in alcohol, use of violence, injuries, approach style and crime locations. The findings of the current research align with theoretical frameworks from environmental criminology (e.g. crime generators and attractors), have implications for crime prevention and investigations and can feed into developing policing strategies that take into account the background context for offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes and implements the Floyd Warshall algorithm using Z-Score to track alternative routes to areas in Medan City, Indonesia that are prone to mugging. The data was obtained from Porlestabes (Police station) Medan-Indonesia. This study employed the Z-Score rank method to rank specific values and determine the levels of crime-prone areas. The highest and lowest levels of crime-proneness were identified using the Z-Score method, and the Floyd Warshall Algorithm is used to identify alternative routes to avoid such areas. The language used in this study adheres to objective and formal writing principles, with value-neutral and clear terminology employed throughout. The results of this analysis showed that out of 99 roads across 18 districts, 4.04% of them were classified as very high prone, 9.09% as high prone, 11.11% as prone, and 75.76% as low prone. The search results from conducting alternative route analysis with the Floyd Warshall algorithm on Perintis Kemerdekaan street indicate the identification of the safest routes.

Substantial variation in national crime rates suggests social structure and cultural context influence offending and victimization. Several prominent criminological theories anticipate a positive association between the prevalence of cash in a society and its rates of pecuniary crime. We examined the association between one form of "cashlessness" and national robbery rates across nations (n = 67), controlling for several structural covariates of national crime rates. We obtained data on robbery from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and data on government-based cashlessness from the Global Financial Inclusion Database. We found nations with higher levels of government-based cashlessness had lower robbery rates (ß = -.41, p = .02). We also undertook several sensitivity analyses, including tests for a relationship with commercial cashlessness and for crimes like homicide and burglary. Our results suggest technological advancements that reduce cash in a society may have implications for a nation's robbery rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the policing of young black bodies to isolate them from membership in the nation with the framing of a post-imperial England. Topics discussed include transitioning of England to a post imperial state, emergence of black revolts, rise in reported muggings which result in frustrating local residents, and a pattern of policing in an article "Carnival, the State, and the Black Masses in England" by Cecil Gutzmore.

The deaths due to asphyxia are so wide and varied that they are challenging the autopsy surgeons on many occasions. Therefore careful study and examination of every case is important to bring wide variety of observations in death by asphyxia. This study was aimed to evaluate pattern of violent asphyxial deaths at Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College & Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai. Total 2585 autopsies were analyzed during January 2013 to December 2013. Out of 2585 cases, 80 cases were of violent asphyxial deaths. Majority of the cases were of male (70%) and of hanging (91.25%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Policing the Crisis, Stuart Hall et al. (1978) explored the calculus of work and the trope around portraying certain categories of people as taking advantage of the majority, without evidence. The concept of work became abstracted so that it was longer about employment, but about conformity with certain norms. The moralising discourse of work as a moral duty, also as connected to citizenship, underpins debates on immigration. Politicians and reporters, or ‘moral entrepreneurs’, vacillate between labelling immigrants as the lumpenproletariat, paupers and servants, and delegitimise the chance for immigrant groups to achieve class identity. The attempted removal of class identity is a dangerous defence of unfreedoms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the uses and meanings of the English term ‘mug' in Indian lexicon, which refers to learning technique such as 'mugging up'for exam.

This article presents conditions of insecurity and violence in Karachi in relation to an emerging geography whereby the city is fragmented into various enclaves of business, leisure and residence. Such enclaves have proliferated as a response to impotent public security in the face of rising urban violence and insecurity. Focusing on residential enclaves, which are primarily privately securitized spaces that attempt to restrict unwanted circulation, I emphasize the paradox of Karachi’s enclavization. Although the city is fast morphing into an archipelago of enclaves, Karachi continues to be drawn into a vortex of violence, and residents remain insecure. In this article, I investigate this paradox through a relational study of enclavization, insecurity and violence. I argue although enclaves in Karachi emerge as a tactic to deal with everyday insecurity and violence, the socio-political conditions generated by processes of enclavization create circumstances that produce a continuum of violence. This argument is illustrated through an analysis of two case studies, Clifton Block 7 and Sultanabad, which are both residential enclaves within Karachi. The case studies are an output of qualitative field research that focused on the politics of everyday life within enclaved spaces in relation to the city ‘outside’. Analysis demonstrates that enclaves are spaces of subjectivity that also create contradictions of security and insecurity, and generate vulnerabilities of inclusion and exclusion. The article also demonstrates how such enclaves emerge as urban political actors that shift existing state–society relations. In conclusion, it presents a critical analysis of emerging connections between enclavization and insecurity, which proves that the causes and consequences of enclaves, insecurity and violence exist in a continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case linkage uses crime scene behaviours to identify series of crimes committed by the same offender. This paper tests the underlying assumptions of case linkage (behavioural consistency and behavioural distinctiveness) by comparing the behavioural similarity of linked pairs of offences (i.e. two offences committed by the same offender) with the behavioural similarity of unlinked pairs of offences (i.e. two offences committed by different offenders). It is hypothesised that linked pairs will be more behaviourally similar than unlinked pairs thereby providing evidence for the two assumptions. The current research uses logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses to explore which behaviours can be used to reliably link personal robbery offences using a sample of 166 solved offences committed by 83 offenders. The method of generating unlinked pairs is then refined to reflect how the police work at a local level, and the success of predictive factors re-tested. Both phases of the research provide evidence of behavioural consistency and behavioural distinctiveness with linked pairs displaying more similarity than unlinked pairs across a range of behavioural domains. Inter-crime distance and target selection emerge as the most useful linkage factors with promising results also found for temporal proximity and control. No evidence was found to indicate that the property stolen is useful for linkage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime provides the news media with headlines on a silver platter and is an inexhaustible source of reporting to serve up to the public. To a certain degree, the consistency across media, consensus among the reporters, the volume of news coverage, and the "massaging" of the events into a form that is palatable to the public quickly generates a series of "waves" or hypes of reporting. This is a phenomenon that has been neither placed into its sociological setting, nor studied with regard to its impact on that setting. This article examines the way in which the "Carcavelos mugging of 2005" conforms to the media hype model advanced by Peter Vasterman, and goes a step further by suggesting that when the tide of news enjoys widespread consensus, it is rare that the news coverage includes elements that go "against the tide". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze racist news discourse by applying some notions from Norman Fairclough's and Teun van Dijk's work. We know that racism is shaped and defined in relation to specific historic and cultural contexts. How, then, should we grasp the many similarities between different case studies? This issue is addressed by relating the results of the case study mentioned above to the ones arrived at by Hall et al. in their classic Policing the crisis (1978). The conclusion is that these similarities have to do with the recurring externalization of internal conflicts in capitalist societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A generation ago, Hall et al.'s (1978) work Policing the Crisis gave a sophisticated analysis of the British media's mundane ability to 'encode' events so as to help produce a moral panic about mugging. Although this work remains relatively neglected in its home country, it has begun to be utilized for empirical analysis in North America. This article suggests, however, that Hall et al.'s analysis remains a poor import. This is not, however because of its age or cultural specificity. Instead Policing the Crisis fails, quite simply because it repeats in its own analysis the same 'ideological practices' (albeit at a higher logical level), which it discovered in its empirical investigation of the British media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An often-repeated claim by conservative commentators attributes continuing liberal beliefs to the fact that progressives "have not been mugged." This claim thus portrays leftist views on public policy, including crime, as utopian, if not disingenuous - as held by people who have not had to face harsh realities. Using national-level data from the General Social Survey that span two decades, we test this "mugging thesis." Controlling for an array of predictors of public opinion, we find no discernible relationship between being a crime victim and having a conservative worldview, support for conservative social policies, or punitiveness toward crime as measured by support for the death penalty and for harsher courts. These results question the validity of the "mugging thesis" and, more generally, of attempts to use slogans to undermine progressive political agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines two silent feature films of Hamlet —one English, one Italian. Hepworth and Plumb's film starring Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson was made in 1913 for Gaumont. Rodolfi's film starring Ruggero Ruggeri was made in 1917 for Rodolfi-Film. Both actors had already been celebrated for their stage Hamlets and the films are inscribed in markedly different ways with the legacy of those earlier stage productions. As part of considering this legacy, I examine the relationship of each actor to the Shakespearean words necessarily excised from the filmic performance and of each to a set of inherited pantomimic performance codes. The English film is more widely known, exhibited, and discussed than the Italian film. In this paper I suggest that its network of extra-textual associations (theatrical, English socially prestigious) may have proved as beguiling as its particular filmic attributes. I use a comparison of the divergent critical fates of these films as the spur to discussing the marketing, profile, and trends of critical reception for material that equivocates tellingly about its intended market and medium allegiances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous projects aim to reduce not only crime but also the fear of crime. Reviews of the survey tools used to measure the fear of crime suggest that these tools may suffer from poor design. It is contended here that as well as suffering from poor design, these tools fail to address a number of important issues which evaluators and policy makers will be interested in: namely the prevalence, frequency and severity of fearful episodes. An alternative question structure that measures prevalence, frequency and severity of fearful episodes, and addresses design faults is discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note is a contribution to the debate on Steven Brams's Theory of Moves. In particular, it aims to show that standard game-theoretic concepts can both account for and explain the statistics concerning mugging incidents that Brams presents to support the better predictive power of his own theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hall et al.'s, claim that official and public concern about ‘mugging’ during the early 1970s was a ‘moral panic’ (Hall et al., 1978) is seriously flawed. First, their analysis of official statistics designed to show that the crime problem was not ‘dramatically worse’ confuses rates of change with increments of change, thus producing a misleading picture. In fact, the evidence cited by Hall et al., supports the opposite conclusion to that drawn by the authors themselves. Second, the lack of any criteria of proportionality allows no distinction to be drawn in general between a ‘sober, realistic appraisal’ of a problem and a ‘moral panic’. The difficulties posed by the absence of such criteria are explored in relation to the problem of ‘racial attacks’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the pure theory of the Muggery. The muggery is a geographic place where muggers and muggees transfer wealth from the latter to the former. Such transfers involve the allocation of time and money, so it seems natural to view mugging as an economic activity with the agents on both sides maximizing subject to constraints. The author observes that the muggery has two features in common with the open sea fishery. Firstly, Muggers and muggees stand in a fundamental predator-prey relationship to each other just as fisherman and fish. And secondly, as prey, muggees are a common property resource from the point of view of an individual mugger. Over-mugging can occur for the same reasons as over-fishing. In this article the author explores this analogy. First, a dynamic model of an uncontrolled muggery is developed. It generates a rich variety of time-path solutions which may help explain the diverse experience of different urban areas in generating mugging activity. Second, he employs modern capital theory to demonstrate an incentive to organize and control the muggery. Finally, he suggests some extensions of the analysis to other forms of economic activity. He concludes by asserting that locative inefficiencies associated with common property may be widespread and important in enterprise economies.