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Being able to empathise with others is a crucial ability in everyday life. However, this does not usually entail feeling the pain of others in our own bodies. For individuals with mirror-sensory synaesthesia (MSS), however, this form of empathic embodiment is a common feature. Our study investigates the empathic ability of adults who experience MSS using a video-based empathy task. We found that MSS participants did not differ from controls on emotion identification and affective empathy; however, they showed higher affect sharing (degree to which their affect matches what they attribute to others) than controls. This finding indicates difficulties with self-other distinction, which our data shows results in fewer signs of prosocial behaviour. Our findings are in line with the self-other control theory of MSS and highlight how the use of appropriate empathy measures can contribute to our understanding of this important socio-affective ability, both in typical and atypical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In patients with previously treated RAS-mutated microsatellite-stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), a multicenter open-label phase 1b/2 trial was conducted to define the safety and efficacy of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor binimetinib in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) nivolumab (anti–PD-1) or nivolumab and another ICI, ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4). Methods: In phase 1b, participants were randomly assigned to Arm 1A (binimetinib 45 mg twice daily [BID] plus nivolumab 480 mg once every 4 weeks [Q4W]) or Arm 1B (binimetinib 45 mg BID plus nivolumab 480 mg Q4W and ipilimumab 1 mg/kg once every 8 weeks [Q8W]) to determine the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of binimetinib. The MTD/RP2D was defined as the highest dosage combination that did not cause medically unacceptable dose-limiting toxicities in more than 35% of treated participants in Cycle 1. During phase 2, participants were randomly assigned to Arm 2A (binimetinib MTD/RP2D plus nivolumab) or Arm 2B (binimetinib MTD/RP2D plus nivolumab and ipilimumab) to assess the safety and clinical activity of these combinations. Results: In phase 1b, 21 participants were randomized to Arm 1A or Arm 1B; during phase 2, 54 participants were randomized to Arm 2A or Arm 2B. The binimetinib MTD/RP2D was determined to be 45 mg BID. In phase 2, no participants receiving binimetinib plus nivolumab achieved a response. Of the 27 participants receiving binimetinib, nivolumab, and ipilimumab, the overall response rate was 7.4% (90% CI: 1.3, 21.5). Out of 75 participants overall, 74 (98.7%) reported treatment-related adverse events (AEs), of whom 17 (22.7%) reported treatment-related serious AEs. Conclusions: The RP2D binimetinib regimen had a safety profile similar to previous binimetinib studies or nivolumab and ipilimumab combination studies. There was a lack of clinical benefit with either drug combination. Therefore, these data do not support further development of binimetinib in combination with nivolumab or nivolumab and ipilimumab in RAS-mutated MSS mCRC. Trial registration: NCT03271047 (09/01/2017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into an interference analysis, focusing on the forthcoming Starlink Generation 2 satellites, stated to operate within the 1990–1995 MHz frequency band. The aim is to assess the potential interference from this Starlink system to the satellite receivers of mobile satellite systems (MSSs), which are set to function within the 1980–2010 MHz range, and satellite receivers of the NTN systems, which are planned to operate in the n256 bands, defined by the 3GPP specifications. Through simulation-based evaluations, both single-entry and aggregate interference levels from Starlink to MSSs and NTN systems are comprehensively explored. To estimate the interference impact, several protection criteria were used. The study is in line with the Recommendations of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) and common approaches that are used when performing compatibility studies between satellite systems. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the n25 band for NTN direct-to-device services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delta ferrite typically forms during single and multipass welding thermal cycle. It is known that delta ferrite affects corrosion and creep resistances, which are important to the reliability of steam turbine components. This work investigated numerically the effect of thermofluid field on delta ferrite formation during the application of multi-pass submerged arc welding (SAW) in a test coupon fabricated with a high Cr-content (up to 12% wt.) martensitic stainless steel (MSS). Welding parameters and assembly dimensions were similar to those used in the joint between blades and the spacer band for a steam turbine high-pressure module. Also, a finite element model (FEM) was applied to perform the numerical analysis of heat diffusion. The analysis considered the adjusted weld pool morphology and incorporated thermal contact resistances among weld passes with a high tendency to the chemical species concentration. The step thermal cycle induced in each weld pass was employed to estimate the heating and cooling rates at different points of the fusion zone (FZ) and the adjacent region. Enriching of alphagen elements such as Cr and Mo was responsible for eutectic delta ferrite formation in the partial melting zone (PMZ). This fact was corroborated experimentally through microscopy techniques, X-ray diffraction (DRX), and mechanical tests. The comparison between numerical and experimental results indicated that flow velocities and their behavior had the most critical effect on the element accumulation and delta ferrite formation. The mechanical characterization results demonstrated the deleterious ferrite effect on the mechanical properties of critical weld regions in the 12Cr-1Mo MSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has provided revolutionary results in treating various cancers. However, its efficacy in colorectal cancer (CRC), especially in microsatellite stability-CRC, is limited. This study aimed to observe the efficacy of personalized neoantigen vaccine in treating MSS–CRC patients with recurrence or metastasis after surgery and chemotherapy. Candidate neoantigens were analyzed from whole-exome and RNA sequencing of tumor tissues. The safety and immune response were assessed through adverse events and ELISpot. The clinical response was evaluated by progression-free survival (PFS), imaging examination, clinical tumor marker detection, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) sequencing. Changes in health-related quality of life were measured by the FACT-C scale. A total of six MSS–CRC patients with recurrence or metastasis after surgery and chemotherapy were administered with personalized neoantigen vaccines. Neoantigen-specific immune response was observed in 66.67% of the vaccinated patients. Four patients remained progression-free up to the completion of clinical trial. They also had a significantly longer progression-free survival time than the other two patients without neoantigen-specific immune response (19 vs. 11 months). Changes in health-related quality of life improved for almost all patients after the vaccine treatment. Our results shown that personalized neoantigen vaccine therapy is likely to be a safe, feasible and effective strategy for MSS–CRC patients with postoperative recurrence or metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colon cancer with high microsatellite instability is characterized by a high tumor mutational burden and responds well to immunotherapy. Mutations in polymerase ɛ, a DNA polymerase involved in DNA replication and repair, are also associated with an ultra-mutated phenotype. We describe a case where a patient with POLE-mutated and hypermutated recurrent colon cancer was treated with pembrolizumab. Treatment with immunotherapy in this patient also led to the clearance of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). ctDNA is beginning to emerge as a marker for minimal residual disease in many solid malignancies, including colon cancer. Its clearance with treatment suggests that the selection of pembrolizumab on the basis of identifying a POLE mutation on next-generation sequencing may increase disease-free survival in this patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this era of Industry 4.0, efficient and affordable monitoring solutions are needed for the surveillance of manufacturing/service operations. In general, memory-type control charts outperform memoryless control charts when it comes to determining the changes in location and dispersion parameters of symmetrically distributed processes. Before monitoring the process location, it is essential to monitor the process dispersion, since the latter presumes that the process variance remains stable. In practice, the modified successive sampling (MSS) mechanism is preferred over simple random sampling for its cost-effectiveness and efficiency. This study was designed in order to propose moving average and double moving average control charts based on the MSS mechanism for monitoring the dispersion parameter. The performance of the proposed charts is evaluated using run-length measures, and a comparison is made with an existing control chart based on MSS and repetitive sampling. Furthermore, the application of the designed moving and double moving average charts is demonstrated using a case study related to fertilizer production. It is observed that the proposed double moving average control chart performs better than the other control charts designed under the MSS and repetitive sampling schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deconstruction of post-tensioned viaducts with a movable scaffolding system is an established method where conventional and blasting deconstruction cannot be applied. The report describes the components of the deconstruction MSS, the special features of this deconstruction method and the boundary conditions for the use of movable scaffolding systems against and in the direction of construction of the structure to be demolished, as well as the possibility of reusing the movable scaffold for the new construction. Interfaces to the bridge structure are defined and advices are given on the planning of such dismantling projects. Using the example of the Onsbach viaduct, a description of the dismantling procedure is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences with movable scaffolding systems in deconstruction of post‐tensioned viaducts The deconstruction of post‐tensioned viaducts with a movable scaffolding system is an established method where conventional and blasting deconstruction cannot be applied. The report describes the components of the deconstruction MSS, the special features of this deconstruction method and the boundary conditions for the use of movable scaffolding systems against and in the direction of construction of the structure to be demolished, as well as the possibility of reusing the movable scaffold for the new construction. Interfaces to the bridge structure are defined and advices are given on the planning of such dismantling projects. Using the example of the Onsbach viaduct, a description of the dismantling procedure is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The implementation of immunotherapy in the therapeutic landscape of colorectal carcinoma has been difficult due to the inefficacy reported in early clinical trials. Nevertheless, a small subset of tumors deficient in DNA mismatch repair proteins show excellent responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors, with long-lasting results. Most of our patients do not have these alterations and, therefore, immunotherapy appears not to be effective. In the current review, we attempt to describe the main mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy presented by these tumors, how to cope with them, and the potential use of other biomarkers of response to immunotherapy. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in Europe. High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) due to a deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) system can be found in 5% of metastatic CRC (mCRC) and has been established as a biomarker of response to immunotherapy in these tumors. Therefore, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in mCRC with these characteristics were evaluated with results showing remarkable response rates and durations of response. The majority of mCRC cases have high levels of DNA mismatch repair proteins (pMMR) with consequent microsatellite stability or low instability (MSS or MSI-low), associated with an inherent resistance to ICIs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the possible approaches to overcome the mechanisms of resistance and evaluates potential biomarkers to establish the role of ICIs in pMMR/MSS/MSI-L (MSS) mCRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deformation monitoring is a crucial engineering task for public safety. Any incorrect estimation of displacement rates can cause economical and deadly effects on engineering structures. Three methods have already been developed for structure deformation monitoring in the geodetic community: the single point method, and the robust and combinatorial estimation methods. In this article, the methods were implemented on a simulated dataset of the Global Navigation Satellite System. As a result, the Simultaneous Adjustment of Two Epochs and Multiple Sub Sample using distance differences methods were defined as the most optimal methods to find the stable and unstable points in the simulated network. To show the performance of the methods on a real dataset, the optimal methods were employed on the real GNSS observations collected of a pedestrian steel bridge in Tehran. The GNSS receiver type is LEICA GRX1200+GNSS. Moreover, two scenarios are investigated: all epochs have the same global coordinate systems (Scenario A), and analysis of the earth's surface movements with the local coordinate system in the first epoch of observations and the global WGS84 coordinate system for the others (Scenario B). The 3-D Helmert transformation was also used to transfer the global coordinate systems to the local one. Scenario B showed better results with a smaller RMS error with an amount of 7e-5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, immunotherapy has achieved great progress in the treatment of malignant tumors and has enriched the treatment mode of many types of malignant tumors. Colorectal cancer is a common tumor worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) featuring DNA mismatch repair deficiency/high microsatellite instability has significant clinical benefits, but approximately 95% of patients with mCRC are DNA mismatch repair proficient/microsatellite stable (MSS). These patients have poor response to immunotherapy. Therefore, strategies to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with this type of tumor have attracted considerable attention. This article reviews the research progress on combined immunotherapy for MSS mCRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metasurfaces, a special class of metamaterials, have recently become a rapidly growing field, particularly for thin polarization converters. They can be fabricated using a simple fabrication process due to their smaller planar profile, both in the microwave and optical regimes. In this paper, the recent progress in MSs for linear polarization (LP) to circular polarization (CP) conversion in transmission mode is reviewed. Starting from history, modeling and the theory of MSs, uncontrollable single and multiple bands and LP-to-CP conversions, are discussed and analyzed. Moreover, detailed reconfigurable MS-based LP-to-CP converters are presented. Further, key findings on the state-of-the-arts are discussed and tabulated to give readers a quick overview. Finally, a conclusion is drawn by providing opinions on future developments in this growing research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the existence of seasonal or perennial sea ice cover, the determination of the Arctic sea surface is more difficult than that of mid-low latitudinal oceans. Focusing on the sea surface height in the ice-covered region, this paper constructs a new Arctic mean sea surface (MSS) model, named SUST22, by combining the measurements from ICESat and Cryosat-2 missions. The lead detection methods of ICESat and Cryosat-2 are first studied and modified to acquire sea surface measurements with better accuracy. The results have shown that the standard deviation of Cryosat-2-derived Arctic sea surface height is about 3–4 cm in 10-km resolution grids, while the value of ICESat is 5–6 cm. Then the MSS construction procedure is discussed and the SUST22 MSS model is constructed. The new model is compared with the other four Arctic MSS models. The best agreement is found between SUST22 and DTU21 with an average difference of −4.0 ± 5.2 cm. These models are also validated by ICESat-2 samples. The average difference between ICESat-2 and SUST22 is 15.8 ± 7.4 cm, which shows that the new model SUST22 presents better consistency with the ICESat-2 than any of the other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mesovoid Shallow Substratum (MSS) is a habitat made up of a network of cracks, fissures and interstices colonised by subterranean fauna, both by species adapted to hypogean life and by those coming from peripheral environments. The study of this habitat in Spain is still incipient. In Almeria province, only the samplings referred to in this study have been carried out, which have already yielded some results. The aim of this work is to describe and analyse the isopod communities detected in the MSS in the Sierra de Gador and Sierra de Maria. The isopods were collected using subterranean sampling device (SSD) which consisted of a PVC cylinder perforated in the lower section to facilitate access to the entomofauna present at a depth of -0.5 to -0.9 m. The SSD were collected seasonally in 2018 and 2019. A total of 4137 specimens belonging to three families, seven genera and nine species were captured. To detect differences between zones, a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and generalised linear models (GLM) were performed. The GLM revealed the existence of significant differences between both sierras, with abundance being higher in Sierra de Maria (p<0.001). The orientations were not statistically significant. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis classified the scree slopes into two clearly differentiated groups, one in Sierra de Gador and the other in Sierra de Maria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous metastasis of rectal cancer is rare and typically indicates widespread disease and poor prognosis. We report an exceedingly rare case of BRAF-mutated MSS rectal cancer with metastasis to the skin. A 53-year-old woman presented with stage IV unresectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum and received chemotherapy and molecularly targeted agents. Six months later she developed a focal skin nodule in the left groin. During treatment with four cycles of FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab, the skin nodules gradually increased in size, involving the skin of the left thigh. A portion of the rash was bleeding and painful. The biopsy specimen was consistent with a mucinous adenocarcinoma of rectal origin and expressed reduced CDX-2. Palliative treatment with FOLFIRI plus cetuximab and vemurafenib was initiated. The cutaneous nodules decreased in size but were not stable. The patient had severe electrolyte disturbances and depression and opted for palliative care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only a small subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients benefits from immunotherapies, comprising blocking antibodies (Abs) against checkpoint receptor "programmed-cell-death-1" (PD1) and its ligand (PD-L1), because most cases lack the required mutational burden and neo-antigen load caused by microsatellite instability (MSI) and/or an inflamed, immune cell-infiltrated PD-L1+ tumor microenvironment. Peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor-gamma (PPARγ), a metabolic transcription factor stimulated by anti-diabetic drugs, has been previously implicated in pre/clinical responses to immunotherapy. We therefore raised the hypothesis that PPARγ induces PD-L1 on microsatellite stable (MSS) tumor cells to enhance Ab-target engagement and responsiveness to PD-L1 blockage. We found that PPARγ-agonists upregulate PD-L1 mRNA/protein expression in human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines and MSS+ patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs). Mechanistically, PPARγ bound to and activated DNA-motifs similar to cognate PPARγ-responsive-elements (PPREs) in the proximal -2 kb promoter of the human PD-L1 gene. PPARγ-agonist reduced proliferation and viability of tumor cells in co-cultures with PD-L1 blocking Ab and lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) derived from the peripheral blood of CRC patients or healthy donors. Thus, metabolic modifiers improved the antitumoral response of immune checkpoint Ab, proposing novel therapeutic strategies for CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new blind weevil belonging to the genus Oromia Alonso-Zarazaga, 1987 is described, being found in the underground of the laurel forest of La Gomera (Canary Islands). Individuals were mainly collected in a colluvial mesocavernous shallow substratum, besides one specimen collected in the deep humic layer of soil. This new species has clear diagnostic differences from the other Oromia species. The number of taxa in this endemic Canarian genus increases to four species, easily identified using the key provided in this article. New data on other Canarian subterranean weevils are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shallow underground of rock debris is a unique animal refuge. Nevertheless, the research of this habitat lags far behind the study of caves and soil, due to technical and time-consuming demands. Data on Myriapoda in scree habitat from eleven localities in seven different geomorphological units of the Czech and Slovak Republics were processed. Based on previous studies, as well as knowledge of cave and soil fauna, it was hypothesised that the occurrence of a varied and peculiar fauna would show a pattern of depth distribution with variations due to local specificities. From 2005-2016 (at least one year on each site), macrofauna was collected via sets of three long-term exposed subterranean traps consisting of 110 cm long perforated tube, with ten cups located in a gradient at 5-95 cm below the soil surface. In total, 14 symphylans (not identified to species level), 271 centipedes (23 spp.) and 572 millipedes (32 spp.) were sampled. The overall depth distribution of centipedes and millipedes appeared to have relatively similar pattern, with both groups being found at all depth levels. Nevertheless, this pattern depends on locations. The depth distribution trend lines are mostly in the form of an asymmetric 'U', with decreased abundance until the middle of the gradient, followed by increase in the deepest levels. Epigeic species were sporadically distributed along the whole depth gradient, but concentrated at the soil surface, while some subterranean species, such as the centipede Lithobius lucifugus and the millipedes Geoglomeris subterranea, Cibiniulus slovacus and Archiboreoiulus pallidus, were recorded in the deepest parts of the gradient. This characterises the debris community as a mixture of soil and subterranean species with an absence of species exclusively found in caves. The use of different fixation methods in traps had a significant and selective impact on samples; millipedes were either attracted by ethylene glycol or repelled by formaldehyde. Centipedes were also captured more frequently in ethylene glycol; however, the species composition varied in each of the fixatives. Depth distribution of myriapods was similar in both fixative solutions. Traps with these fixatives could be recommended for similar ecological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of terrestrial isopod of the Porcellionidae family found in the mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) of the Sierra de María (Almeria, Spain), Porcellio selomai sp n. is described. Due to the structure of exopod I of the male, with the lateral tracheal field, this species belongs to the "atlantic" group, and has some similarities with other species in this group, such as P. baeticensis, P. dilatatus, P. incanus and P. spatulatus. However, the structure of the silks-scales, of the glandular field, the tooth of the third article of the antenna, the seventh male ischiopodite, or the body shape among other characters, allow to differentiate P. selomai sp. n. among the previous species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: MLK4 (KIAA1804) is the second most frequently mutated kinase in microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal carcinomas (CRC). This molecule is known to regulate different physiological cellular processes, including cell cycle, senescence and apoptosis, and mechanistic evidence has been provided that MLK4 plays a role in carcinogenesis. However, whether this kinase exerts a tumor suppressive role or an oncogenic function is still an object of debate. This study aims to elucidate the role of MLK4 in the pathogenesis of CRC by investigating human tumor specimens. Methods: This study assessed MLK4 expression levels by immunohistochemistry in surgical tumor samples from 204 early-stage CRC patients and their correlation with various clinical-pathological features and patients’ outcomes. In addition, MLK4 mRNA transcription was analysed in an independent cohort of 786 colon cancer samples. Results: Loss of MLK4 staining was associated with poor overall (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) in CRC patients during a univariate analysis (OS:101 vs 164 months, p=0.0002; PFS:85 vs 125 months, p=0.0001), as well as in multivariate analysis (OS:HR=1.70; p=0.001; PFS:HR=1,61; p=0.001). This was confirmed by analysis of MLK4 mRNA in the second independent cohort. A subgroup analysis according to KRAS mutation status showed that MLK4 staining was associated with better OS and PFS in KRAS mutated cases (HR=2.77; p=0.0001 and HR=2.31; p=0.0003, respectively) and microsatellite stable tumors (HR=1.87; p=0.002 and HR=1.06; p=0.006) but not in KRAS wildtype and microsatellite unstable tumors. Conclusion: By providing the first report from clinical specimens on the prognostic significance of MLK4, we define an oncogenic loss-of-function of this kinase and suggest a possible role in the interaction with KRAS signaling in determining an aggressive phenotype of CRC. These findings warrant the further investigation of MLK4 in wider cohorts and various clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The optimal management of melanoma with positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) remains unclear. Completion lymph node dissection (CLND) only yields additional positive non-SLN in 20% of cases and its benefits on survival remains debatable. Methods An online database search of Medline was performed; key bibliographies were reviewed. Studies comparing outcomes after CLND versus observation were included. Odds ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by random fixed effects models of pooled data were calculated. The primary endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS), melanoma-specific survival (MSS), and overall survival (OS). Results Search strategy yielded 117 publications. Twelve studies were selected for inclusion, comprising 7966 SLN-positive patients. Among these patients, 5306 (66.6%) subjects underwent CLND and 2660 (33.4%) patients were observed. Median Breslow thickness and ulceration were similar between groups (2.8 ± 0.6 mm versus 2.5 ± 0.8 mm, P = 0.721; and 38.8% versus 37.2%, P = 0.136, CLND versus observation, respectively). CLND was associated with statistically significant improved 3-y (71.0% versus 66.2%, OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.69-0.97, P = 0.02) and 5-y DFS (48.3% versus 47.8%, OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59-0.96, P = 0.02) compared with observation. However, no difference was demonstrated in 3-y MSS (83.7% versus 84.7%, OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.88-1.35, P = 0.41), 5-y MSS (68.4% versus 69.8%, OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.88-1.19, P = 0.78), or OS (68.2% versus 78.9%, OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.55-1.57, P = 0.78). Conclusions Based on this large-scale analysis, CLND improved both 3- and 5-y DFS, possibly because of increased rates of local control; however, this did not translate in improved MSS or OS. Efforts toward the identification of molecular markers associated with poor outcomes in SLN-positive patients who undergo observation are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shallow underground of forested scree slopes represents a little-studied subterranean biotope. In this paper, species diversity and depth distribution of terrestrial isopod communities studied in the depth profile (5-95 cm from the surface) of eight forested scree slopes in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia) is discussed. The southern edge of the Western Carpathians where the study sites are located represents the northernmost limit of distribution of obligate subterranean fauna in Europe. The sites differ from each other in type of bedrock, forest composition, slope aspect, and altitude. To sample isopods, a set of three subterranean pitfall traps consisting of a plastic cylinder (Ø 110 mm) and ten plastic cups was buried in each studied scree slope. In total, 252 isopods belonging to eleven species were sampled (1-5 species per site). Of the species found, the blind and depigmented Mesoniscus graniger was the sole species closely associated with deeper parts of the depth profile and was present in most of the sites studied. Another ten species were represented by a small number of individuals and their occurrence deeper in the scree slope profile was rather accidental. A comparison between winter and summer periods indicates apparent differences in seasonal activities of isopods. Ethylene glycol seems to be more appropriate fixative solution for trapping isopods than formaldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Feature Articles in this issue introduce recent trends and case studies of ever-escalating cyberattacks that are becoming increasingly sophisticated and large in scale, plus issues and needs in the security business of NTT Group companies. Additionally, new needs are arising for security measures for customers. These articles introduce the research and development of advanced technologies deemed necessary for countering cyberattacks and increasing business competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deconstruction of prestressed concrete viaducts with movable scaffolding systems The central European highway-infrastructure of the 1960s and 1970s is characterized by increased overstraining. Often, repair tasks only allow further usage for a limited amount of time. Deconstruction and reconstruction, particularly in ecological sensible areas and ones with a high amount of intersections, call for a deconstruction system, which ensures that the interruption of traffic on the affected route section is minimalized. The deconstruction of viaducts with MSS represents a suitable approach, which meets the requirements to the buildings as well as the safety to traffic. The article describes the operational conditions for the deconstruction method, the functionality and the difference to the known reconstruction with MSS. In comparison to new building plans, here higher stress has to anticipated, as well as a certain vagueness of the expectant load from the existing structure and interphases to additionally involved parties, like the demolition companies. The requirements to planning, assembly and robustness of the construction are described on the basis of projects executed to date. Also the intersections to other involved parties, which are to be considered more before and during the deconstruction, are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface albedo is widely used in climate and environment applications as an important parameter for controlling the surface energy budget. There is an increasing need for albedo data to be available for use in applications that require a fine spatial resolution and for validating coarse-resolution datasets; however, such products with long-term global coverage are not available thus far. Existing algorithms for Landsat albedo estimation all require surface reflectance from explicit and reliable atmospheric correction, which may sometimes be unavailable or carry uncertainties due to saturated visible bands or a lack of dense vegetation. In addition, most of the existing algorithms require concurrent clear-sky observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) correction, which limited the data availability for Landsat albedo estimation. To overcome these problems, in this study, we adopt the direct estimation approach previously used with coarser resolution data, such as MODIS and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and apply it to multiple Landsat data obtained by Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM +), and Operational Land Imager (OLI). By incorporating Landsat spectral response functions and a database of bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) into radiative transfer simulations, a unified algorithm is developed to estimate surface albedo directly from the Landsat top-of-atmospheric reflectance data obtained by MSS, TM, ETM +, and OLI with few ancillary inputs. To overcome the saturation problems in the visible bands of TM and ETM + over very bright surfaces, a refined approach is employed by using only non-saturated bands. The validation results against ground measurements over various land cover types and climate regions show that our algorithm is effective for both snow-free and snow-covered surfaces and can achieve root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of not more than 0.034. In addition, we show the high potential of the earlier MSS data for producing consistent surface albedo estimations based on inter-comparison with TM-based results with RMSEs of 0.011–0.017 and R 2 of 0.858–0.963. This long-term, 30-m resolution surface albedo estimation can date back to the early 1980s, which allows for improved understanding of long-term climate change and land cover change effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the faunistic results regarding the spider fauna (Araneae Ord.) encountered in the superficial underground environment of the Leaota Mountains. The gathering of spiders was carried out during 2014-2015 in surveys located in limestone and schists colluvial scree. We captured faunistic elements at depths of 1m, 0.75m and 0.5m in limestone MSS; in shale MSS we collected fauna only from the depth of 0.5m and 1m. As a result of our research, we identified 12 spiders species, of which 11 are new for Leaota. The Nesticus balacescui species was first reported in shale MSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic inspection of pavement cracking is a critical issue in pavement management systems. In this study, a quadcopter-based digital imaging system is introduced for collecting pavement surface data over a distressed area for visual conditions interpretation. An aerial evaluation was carried out using a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle (QUAV), which is a device equipped with a set of automatic systems. Since QUAV flies autonomously and has high maneuverability, it is potentially useful in a variety of conditions particularly the positions dangerous for surveillance and reconnaissance. The main purpose of this work is to design a multi-stage system for QUAV image analysis consisting of image processing, threshold selection, and classification stages. The images are transformed into a new domain; then, an adaptive thresholding is applied to build the pattern of transformed cracks; and finally, the polar support vector machine (the PSVM) is applied for interpretation of crack distress. The PSVM is an automation procedure based on the support vector machine (SVM) classifier defined in the polar coordinate frame. A Mixture of Wavelet modulus and three-dimensional polar Radon transform (3DPRT) are used for feature generation. We show that the PSVM method can be successfully applied to classify the crack and is capable of providing new features about cracking distress, threshold selection and classification. In order to show the applicability and efficiency of the proposed system and method, a test was conducted applying a variety of pavement distresses. The experimental results demonstrate that the applied system provides reliable output. In addition, the comparison of the derived information with the on-site manual quantifications revealed the potentiality of the QUAV and multi-stage system for future practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vorschubgerüste dienen der feldweisen Herstellung von vorgespannten Ortbetonbrücken. Nach einer Erklärung des Bauverfahrens werden verschiedene Gerüsttypen und deren Komponenten im Zusammenhang mit ihrer Eignung und Wirkung auf das zu erstellende Brückenbauwerk erläutert. Der Artikel beschreibt die Entwicklungen im Massivbrückenbau und deren Auswirkungen auf das Bauverfahren mit Vorschubgerüsten. Schnittstellen zwischen Baubehelf und Brücke werden beschrieben. Es werden Hinweise zu einem sicheren und effizienten Umgang mit diesem Bauverfahren geliefert. Der Artikel beschränkt sich auf einen Überblick über gängige Gerüste im mitteleuropäischen Raum, da sich Anforderungen im Brückenbau hinsichtlich Witterung, Konstruktion, Bemessungskonzept und Arbeitssicherheit sowie die Gestaltung der Arbeitsabläufe von anderen Regionen teilweise stark unterscheiden. Movable Scaffolding Systems – Opportunities and requirements in today's bridge constructions Movable Scaffolding Systems are used for a full span construction of post‐tensioned cast‐in‐place concrete bridge decks. After an explanation of the construction method, different types of movable scaffolding systems and their components are explained in relation with their suitability and impact on the bridge construction to be erected. The article describes developments of cast‐in‐place concrete bridge building and their effects on the construction with movable scaffolding systems. Optimization potentials for interphases between temporary works and permanent works are described. Indications are given for a save and efficient application of this construction method. The article is limited to an overview on established MSS in the central‐european area because requirements in bridge constructions partially differ strongly from other regions regarding weather conditions, construction, calculation standards, labour safety and working cycle configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India and China both have powerful spy networks; completely different in their approaches to espionage; both effective against their perceived enemies. China focuses first on internal threats, on Taiwan and Hong Kong, and then the US and Japan. India’s defense policy focuses on Pakistan and internal terrorist threats, and then on China. In reality, however, when it comes to spying on each other, both China and India suffer from incompetence and apathy – which endangers both their own security and regional stability. This article looks at how they spy on each other, and asks why and how they need to improve. The narrative also touches upon some of the individuals who are waging the spy war, from India’s wily spymaster Ajit Doval down to junior Chinese agents such as Wang Qing and Pema Tsering. The two countries are not friends. They have the largest territorial dispute in the world on their hands, covering an area the size of North Korea, and they have large armies facing each other along 4000 kilometers of frontier. But they also lay claim to the world’s two oldest and richest civilizations, with a rich history of exchange, and now with a combined population of 2.6 billion people and more than a quarter of the world’s economic output. If they cooperated, they could solve many of the world’s problems; but if they lurch into conflict, the potential consequences are terrifying to contemplate. Unfortunately, despite their geographical closeness, they do not know much about each other. They have few cultural interchanges, little diplomacy, few trade missions. They do not watch each other’s films, read each other’s books or listen to each other’s music. Chinese tourists would rather fly to New Zealand for their holidays than cross the border to India, and Indian students would rather study in Europe than China. China and India are neighbors that barely talk to each other. Most significantly, they do not spy on each competently. For countries that do not interact socially, defensive understanding is important for security – but China prefers the glamor of facing up to its Pacific and other maritime rivals such as the US and Japan. India, for its part, does talk a great deal about the China threat, but its resources and expertise are wrapped up in controlling its security threat from Pakistan and the Islamic world. When China and India do try to spy on each other, it is often without the benefit of a long-term focus or understanding. India has some very skilled operatives within the Research and Analysis Wing, but few that specialize in China. China has an enormous pool of resources spread across several government departments, including the Ministry of Public Security, and also has extensive facilities and manpower in the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission (the JSD) and the new Strategic Support Force (the SSF). However, China’s intelligence services generally behave as if India is not worth spying on. Given that the two countries do not have the cultural or political machinery in place to understand each other, espionage and intelligence gathering is vital to ensure that miscalculations do not take place. This has been apparent over the last few years in stand-offs in the Himalaya, as well as top-level suspicions on each side about a variety of subjects including terrorism, covert operations in Sri Lanka and Burma, and the two countries’ nuclear weapons programs. Both countries do occasionally make efforts in espionage against each other, especially during sensitive periods such as the mountain stand-offs of 2014 and 2013 and during policy developments in nuclear warfare. In this article the author looks at actual spying incidents between the two countries, their methodologies, their staff, their technical capabilities, and how the act of spying, which is usually viewed as intrinsically adversarial, can be a force for good. The article relies on interviews with actual participants in intelligence from both countries as well as extensive use of contemporary online sources, and secondary analysis by both military and academic experts from China, India and NATO countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper present and discussed the results of the monitoring of two ecological factors, the temperature and the relative humidity monitorised during winter 2014-2015, in an ecological station in the in the north-western area of Leaota Mountains. In this station, three polls were located in areas with limestone forming mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS), also called shallow subterranean habitats(SSHs). The first survey has 1m deepth, the second has 0.75m depth and the third was drilled up to 0.5m depth. In each survey was placed a datalogger above a Barber trap, wich recorded continuously for the winter 2014-2015 relative humidity and temperature. The values of this abiotic parameters were collected on every twelve hours. The continuous data collection on ecological parameters mentioned before is a first for Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: Daily intake of 480 mg of BNO 1016 for 15 days is an effective treatment in acute viral rhinosinusitis. Objectives: The pooled efficacy data of two similar randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials were analyzed. Safety was evaluated on the basis of the individual trials. Methods: The efficacy analysis was based on 589 patients. Treatment was performed orally with either 3 × 160 mg BNO 1016 ( n = 294) or 3 × placebo ( n = 295) for 15 days. In both trials patients underwent five visits to the investigational sites. Symptoms were evaluated according to the EPOS 2012 guideline. Ultrasonography was used to confirm the diagnosis at onset of treatment and the remission of symptoms at the last visit. Efficacy was evaluated by the investigator as the mean major symptom score (MSS) at the end of treatment (visit 5, day 14). Patients reported symptoms and social/emotional consequences of rhinosinusitis using a quality of life questionnaire (SNOT-20 GAV). Results: MSS improved during the treatment period by a mean of 10.02 ± 1.61 score points to 2.47 ± 2.55 for BNO 1016 and of 9.87 ± 1.52 to 3.63 ± 3.63 for placebo. Differences between treatment groups at end of therapy (1.16 ± 3.14 score points; p < 0.0001) and patient-assessed quality of life ( p = 0.0015) were statistically significant in favor of BNO 1016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent molecular profiling studies reported a new class of ultramutated colorectal cancers ( CRCs), which are caused by exonuclease domain mutations ( EDMs) in DNA polymerase ϵ ( POLE). Data on the clinical implications of these findings as to whether these mutations define a unique CRC entity with distinct clinical outcome are lacking. We performed Sanger sequencing of the POLE exonuclease domain in 431 well-characterized patients with microsatellite stable ( MSS) CRCs of a population-based patient cohort. Mutation data were analyzed for associations with major epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and pathological parameters including overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival ( DSS). In 373 of 431 MSS CRC, all exons of the exonuclease domain were analyzable. Fifty-four mutations were identified in 46 of these samples (12.3%). Besides already reported EDMs, we detected many new mutations in exons 13 and 14 (corresponding to amino acids 410-491) as well as in exon 9 and exon 11 (corresponding to aa 268-303 and aa 341-369). However, we did not see any significant associations of EDMs with clinicopathological parameters, including sex, age, tumor location and tumor stage, CIMP, KRAS, and BRAF mutations. While with a median follow-up time of 5.0 years, survival analysis of the whole cohort revealed nonsignificantly different adjusted hazard ratios ( HRs) of 1.35 (95% CI: 0.82-2.25) and 1.44 (0.81-2.58) for OS and DSS indicating slightly impaired survival of patients with EDMs, subgroup analysis for patients with stage III/ IV disease receiving chemotherapy revealed a statistically significantly increased adjusted HR (1.87; 95% CI: 1.02-3.44). In conclusion, POLE EDMs do not appear to define an entirely new clinically distinct disease entity in CRC but may have prognostic or predictive implications in CRC subgroups, whose significance remains to be investigated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a variable phenotypic presentation and subsequent disease course that, although unpredictable at disease onset, is of crucial importance in guiding interventions. Effective and accessible biomarkers are required in order to stratify patients and inform treatment. Objective: To determine the predictive value of serum complement factor H (FH) in MS patients and if they correlate with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: We randomly studied sixty patients with MS. They were subjected to full clinical and neurological assessment, laboratory tests, and MRI study. Thirty healthy subjects matched patient group with age and sex were selected as a control group. Results: Serum complement FH levels were highly significantly elevated in all MS patients compared to controls (P-value = 0.000), with sensitivity and specificity of 98.3% and 93.3%, respectively. Within the relapsing remitting MS subgroup, serum complement FH levels in patients during remission were higher than control (P=0.000), and lower than patients during relapse (P=0.000). Moreover, serum complement FH concentration had highly significant value as a surrogate marker for prediction of relapse in patients and in distinguishing progressive MS from relapsing remitting MS. Patients with black hole and brain atrophy had significantly higher levels of complement FH than patients without. Conclusion: Serum complement factor H may be an effective indicator of progression and a practical and accessible biomarker in determining disease course, providing objective evidence to help therapeutic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are numerous examples of past and present mine disposal into freshwater and marine coastal bays and riverine environments. Due to its high spatial resolution and extended water penetration, coastal light detection and ranging (LiDAR), coupled with multispectral scanning (MSS), has great promise for resolving disturbed shoreline features in low turbidity environments. Migrating mine tailings present serious issues for Lake Superior and coastal marine environments. Previous investigations in Lake Superior uncovered a metal-rich "halo" around the Keweenaw Peninsula, related to past copper mining practices. For over a century, waste rock migrating from shoreline tailing piles has moved along extensive stretches of coastline, compromising critical fish breeding grounds, damming stream outlets, transgressing into wetlands and along recreational beaches and suppressing benthic invertebrate communities. In Grand (Big) Traverse Bay, Buffalo Reef is an important spawning area for lake trout and whitefish threatened by drifting tailings. The movement of tailings into Buffalo Reef cobble fields may interfere with the hatching of fish eggs and fry survival, either by filling in crevices where eggs are deposited or by toxic effects on eggs, newly hatched larvae or benthic communities. Here, we show that the coastal tailing migration is not "out of sight, out of mind", but clearly revealed by using a combination of LiDAR and MSS techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The association between microsatellite instability (MSI) status and gene expression profiles in the early onset sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to identify the altered gene expression patterns depending on the MSI status of early onset CRC and determine specific biomarkers that could provide novel therapeutic molecular targets in the Turkish population. Materials and methods: MSI markers (BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250) were investigated in tumors from 36 early onset sporadic CRC patients in whom gene expression profiles were analyzed previously. The relationship between the gene expression profiles depending on MSI status was evaluated. Results: A total of 15 tumors (16.66%) were identified as having MSI and 21 tumors (58.33%) were identified as having microsatellite stability (MSS). CK20 and MAP3K8 upregulation, observed in MSS tumors, was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, recurrence, and/or distant metastasis and a short median survival (P < 0.05). REG1A upregulation is also correlated with recurrence and/or distant metastasis and a short median survival in patients with MSI tumors (P < 0.05). Conclusions: High expression levels of CK20 and MAP3K8 in MSS tumors and REG1A in MSI tumors correlated with a poor prognosis in CRC patients. Further studies and validations are required; these genes may provide novel therapeutic molecular targets for the development of anticancer drugs related to MSI status for early onset CRC treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Long exposure to intensive blue light may damage retina and suppress, at night, melatonin secretion. To devise a blue hazard-free light source with a long lifetime, we demonstrated here a tandem organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with candlelight-style emission, especially via the use of all commercially-available materials. The resultant device shows a color temperature of 1,500 K, significantly lower than the 1,800 K of oil lamps, 1,900 K of candles and 2,500 K of incandescent bulbs. It permits, at 100 lx, a retinal exposure-limit of 12 h, while merely 5 min for the 6,000 K cold-white LED or CFL. Notably, it is 15 times more human eye-friendly and 30% more melatonin generation-friendly than the candle. It shows a lifetime of 40,000 h at 1,000 candelas per meter square, which is about 20,000 times that of a candle and 40 times that of an incandescent bulb. It is 65 times more energy-saving as comparing with candles. Commercially viable human-friendly lighting can be expected in the near future to safeguard human health. • We demonstrated a blue-hazard free tandem OLED with candlelight-style emission via all commercially-available materials. • The device shows a color temperature of 1500 K. • The device shows a lifetime of 40,000 h at 1000 nits and 65 times more energy-saving as comparing with candles. • It permits, at 100 lx, a retinal exposure-limit of 12 h and 30% more melatonin generation-friendly than the candle. • Commercially viable human-friendly lighting can be expected in the near future to safeguard human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long exposure to intensive blue light may damage retina and suppress, at night, melatonin secretion. To devise a blue hazard-free light source with a long lifetime, we demonstrated here a tandem organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with candlelight-style emission, especially via the use of all commercially-available materials. The resultant device shows a color temperature of 1500 K, significantly lower than the 1800 K of oil lamps, 1900 K of candles and 2500 K of incandescent bulbs. It permits, at 100 lx, a retinal exposure-limit of 12 h, while merely 5 min for the 6000 K cold-white LED or CFL. Notably, it is 15 times more human eye-friendly and 30 % more melatonin generation-friendly than the candle. It shows a lifetime of 40,000 h at 1000 cd per meter square, which is about 20,000 times that of a candle and 40 times that of an incandescent bulb. It is 65 times more energy-saving as comparing with candles. Commercially viable human-friendly lighting can be expected in the near future to safeguard human health. [Display omitted] • We demonstrated a blue-hazard free tandem OLED with candlelight-style emission via all commercially-available materials. • The device shows a color temperature of 1500 K. • The device shows a lifetime of 40,000 h at 1000 nits and 65 times more energy-saving as comparing with candles. • It permits, at 100 lx, a retinal exposure-limit of 12 h and 30 % more melatonin generation-friendly than the candle. • Commercially viable human-friendly lighting can be expected in the near future to safeguard human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lidar is currently the most accurate method for remote estimation of forest structure, but it has limited spatial and temporal coverage. Conversely, Landsat data are more widely available, but exhibit a weaker relationship with structure under medium to high leaf area conditions. One potentially valuable means of enhancing the relationship between Landsat reflectance and forest structure is to incorporate Landsat spectral trends prior to a date of interest. Because the condition of a forest stand at any point in time is linked to the stand''s disturbance history, an approach that directly leverages the temporal information of Landsat time series should improve estimates of forest structure. The main objective of this study was to test and demonstrate the utility of disturbance and recovery metrics derived from spectral profiles of annual Landsat time series (LTS) to predict current forest structure attributes (as compared to more traditional approaches, including airborne, discrete return lidar and single-date Landsat). We estimated aboveground live biomass (AGBlive), dead woody biomass (AGBdead), basal area (live and dead), and Lorey''s mean stand height for a mixed-conifer forest in eastern Oregon, USA, and compared the results with estimates from lidar and single, current-date Landsat imagery. Annual time-series stacks for the entire Landsat record (1972–2010) were obtained to characterize all long-term (insect, growth) and short-term (fire, harvest) vegetation changes that occurred during that period. This required the additional objective of integrating Landsat data from MSS and TM/ETM+sensors, and we describe here our approach. To extract spectral trajectories and change metrics associated with forest disturbances and recovery we applied a temporal segmentation to the calibrated time series. Lidar predicted forest structure of live trees most accurately (e.g. AGBlive: R2 =0.88, RMSE=35.3Mgha−1). However, LTS metrics significantly improved model predictions (e.g. AGBlive: R2 =0.80, RMSE=46.9Mgha−1) compared to single-date Landsat data (AGBlive, R2 =0.58, RMSE=65.1Mgha−1). Conversely, distributions of AGBdead were more strongly associated with disturbance history than current structure of live trees. As a result, LTS models performed significantly better in estimating AGBdead (R2 =0.73, RMSE=31.0Mgha−1), than lidar models (R2 =0.21, RMSE=43.8Mgha−1); and single-date Landsat data failed completely (R2 =0, RMSE=47.8Mgha−1). Further, LTS metrics that integrated disturbance and recovery history over the entire time series generally predicted AGBdead better than metrics describing single events only (e.g. the greatest disturbance). This study demonstrates the unique value of the long, historic Landsat record, and suggests new potentials for mapping current forest structure with Landsat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sensors on Landsat satellites have been collecting images of the Earth''s surface for nearly 40years. These images have been invaluable for characterizing and detecting changes in the land cover and land use of the world. Although initially conceived as primarily picture generating sensors, even the early sensors were radiometrically calibrated and spectrally characterized prior to launch and incorporated some capabilities to monitor their radiometric calibration once on orbit. Recently, as the focus of studies has shifted to monitoring Earth surface parameters over significant periods of time, serious attention has been focused toward bringing the data from all these sensors onto a common radiometric scale over this 40-year period. This effort started with the most recent systems and then was extended back in time. Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM)+, the best-characterized sensor of the series prior to launch and once on orbit, and the most stable system to date, was chosen to serve as the reference. The Landsat-7 project was the first of the series to build an image assessment system into its ground system, allowing systematic characterization of its sensors and data. Second, the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) (still operating at the time of the Landsat-7 launch and continues to operate) calibration history was reconstructed based on its internal calibrator, vicarious calibrations, pseudo-invariant sites and a tie to Landsat-7 ETM+ at the time of the commissioning of Landsat-7. This process was performed in two iterations: the earlier one relied primarily on the TM internal calibrator. When this was found to have some deficiencies, a revised calibration was based more on pseudo-invariant sites, though the internal calibrator was still used to establish the short-term variations in response due to contaminant build up on the cold focal plane. As time progressed, a capability to monitor the Landsat-5 TM was added to the image assessment system. The Landsat-4 TM, which operated from 1982 to 1992, was the third system to which the radiometric scale was extended. The limited and broken use of the Landsat-4 TM made this analysis more difficult. Eight-day separated image pairs from Landsat-5 combined with analysis of pseudo invariant sites established this history. The fourth and most challenging effort was making the Landsat 1–5 Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) sensors'' data internally radiometrically consistent. This effort was particularly complicated by the age of the MSS data, varying formats and processing levels in the archive, limited datasets, and limited documentation available. Ultimately, pseudo-invariant sites were identified in North America and used for this effort. Note that most of the Landsat MSS archived data had already been calibrated using the MSS internal calibrators, so this processing was embedded in the result. The final effort was developing an absolute scale for Landsat MSS similar to what was already established for the “TM” sensors. This was accomplished by using simultaneous data from Landsat-5 MSS and Landsat-5 TM, accounting for spectral differences between the sensors using EO-1 Hyperion data. The recalibrated history of the Landsat data and implications to users are discussed. The key result from this work is a consistently calibrated Landsat data archive that spans nearly 40years with total uncertainties on the order of 10% or less for most sensors and bands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The process of deforestation in the Central Development Region (CDR) of Nepal is diverse in space and time, with rapid deforestation still occurring in areas outside the national parks and wildlife reserves. This paper identifies the spatial driving forces (SDFs) of deforestation in the CDR for 1975–2000 using satellite data of 1975 (MSS), 1990 (TM), and 2000 (ETM+) along with socio-demographic and socioeconomic variables. Radiometrically calibrated satellite images are individually classified into seven distinct classes and merged together to cover the entire CDR. Classification accuracies are also assessed. Areas of land use and cover within the areas of each Village Development Committee (VDC) and municipality represented by GIS polygons are calculated from the classified images by overlaying vector files of 1845 polygons representing sections of VDCs and municipalities in 30–1199m, 1200–2399m, 2400–4999m and >5000m elevation levels. These elevation levels were estimated from the DEM compiled from 24 ASTER scenes taken on different dates. Only the first three elevation levels are used in the analysis because area >5000m is under permanent snow cover where human related forestry activities are almost negligible. A transition matrix is generated for 1975–1990 using classified images of 1975 and 1990 and then this product is used to further develop another transition matrix for 1990–2000 with the classified ETM+ 2000 images as the final stage. The GIS polygon layer is overlaid on the transition matrices to calculate deforestation areas for 1975–1990 and 1990–2000. Biophysical and socioeconomic information collected from various sources is then brought into a GIS platform for statistical analyses. Six linear regression models are estimated using SAS; in effect, two models for each elevation range representing the 1975–1990 and 1990–2000 periods of change to identify SDF influences on deforestation. These regression analyses reveal that deforestation in the CDR is related to multiple factors, such as farming population, genders of various ages, migration, elevation, road, distance from road to forest, meandering and erosion of river, and most importantly the conversion of forest land into farmland. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Interference scenarios and a methodology between mobile-satellite service (MSS) system and terrestrial mobile service (MS) system in a co-frequency environment are established. Taking into account a practical deployment situation for both systems, computational simulation of interference in terms of the percentage increase in equivalent satellite link noise temperature (ΔT/T) and the ratio of carrier power to interference power (C/I) is performed to evaluate the co-frequency interference from the MS system into the MSS system. The methodology and results could be used for planning an MSS deployment without an unacceptable interference impact from MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Molten salt synthesis (MSS) is an effective method to prepare anisotropic shaped single crystals. In this study strontium titanate (SrTiO3) (ST) platelet crystals were successfully synthesized based on Sr3Ti2O7 (S3T2) platelet precursor in MSS process. The objective is to identify the formation mechanism of SrTiO3 platelet crystals based on Sr3Ti2O7 platelet precursor. During the synthesis process of Sr3Ti2O7 and SrTiO3 crystals, the final sizes are strongly influenced by the sorts of alkali chloride medium. Sr3Ti2O7 and SrTiO3 crystals with 30–50μm in edge length and ∼2μm in thickness are obtained in KCl medium. The conversion of SrTiO3 platelet crystals from Sr3Ti2O7 platelet precursor is a topochemical process, including diffusion of Sr and O atoms, and reconstruction of SrTiO3 blocks. In the topochemical process, TiO2 is the driving force of diffusion of Sr and O atoms from Srn Sr3Ti2O7, which reacts with dissociative Sr2+ and O2− to form SrTiO3 in different positions: deposited at interior pores and surface of Sr3Ti2O7, and dispersed in molten salt medium. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study was conducted to determine the time course of gene expression associated with specific signaling pathways in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells after exposure to 2 concentrations of 2R4F tobacco mainstream smoke (MSS). Expression of 84 genes representing 18 signal transduction pathways was quantitated in MSS- and air-exposed cultures using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays at 1, 4, and 24 hours following exposure. A confidence score, calculated based on statistical analysis of the degree and reproducibility of expression changes, was used to identify potential biologically significant changes in gene expression. Stimulation of NIAP, an apoptosis inhibitor, suppression of NFKB1 and MYC, representing pro-apoptotic activity, and down-regulation of TCF7 and up-regulation of KLK2, representing anti-/pro-inflammatory responses, were altered 1 hour after exposure to the high concentration of MSS. At the 4-hour time point, the pattern had changed such that 10 different genes were now up-regulated and an additional gene was now down-regulated. Significant changes included genes involved in inflammatory response (LTA, SELPLG, and IL8), repair and wound-healing activity (MMP10), and growth activity (GREB1, EGR1), suggesting repair in this period. By 24 hours, the only up-regulated genes in common with the 4-hour profile were SELPLG and IL8, suggesting continued inflammatory signaling. These results suggest that identification of specific gene expression-based biomarkers of MSS toxicity is promising for investigating specific mechanisms of cellular damage. As expected, the expressed signals were dependent on the concentration of MSS and the postexposure times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune responses to cancer are highly variable, with mismatch repair-deficient (MMRd) tumors exhibiting more anti-tumor immunity than mismatch repair-proficient (MMRp) tumors. To understand the rules governing these varied responses, we transcriptionally profiled 371,223 cells from colorectal tumors and adjacent normal tissues of 28 MMRp and 34 MMRd individuals. Analysis of 88 cell subsets and their 204 associated gene expression programs revealed extensive transcriptional and spatial remodeling across tumors. To discover hubs of interacting malignant and immune cells, we identified expression programs in different cell types that co-varied across tumors from affected individuals and used spatial profiling to localize coordinated programs. We discovered a myeloid cell-attracting hub at the tumor-luminal interface associated with tissue damage and an MMRd-enriched immune hub within the tumor, with activated T cells together with malignant and myeloid cells expressing T cell-attracting chemokines. By identifying interacting cellular programs, we reveal the logic underlying spatially organized immune-malignant cell networks. [Display omitted] • A scRNA-seq study reveals shared and distinct features of human MMRd and MMRp CRC • Co-variation of single-cell transcriptional programs across specimens predicts immune hubs • A myeloid-rich inflammatory hub is identified below the colonic lumen in human CRC • CXCR3-ligand+ cells form foci with activated T cells in human MMRd CRC Single-cell transcriptomics-based co-variation analysis of human colorectal cancer identifies a spatially resolved myeloid-rich inflammatory hub that is shared by mismatch repair-deficient (MMRd) and mismatch repair-proficient (MMRp) tumors and CXCR3-ligand+ multicellular foci distinct for MMRd tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Georeferencing a kinematic Multi-Sensor-System (MSS) within crowded areas, such as inner-cities, is a challenging task that should be conducted in the most reliable way possible. In such areas, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data either contain inevitable errors or are not continuously available. Regardless of the environmental conditions, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is always subject to drifting, and therefore it cannot be fully trusted over time. Consequently, suitable filtering techniques are required that can compensate for such possible deficits and subsequently improve the georeferencing results. Sometimes it is also possible to improve the filter quality by engaging additional complementary information. This information could be taken from the surrounding environment of the MSS, which usually appears in the form of geometrical constraints. Since it is possible to have a high amount of such information in an environment of interest, their consideration could lead to an inefficient filtering procedure. Hence, suitable methodologies are necessary to be extended to the filtering framework to increase the efficiency while preserving the filter quality. In the current paper, we propose a Dual State Iterated Extended Kalman Filter (DSIEKF) that can efficiently georeference a MSS by taking into account additional geometrical information. The proposed methodology is based on implicit measurement equations and nonlinear geometrical constraints, which are applied to a real case scenario to further evaluate its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the control, data acquisition, data analysis and remote participation facilities of the Large Helical Device (LHD), which is designed to confine the plasma in steady state. In LHD the plasma duration exceeds 3000s by controlling the plasma position, the density and the ICRF heating. The “LABCOM” data acquisition system takes both the short-pulse and the steady-state data. A two-layer Mass Storage System with RAIDs and Blu-ray Disk jukeboxes in a storage area network has been developed to increase capacity of storage. The steady-state data can be monitored with a Web browser in real time. A high-level data analysis system with Web interfaces is being developed in order to provide easier usage of LHD data and large FORTRAN codes in a supercomputer. A virtual laboratory system for the Japanese fusion community has been developed with Multi-protocol Label Switching Virtual Private Network Technology. Collaborators at remote sites can join the LHD experiment or use the NIFS supercomputer system as if they were working in the LHD control room. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Statewide Landcover and Trees Study (SLATS) use both Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-5 TM imagery to monitor short-term woody vegetation changes throughout Queensland, Australia. In order to analyse more subtle long-term vegetation change, time-based trends resulting from artefacts introduced by the sensor system must be removed. In this study, a reflectance-based vicarious calibration approach using high-reflectance, pseudo-invariant targets in western Queensland was developed. This calibration procedure was used to test the existing calibration models for ETM+ and TM, and develop a consistent operational calibration procedure which provides calibration information for the MSS sensors. Ground based data, sensor spectral response functions and atmospheric variables were used as input to MODTRAN radiative transfer code to estimate top-of-atmosphere radiance. The estimated gains for Landsat-7 ETM+ (1999–2003),-5 TM (1987–2004),-5 MSS (1984–1993) and-2 MSS (1979–1982) are presented. Results confirm the stability and accuracy of the ETM+ calibration, and the suitability of this data as a radiometric standard for cross-calibration with TM. Vicarious data support the use of the existing TM calibration model for the red and two shortwave-infrared bands. However, alternative models for blue, green and near-infrared bands are presented. The models proposed differ most noticeably at dates prior to 1995, with differences in estimated gains of up to 9. 7%, 10. 8% and 6. 9% for the blue, green and near-infrared bands respectively. Vicarious gains for Landsat-2 MSS and Landsat-5 MSS are presented and are compared with those applied by the on-board calibration system. Updated calibration coefficients to scale MSS data to the SLATS vicarious measurements are given. The removal of time based calibration trends in the SLATS data archive will enable the measurement of vegetation changes over the 26 year period covered by Landsat-2,-5 and-7. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]