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(1) Background: The European Union Driver License Committee recently developed a questionnaire as a screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), named the European Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening (EUROSAS) questionnaire for drivers. The aim of the current study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of the EUROSAS to predict risk of OSA in professional male drivers. (2) Methods: Fifty-eight drivers were included in the current study. All participants were asked to fill out the EUROSAS before an overnight polysomnography (PSG) in the hospital. OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 5 events/hour on the PSG. (3) Results: Out of 58 participants, the EUROSAS correctly identified 39 (67.2%) cases as having high-risk OSA and one patient as having low-risk OSA, using AHI ≥ 5 events/h. The results indicated that the EUROSAS has a sensitivity of 67.2%, a specificity of 33.3%, a positive predictive value of 94.8%, and a negative predictive value of 5.2%. Similar results were obtained using AHI cut-offs of 15 and 30 events/h. (4) Conclusions: The EUROSAS provides a moderate level of accuracy for the screening of OSA in the professional male drivers. It seems that the diagnostic performance of the EUROSAS is not promising as an alternative questionnaire to identify professional drivers with OSA, probably due to participant response bias. Despite its limited evidence, the EUROSAS might have potential as a clinical screening tool in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We conducted a systematic review on the topic of road traffic suicides. • 51 studies were identified and their content summarized in 12 topic areas. • We concluded that road traffic suicides are not a well-researched phenomenon. • The prevalence and consequences of this method, together with who uses it and why, deserve more research attention. • More efforts are needed to develop potential preventive measures for this suicide method. Suicide on the road network is a recognized suicide method. We conducted a systematic review with the main aim of summarizing the existing research literature on road traffic suicides covering all road users who attempt or die by suicide in road traffic. A secondary and more specific aim was to examine the consequences for possible secondary participants. Our ultimate aim was to identify prevention measures. Relevant publications (N = 48) were identified in Medline , PsycInfo , Scopus , and Web of Science databases and supplemented with three studies from a personal database. We covered and discussed the following twelve topics: Countries where the data has been collected; Publication years – a historical overview; The main purpose of the studies; Data sources; How suicide was confirmed/defined (Differences between decisions by crash investigators and those of official forensic examinations); The proportion of suicides on roads; Types of crashes; The second party; Who dies by suicide in road traffic? (Age and gender, Mental health history, and Other background factors); Why people choose this method of suicide; The prevention of road suicides; An overview of issues regarding quality of studies. We conclude that road traffic suicides are not a well-researched phenomenon, especially concerning the reasons why people choose this specific method, the consequences for the possible second party, and specific preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• On-road study of level 2 automated driving experience and attention of novice users. • Automation reportedly made driving more enjoyable and less stressful. • Increasing inattention during automated driving over time. • Intentions to use and purchase automated systems were strongly predicted by the favorableness of the automated driving experience. • Pre-driving evaluations of automated systems but not trust appears to have shaped the favorableness of the driving experience. Introduction: An on-road study was conducted to examine the effects of level 2 automation on the stressfulness and enjoyment of driving and driving attention following prolonged usage. The study also examined the changes in the automated driving experience and attention over time as well as important predictors such as pre-driving trust in technology and attitudes toward automated systems. Method : Motorists who had never used automated systems drove a level 2 automation vehicle for a 6–8 week period. Results : Participants reported that the automated systems reduced the stress of driving and made traveling more enjoyable and relaxing. They also reported that the automation did not make traveling boring and take the fun out of driving. Participants indicated that their minds tended to wander when the automation was operating. The stressfulness of the automated driving experience decreased over time. Participants also reported feeling increasingly comfortable driving with the automation without monitoring it closely. The enjoyment and stress of automated driving is important because it shapes the willingness to use the automation and, hence, the safeness of driving. As expected, intentions to use and purchase automated systems were strongly predicted by the perceived favorableness of driving with the automation. Participants' pre-driving beliefs about automated systems, rather than their trust, appears to have shaped their experiences with the automation. Practical Applications : Although some of the findings suggest that automated systems increase unsafe behavior by novice users, other facets of the surveys suggest that motorists are cognizant of the risks of automated driving and discreet in their usage of the automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel methodology for devising bike trajectory plans. In this approach, the entire trip is associated with a complex network or graph, where the nodes and edges correspond to potential trajectory segments. Utilizing the information collected from a bike-sharing system, the cost attributed to each segment is determined using the multinomial logistic regression (MLR) technique by analyzing its usage frequency and other user preferences. Consequently, segments with high usage and strong preferences entail lower costs, whereas those with limited use and weaker predilection assume higher costs. After assigning costs to all segments within the network, the subsequent step involves generating the trajectory with the lowest accumulated cost. Unlike other approaches, our method considers realistic conditions and user preferences without inconsistencies imposed by the techniques based on surveys. To validate the performance of the proposed method, a set of extensive experiments and case studies were conducted considering the urban model from downtown Guadalajara, Mexico. As a result, this approach improves the efficiency of the bike trajectory planning system by providing shorter and safer routes for both cyclists and motor vehicle drivers. Practical Applications: The proposed bicycle trajectory planning methodology, grounded in multinomial logistic regression, unfolds various practical applications. Beyond conventional distance-centric models, our approach, driven by user-generated data from bike-sharing systems, crafts tailored routes prioritizing safety and convenience. This breakthrough optimizes trajectories and strategically targets new cyclist adoption, fostering sustainable biking cultures. Successfully validated in the urban model of Guadalajara, Mexico, our methodology equips urban planners and policymakers with a powerful tool for designing trajectories that are not only shorter but also safer. The versatility of our method extends its applicability to diverse data sets, positioning it as a forward-thinking solution in the realm of efficient and sustainable urban transportation. Practitioners can harness its potential to reshape micromobility systems, aligning them with the evolving needs of urban mobility. It is a comprehensive framework for crafting user-centric, secure, and efficient biking experiences. Cities aspiring to enhance their micromobility infrastructure could find a blueprint for urban planners in our methodology, facilitating the creation of accessible, safe, and enjoyable biking environments. In summary, our method catalyzes a transformative shift in micromobility, prompting cities to prioritize the development of not just functional but delightful biking experiences, ultimately contributing to healthier, more sustainable urban living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the sociodemographic and psychological profiles of drivers with a history of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), following the contextual-mediated model of crash involvement, and trying to define similarities and differences with drivers without MVCs. Although road trauma prevention has become a central public health issue, the study of psychological determinants of MVCs does not have consistent results due to methodological and theoretical weaknesses. Three-hundred and forty-five active drivers (20% females) completed an extensive office-based fitness-to-drive evaluation including measures of cognition, personality, self-reported driving-related behaviors, attitudes, as well as computerized measures of driving performance. The Classification and Regression Tree method (CART) was used to identify discriminant predictors. The classification identified several relevant predictors; the personality trait of Discostraint (as a distal context variable; cut-point: 50 T points) and motor speed (as a proximal context variable; cut-point: 64 percentile ranks). The global classification model increased approximately 3 times the probability of identifying people with a history of MVC involvement, starting from an estimated prevalence of being involved in an MVC in a period of five years in the population of active drivers. Consistent with the 'contextual-mediated model of traffic accident involvement', the results of the present study suggest that road trauma analysis should focus on both distal and proximal driver-related factors by paying attention to their association in determining MVCs. These results represent a valuable source of knowledge for researchers and practitioners for preventing road trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is the deliberate act of ending a person's own life due to multifarious reasons. In the U.S., suicide is the 10th major cause of death. Nearly 45,000 people died by suicide in 2016 across the nation. It is anticipated that not all traffic crashes can be considered as accidents. Traffic crash related injuries are occasionally considered a means of suicide, and some crashes occur due to the suicidal attempts. These attempts can be made by operators of motor vehicles, jumpers into the pathway of trains, and pedestrians deliberately jumping into the vehicle trajectory. There are a handful of studies that have focused on traffic crashes (both railroad and roadway) related to suicidal incidents. This study aimed to explore the insights associated with suicide related traffic crashes (SRTCs) by collecting traffic data for seven years (2010–2016) from Louisiana. At first, exploratory data analysis was performed to examine the five Ws (who, what, why, when, and where) associated with SRTCs. Later, this study applied text network analysis, which was not performed in any of the previous studies, to provide additional contexts of these crashes. The findings of this study can shed lights on an unexplored arena of transportation safety research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the pragmatic roles that lexical choices play in understanding the communication between commercial motorists -taxi/bus drivers/conductors- and commuters in Lagos State, Nigeria. Using Jacob Mey's Pragmatic Act Theory, the study identified, categorised, and analysed commercial motorists' lexical choices and language use at various bus stops and motor parks in Lagos. One hundred and eight (108) lexical items were collected from recorded conversations between motorists and commuters. These lexical items were categorised into the following categoriality practs: Pre-boarding, Boarding, On-board, and Disembarking. Fifty-four (54) lexical items were randomly selected and transposed into writing for analysis. Adopting mixed methods of qualitative and quantitative data analysis, the sampled data were coded according to the number of practal functions identified in each categoriality pract, to follow the thread of a particular pract. Seventeen (17) practal functions, one from each categoriality practs, were randomly selected and analysed. On-board categoriality pract had eight (8) practal functions, which happened to be the highest, followed by Pre-boarding with five (5), Boarding with three (3), and Disembarking with one (1) practal function. Seven of the identified practal functions appeared under more than one categoriality practs, making the types of practal functions found in the study, ten. They are; informing, instructing, requesting, inquiring, urging, warning, appealing, felicitating, demanding, and complaining. The study revealed that the lexical choices, coinages, and linguistic extensions (shaperly, agbero, how far, one-chance) used by commercial motorists and passengers in Lagos are informed by the mixture of the indigenous language (Yoruba), Popular Nigerian English, and Pidgin English. The paper concludes that the pragmatic engagement of these choices displays the tact commercial motorists and passengers use in achieving effective communication among themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for the detection of behaviors indicative of reduced concentration levels among motor vehicle operators, leveraging multimodal image data. By integrating dedicated deep learning models, our approach systematically analyzes RGB images, depth maps, and thermal imagery to identify driver drowsiness and distraction signs. Our novel contribution includes utilizing state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) networks for effective feature extraction and classification across diverse distraction scenarios. Additionally, we explore various data fusion techniques, demonstrating their impact on improving detection accuracy. The significance of this work lies in its potential to enhance road safety by providing more reliable and efficient tools for the real-time monitoring of driver attentiveness, thereby reducing the risk of accidents caused by distraction and fatigue. The proposed methods are thoroughly evaluated using a multimodal benchmark dataset, with results showing their substantial capabilities leading to the development of safety-enhancing technologies for vehicular environments. The primary challenge addressed in this study is the detection of driver states not relying on the lighting conditions. Our solution employs multimodal data integration, encompassing RGB, thermal, and depth images, to ensure robust and accurate monitoring regardless of external lighting variations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eco-driving practice is a path to safer commercial motor vehicle operations. • The study uses safety-related events from 2,637 long-haul class 8 drivers in Canada. • Real-time feedback coach is efficient in eco-driving techniques by using an appropriate amount of engine. • Fuel-efficient techniques reduce 7% of hard-braking events and 4% of collisions for each unit increase in the ISAAC score. • Driver age and cruise control usage affect safety outcomes. Introduction: This study investigates the effect among commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers of the adoption of fuel-efficient driving techniques (commonly known as eco-driving) on the odds of being involved in safety-related events. Method: For 2,637 long-haul class 8 drivers employed by four carriers in Canada, information on driving style, total distance driven, and safety-related events like collisions, hard-braking, hard-turning, and stability control events were collected for each trip. Three carriers provided driving style-related data from the ISAAC instrument, which provides a score on a 0 to 100 scale that measures the degree to which a driver is using an appropriate amount of engine power according to driving conditions. The fourth carrier provided data on driving style characteristics, including fuel consumption, use of cruise control, and use of top gear. Depending on the carrier, information on speeding, driver age, and years of experience driving a commercial vehicle was also collected. Logit statistical models were developed to estimate the change in odds of a driver experiencing a safety-related event dependent on the measures of driving style. Results: A one-unit increase in the ISAAC score was associated with a 7%, 8%, 8%, and 4% reduction in the odds of having a hard-braking event, hard left-turn event, hard right-turn event, and collision, respectively. For the carrier not employing the ISAAC system, an increase of 10% in the time spent driving in top gear with steady speed near 100 km per hour (km/h) was associated with a substantial 34% decrease in stability control events. In addition, a year increase in the driver's age, as well as a 1% increase in the amount of time spent driving using cruise control, reduced the number of hard-braking events by 9% and 3%, respectively. Conclusion/Practical Applications: The adoption of fuel-efficient driving techniques enhances the safety of CMV drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of psychoactive substance abuse and association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Cannabinoid-Receptor 1 (CNR1) gene with chronic polysubstance use among the Nigerian male commercial vehicle drivers selected from the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. A-10-Panel Generic Multi Drug Urine Dip Card Test Kit was used in the study and four SNPs (rs2023239, rs806378, rs806379 and rs806381)in CNR1 were genotyped in 60 subjects (20 drivers from each ethnic group) by using Sequenom MassARRAY Genotyping System. The four target SNPs revealed the following genotypes namely rs2023239: CC (20%), CT (40%), TT (40%); rs806378: CC (100%); rs806379: AA (20%), AT (50%), TT (30%); rs806381: AA (50%), GA (50%) in cases among the Hausa drivers. However, among the Igbo drivers, the four target SNPs showed the following genotypes namely rs2023239: CC (20%), CT (40%), TT (40%); rs806378: CC (80%) CT (20%); rs806379: AA (10%), AT (50%), TT (40%) and rs806381: AA (30%), GA (70%) in cases. Additionally, the target SNPs also revealed the following genotypes namely rs2023239: CC (30%), CT (30%), TT (40%); rs806378: CC (90%), CT (10%); rs806379: AA (10%), AT (60%), TT (30%) and rs806381: AA (70%), GA (20%), GG (10%) in cases among the Yoruba drivers. The SNPs rs2023239, rs806378 and rs806381 were significantly linked with polysubstance and chronic cannabis use in the sample population (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) (p˂0.05). The SNP rs806379 associated significantly with polysubstance and chronic cannabis use in the Igbo drivers only (p˂0.05). Conclusively, this study provides probably the first data on the association of CNR1genetic polymorphism with chronic polysubstance use among Nigerian male commercial motor vehicle drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Teen drivers' crash involvement declined in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. • Aggressive and impaired driving were associated with teen driver severe injuries. • The presence of peer passengers reduced distraction in Florida teen drivers. Motor vehicle injuries and deaths among adolescents are a significant public health concern in need of persistent attention. During the COVID-19 pandemic, standard traffic safety procedures and policies, including driver licensing systems, were changed, but little is known about whether the changes affected crash outcomes among teen drivers. The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline of teen driver crash factors, including driver/passenger characteristics, vehicle types, roadway conditions, and crash levels. The study then sought to determine injury severity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using 2018–2021 Florida traffic crash data. For data analysis, a Mediation Model (MM), a type of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), was used to investigate the pathway impact among teen crash factors. In addition, temporal instability was explored to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the study period. Results indicate that impaired/aggressive driving (especially drug-related), non-restraint use, rural indicators, dark conditions, head-on collisions, and risky behaviors from other drivers (i.e., distraction and speeding) were statistically significant factors associated with teen driver severe injuries (p-value < 0.01). Further, the presence of peer passengers showed a positive impact by reducing distraction of teen drivers (p-value < 0.01), subsequently resulting in the decreased likelihood of teen drivers' contributing actions and severe injuries (p-value < 0.01). Regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of teen drivers involved in Florida traffic crashes in 2020 was reduced by about 22.6 percent compared to previous years. However, fatalities in teen crashes increased by approximately 17 percent during 2020–2021 compared to before COVID-19 (2018–2019). Further research is needed to identify the impacts of changed licensure policies during the COVID-19 pandemic on teen driver crash outcomes and to develop tailored intervention programs and licensing policies to prevent and reduce teen driver motor vehicle injuries and deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses a study that examines the impact of Department of Justice (DOJ) interventions on policing behavior and crime. Specifically, the study focuses on how neighboring law enforcement agencies in North Carolina responded to a DOJ investigation into civil rights violations by the Alamance County Sheriff's Office, which participated in the 287(g) program. The findings suggest that participating agencies were more likely to target Hispanic motorists at checkpoints once the investigation began. This study sheds light on how federal interventions can influence local policing practices, particularly in relation to racial profiling and immigration policy. [Extracted from the article]

The increase in population is accompanied by an increase in the number of vehicles. It is inevitable that the number of vehicle accidents will also increase, which can be caused by various factors. Driver factors reviewed in this study include socioeconomic characteristics, movement characteristics, accident characteristics, and driver behavior characteristics. the purpose of this study is to study the vehicle accident model using interviews and Driving Behavior questionnaires with a total of 307 motorist respondents who have experienced accidents. Driver factors reviewed in this study include socioeconomic characteristics, movement characteristics, accident characteristics, and driver behavior characteristics using interviews and Driving Behavior questionnaires with a total of 307 motorist respondents who have experienced accidents. This investigate used SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) with SmartPLS computer software. Two-wheeled vehicle accident modeling results Y = –0.234X1+0.153X3+ +ei2; R² = 0.102. The greatest influence occurs in the characteristics of driver behavior (X3), namely Ordinary Violation, and for four-wheeled vehicle accident modeling results, Y = –0.343X1+0.284X3+ei2; R² = 0.217. The greatest influence occurs in driver behavior characteristics (X3), namely Ordinary Violation. Ordinary Violation is defined as a deliberate deviation from the rule of law. Thus, from the research results, the most influential variable was the behavior of drivers who committed ordinary violations such as ignoring speed limits, breaking through intersections, and driving under the influence of alcohol. So, there needs to be collaboration between the police and related parties in tackling accidents and reducing the risk of traffic accidents, such as long as socialization or information through newspapers or electronic media to the public in Jayapura City regarding the importance of collective awareness of driving safety [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dockless bike sharing, also known as the shared bicycle industry, is booming, especially in China. Since cyclists are more vulnerable than motor vehicle drivers in traffic crashes, it is necessary to investigate shared bicycle traffic safety. Road network patterns and the proportion of different points of interest (POIs) are two critical macro-level factors influencing bicycle crashes. Therefore, it is necessary to consider bicycle traffic safety in road networks and land use policy in road traffic planning. This study investigated risk exposure, demographic data, proportion of different POIs, land use, road network features, and bicycle crashes in 124 census tracts in Beijing's Sixth Ring Road area. The betweenness centrality was calculated for the census tracts to classify the road network patterns. A negative binomial conditional autoregressive (NB-CAR) model was developed for bicycle total crashes, and bivariate negative binomial CAR (BNB-CAR) models were developed for bicycle single-vehicle (SV) and multi-vehicle (MV) crashes, property damage only (PDO) and injury crashes. The results show the following. 1) The BNB-CAR model had a better fit than the NB-CAR model. 2) The census tracts with parallel, mixed, and loops & lollipops patterns were associated with higher bicycle crash frequency than those with a grid pattern. The difference in the bicycle SV crash frequency between the mixed and loop & lollipop patterns was larger than that in the bicycle MV crash frequency. 3) Census tracts with higher proportions of POIs for subway and bus stations (T-POI) were associated with fewer bicycle crashes. 4) Census tracts with higher arterial proportions were associated with more injury crashes. This study provides a theoretical basis for formulating road network and land-use policies to ensure road traffic safety. • The relationship of road network patterns and points of interest to shared bicycle crashes were analyzed. • Betweenness centrality was utilized to classify road network patterns of census tracts. • A bivariate negative binomial CAR model was developed for shared bicycle single-vehicle, multi-vehicle, property damage only, and injury crashes. • Road network of grid pattern was the safest for shared bicycles compared with those of parallel, mixed, and loops & lollipops patterns. • Census tracts with higher proportions of POIs for subway and bus stations were associated with fewer bicycle crashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulnerable road users are the largest group of road accident victims in the world. At the same time, it should be noted that most road accidents are caused by the motor vehicle driver. An opportunity to increase the level of road safety is emergency braking systems installed in vehicles. Their task is to detect the risk of a collision with another object, issue a warning to the driver and, in the absence of reaction, perform emergency braking. The publication presents the results of research conducted by the Motor Transport Institute as part of the PEDICRASH project. As part of the work, a series of tests of the autonomous emergency braking system were carried out to check unusual but probable cases of events in which it should work. The tests were carried out in a closed area using a few selected models of popular passenger car brands. An additional data acquisition system and dummies imitating vulnerable road users: pedestrians and cyclists were used. The constructions represent the silhouette of an adult person and meet the requirements of the Euro NCAP AEB Protocol. The time of the collision at the time of issuing a warning to the driver was analyzed. Assuming that the vehicle was moving uniformly, the distance from the obstacle was calculated at the time of issuing the warning and after the driver's reaction time (0.7 s and 1 s were assumed) from this signal. The deceleration necessary to brake the vehicle was calculated and it was determined whether the driver would have a chance to brake the vehicle before a pedestrian or a cyclist in a given situation. For cases in which the driver would not be able to brake in time, the speed of the vehicle with which it would hit the vulnerable road users was calculated. Possible injuries and accident costs were then estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for creative solutions in real-time health monitoring has been highlighted by the rise in health-related incidents involving drivers of motor vehicles. It has led to the development of wearable technology that seamlessly integrates with the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to improve driver safety and healthcare responsiveness. The development of a revolutionary wearable technology system is presented in this study as an innovative approach to vehicle safety and healthcare. This system's real-time ability to track a driver's health is a significant development in guaranteeing driver safety and wellness. The study examines the hardware component's complex design and implementation, particularly concerning the printed circuit board (PCB) layout and electrical schematic. The gadget emphasizes wearability, robustness, affordability, and user-friendliness and is a shining example of valuable and effective medical technology. The research delves deeper into possible improvements for the system, like adding complex algorithms and a user-friendly interface. Enhancing user involvement and system intelligence hopes to maximize the system's potential for real-time health monitoring. The significance of this study in utilizing Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) technology is highlighted by its junction with multiple fields, including electronics, hardware engineering, human-computer interaction, and health informatics. This dissertation emphasizes the potential of wearable technology in bridging the gap between healthcare monitoring and vehicle safety by focusing on real-time health monitoring in the automotive context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Africa, 40% of traffic fatalities are pedestrians -- the highest proportion globally. Yet little is known about driver characteristics that are associated with unsafe driving in African countries. We aimed to explore associations between driving practices that endanger pedestrian safety and motorists' attitudes to the law (i.e. lawlessness and normlessness), controlling for sociodemographic and personality factors. We used the Response Time Method, based on Russell Fazio's attitude paradigm, to collect information about driver behaviours, attitudes, and personality traits among a sample of 440 motorists. Male gender was associated with unsafe driving, even when controlling for the effects of personality and attitudes to the law. Unsafe driving was also associated with four dimensions of motorists' personality, namely aggression, impulsivity, risk tolerance, and altruism, even when controlling for sociodemographic factors. Lawlessness (defined as a general disregard for the law) is also an important determinant of unsafe driving, even when controlling for sociodemographic and personality factors. These findings suggest that efforts to improve pedestrian safety in South Africa should focus on changing motorists' attitudes to the law. Significance: This study addresses pedestrian safety in the context of South Africa. The fact that 40% of traffic fatalities are pedestrians highlights the urgent need to understand the factors contributing to unsafe driving practices. The study delves into uncharted territory by examining driver characteristics associated with unsafe driving. Through exploring associations between driving practices that endanger pedestrian safety and motorists' attitudes to the law, this article provides valuable insights that can inform targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite proven effectiveness in reducing motorist crashes involving wildlife, systematic inclusion of wildlife-mitigation measures during highway planning and projects continues to vary by jurisdiction in the United States and Canada. Some agencies invest significant resources to reduce wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs), while others invest few or no resources. Various factors have been identified as relevant in explaining why some jurisdictions are more proactive than others in addressing WVCs. This analysis builds on existing literature by comparing select legal decisions in the United States and Canada regarding public authority liability for failures to remediate known WVC hot spots, with the goal of assessing the potential role of liability in creating incentives for government decision makers to systematically address motorist crashes involving animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of how the particular categories of children and youth are used within the instructional work of learning to drive. Using Membership Categorisation Analysis (MCA) and multimodal Conversation Analysis (CA) of a collection of cases drawn from 85 video-recorded driving lessons, we demonstrate how the participants treat children and youth as a category of traffic users whose main category predicate appears to be their expected unpredictability and carelessness, placing particularly high demands on drivers' awareness and caution. This is evident in in-event and post-event interactions about traffic encounters with children and youth, as well as in traffic contexts where they have not (yet) been spotted but their sudden appearance is anticipated. The results suggest that the institutional constructions of children and youth as a potential source of trouble prepare trainee drivers for unforeseen events and contingencies and shape their social stock of knowledge as future motorists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most conventional roadway pavements are not constructed at grades greater than 15% due to construction limitations and/or motor vehicle operator safety concerns; however, there are conditions, especially in the developing world, where roadways must be built at extremely steep longitudinal slopes. Currently, there are limited published design procedures for extremely steep concrete roadways, and little guidance on either the type, shape, or spacing of sliding restraint devices for these pavements. This paper presents an original design methodology for concrete roadways at slopes of 15–60% with integral concrete lug anchors to resist sliding where the design computes a sliding factor of safety of the earth pressure resistance developed by the lug anchors as compared to the downhill forces acting on the concrete pavement from gravity, vehicle loading and vehicle braking. A case study of a concrete roadway construction project, which uses the lug anchor design methodology with slopes of 23–58% and with limited right of way, is also presented. Many valuable lessons were learned during the construction of a roadway at such steep grades, including novel ways to transport and place fresh concrete and the fabrication of specialised equipment to screed and smooth concrete on a steep slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to tell an emotional history of car use through the genre of life-writing, a source whose use in historical mobility research has recently been advocated by Colin Pooley. It focuses on two diarists, Hugh Miller and Victor Klemperer, to uncover what automobility looked and felt like in interwar Britain and Germany, when modern mass motorisation was emerging. It highlights that experiences of automobility were heterogeneous and dependent on social position, combining the excitement and liberty popularly associated with interwar car use with the banal, frustrating and terrifying. Motorists like Miller and Klemperer felt conflicted about automobility and what it represented. Their inner ambivalence points to a unique emotional engagement with the car, which may help to explain its persistence in twentieth-century society and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cycling anger expressed partially mediates the direct effect of Trait anger on RCB. • A stronger direct effect of trait anger on risky cycling behaviour in 2020. • Women express less anger while cycling. • Women experience more anger while cycling. • Older cyclists tend to report less RCB. Although risky cycling behaviour (RCB) has been systematically linked with trip-related factors, no previous research has simultaneously investigated the influence of cycling frequency, car use frequency and trait anger on it. Further, the idea that cycling anger experiences and expressions might mediate the relations between these constructs represents an interesting causal chain to explore. The primary aim was to assess the relations between trait anger, cycling frequency and car use frequency as predictor variables, mediated by cycling anger experience and cycling anger expression on RCB among adult cyclists, while controlling for the effects of age and gender. A secondary aim was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cycling anger experience and cycling anger expression on RCB, by means of a descriptive comparison of two surveys gathered before and during the second COVID-19 lockdown. A total of 1,346 participants in 2019 ('before COVID-19 pandemic') and 1,241 participants in 2020 ('during lockdown') filled in an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of a Risky Cycling Behaviour (RCB) variable from the Cycling Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ), the Cycling Anger Scale (CAS), the Cycling Anger Expression Inventory (CAX) and the Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2). Because different participant samples were included in the 2019 and 2020 survey (independent observations), a two-group mediation model with cycling anger experience and expression as mediators was fitted. The results from the 2019 and the 2020 cohort are relatively similar with significant direct effects between trait anger and RCB. At both periods, an indirect effect between trait anger and RCB was present through CAX. As compared to men, women tend to report less anger expression (CAX) while cycling in traffic, but experience (CAS) more anger. A small negative association indicated that older participants tended to report less RCB than younger participants. Both in 2019 and 2020, cycling frequency and car frequency showed no or only small direct and indirect effects on RCB. When comparing the 2019 with the 2020 cohorts, we found a stronger direct effect of trait anger on risky cycling behaviour in 2020 and a stronger indirect effect of trait anger on RCB, through anger expression (CAX). These results underline the importance to teach cyclists to deal with their anger while cycling. Technics such as relaxation coping skills or a combination of relaxation and cognitive skills (mindfulness) were shown to be effective in cyclists and drivers of motor vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Intelligent Speed Assistance offers the opportunity to reduce speed related crashes. • Acceptability of fitting Intelligent Speed Assistance was high in users and non-users. • The ability to turn off and override the system was important to both groups of drivers. • General awareness and knowledge of specific in-car systems was low in UK drivers. • Addressing driver concerns and highlighting benefits may improve adoption. Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) is an in-car system that can help drivers to avoid speeding and therefore reduce crash frequency and severity. ISA systems that intervene to reduce vehicle speeds are increasingly available in new cars. Their efficacy in crash reduction will depend on the extent to which they are adopted and used by motorists. Increasing ISA use is therefore a promising new target for behaviour-change interventions seeking to reduce crash involvement. To provide context for intervention development, this study explored the beliefs and attitudes of 20 car drivers who have intervening ISA systems and 20 that do not. Thematic analysis of interview scripts generated five superordinate themes across both sets of drivers relating to: (1) safety, (2) driver control, (3) choice and enforcement, (4) driver identity and behaviour, and (5) enabling roll-out. ISA acceptability was generally high as long as driver choice around turning off and overriding the system was maintained. Drivers described a number of information needs relating to ISA: increased general awareness of ISA, provision of system-specific information for new ISA drivers and reassurances around non-ISA driver concerns (e.g., the responsiveness of the override and the speed control process). Many drivers indicated that ISA adoption would be facilitated by emphasising personal benefits (e.g., protecting driver licences, reduced insurance premiums, improved fuel efficiency, more relaxed driving) as well as safety advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road safety is a matter of paramount concern on a global scale, given the substantial loss of life and injury resulting from road accidents every year. This comprehensive study is dedicated to a meticulous examination of road safety awareness and responsible conduct among drivers and motorists in Zamboanga Peninsula, situated in the Philippines. The central aim of this research is to conduct a detailed evaluation of the current status of road safety awareness and the responsible behaviors of drivers and motorists within Zamboanga Peninsula. Our intention is to identify the pivotal factors that influence road safety awareness and to recognize the barriers obstructing the translation of this awareness into responsible road behavior. To accomplish this aim, the researchers have employed quantitative techniques. A meticulously structured questionnaire survey was administered to a diverse cohort of drivers and motorists, which facilitated the collection of multifaceted data encompassing demographics, the level of awareness regarding road safety regulations, and the determinants impacting their on-road conduct. The quantitative dataset underwent rigorous analysis employing an array of statistical methods, with the mean scores and ranking system employed to dissect the collected data. The outcomes of this comprehensive research endeavor unveil a myriad of critical insights. Foremost, a conspicuous gender disparity is evident among road users in Zamboanga Peninsula, with males constituting the majority. Intriguingly, a substantial proportion of drivers falls within the age bracket of 26-35, signifying the demographic significance of this cohort. On the aspect of road safety awareness, the study affirms the presence of a robust understanding of fundamental road safety principles, yet it highlights the imperative need for focused attention to areas such as overtaking rules and the usage of mobile phones during driving. The research points to inconsistent law enforcement and high levels of traffic congestion as the most influential factors contributing to deficiencies in road safety awareness. This comprehensive study serves to illuminate the complex road safety landscape in Zamboanga Peninsula. It underscores the compelling necessity for region-specific interventions that cater to the prevalent gender and age disparities among road users. Moreover, the research findings emphasize the pivotal roles of law enforcement, traffic management, education, and targeted awareness campaigns in the quest for an improved road safety scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building an effective distribution network is a significant advantage for any company. This is especially true for easily damaged or perishable items, where the length and speed of the transport, as well as the loading time, play a major role in maintaining quality. In this article, we examined the transport/distribution options for the creation of a vaccine distribution network in Hungary, which can meet strict rules. We took into account the driver's working hours, the maximum delivery time of the vaccine, the storage options of the county seats, and as a result we got the most efficient distribution plan of Hungary. To solve the problem, we use conventional-, greedy-, and heuristic algorithms, which were compiled by Excel and its SOLVER extension. This research was born from a TDK research and a continuation of a publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact of young drivers' motor vehicle crashes (MVC) is substantial, with young drivers constituting only 14% of the US population, but contributing to 30% of all fatal and nonfatal injuries due to MVCs and 35% ($25 billion) of the all medical and lost productivity costs. The current best-practice policy approach, Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) programs, are effective primarily by delaying licensure and restricting crash opportunity. There is a critical need for interventions that target families to complement GDL. Consequently, we will determine if a comprehensive parent-teen intervention, the Drivingly Program, reduces teens' risk for a police-reported MVC in the first 12 months of licensure. Drivingly is based on strong preliminary data and targets multiple risk and protective factors by delivering intervention content to teens, and their parents, at the learner and early independent licensing phases. Methods: Eligible participants are aged 16-17.33 years of age, have a learner's permit in Pennsylvania, have practiced no more than 10 h, and have at least one parent/caregiver supervising. Participants are recruited from the general community and through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Recruitment Enhancement Core. Teen-parent dyads are randomized 1:1 to Drivingly or usual practice control group. Drivingly participants receive access to an online curriculum which has 16 lessons for parents and 13 for teens and an online logbook; website usage is tracked. Parents receive two, brief, psychoeducational sessions with a trained health coach and teens receive an on-road driving intervention and feedback session after 4.5 months in the study and access to DriverZed, the AAA Foundation's online hazard training program. Teens complete surveys at baseline, 3 months post-baseline, at licensure, 3months post-licensure, 6 months post-licensure, and 12 months post-licensure. Parents complete surveys at baseline, 3 months post-baseline, and at teen licensure. The primary end-point is police-reported MVCs within the first 12 months of licensure; crash data are provided by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Discussion: Most evaluations of teen driver safety programs have significant methodological limitations including lack of random assignment, insufficient statistical power, and reliance on self-reported MVCs instead of police reports. Results will identify pragmatic and sustainable solutions for MVC prevention in adolescence. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT03639753. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community is now part of police organizations. Police must work in a law-breaking community that needs aid. The community supports and complains about the police, but most importantly, it evaluates their performance. PNP-approved permanent roadblocks must be handled by local uniformed personnel. Mobile checkpoints may be put up by other units with the local unit/station commander. The research will help the Cotabato City Police Office and all motor vehicle drivers entering the city enhance, maintain, and enforce the order to minimize unregistered, unlicensed, car-napped, and inebriated drivers. Cotabato City drivers and people will understand the need for police checks for safety. This study will help Cotabato City Police, drivers, and citizens. This research is quantitative, descriptive, and correlational. Studying Cotabato City police checkpoint dynamics requires organization due to many considerations. Cotabato City people are the study's key respondents. Citizens are stakeholders and direct beneficiaries of police checkpoints. Thus, they may assess their efficacy This research will sample purposively. The research methodology and data collection will include a letter to participants. Researchers may also use saturation to achieve a point when additional volunteers provide no new information. This extensive analysis of Cotabato City police checkpoint actions uses carefully prepared questions to collect specific information from respondents. Ethics guided our whole inquiry. Many conclusions may be drawn from this study. Major police roadblocks in Cotabato City increase security. Checkpoints detect contraband and security hazards, but they may be improved. Checkpoints prevent crime, terrorism, and administrative offenses. Aim to improve public safety and relations. Some ideas: Enhance Training. Police personnel should get continual Training on personal behavior, citizen rights, and professionalism, particularly in difficult circumstances. Increase checkpoint safety through investing in traffic management, road safety, and community safety response. Outreach, public knowledge, and checkpoint staff openness strengthen communitypolice relations--SOP review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue and sleepiness are complex bodily states associated with monotony as well as physical and cognitive impairment, accidents, injury, and illness. Moreover, these states are often characteristic of professional driving. However, most existing work has focused on motor vehicle drivers, and research examining train drivers remains limited. As such, the present study psychophysiologically examined monotonous driving, fatigue, and sleepiness in a group of passenger train drivers and a group of non-professional drivers. Sixty-three train drivers and thirty non-professional drivers participated in the present study, which captured 32-lead electroencephalogram (EEG) data during a monotonous driving task. Fatigue and sleepiness were self-evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Karolinksa Sleepiness Scale, and the Checklist of Individual Strength. Unexpectedly, fatigue and sleepiness scores did not significantly differ between the groups; however, train drivers generally scored lower than non-professional drivers, which may be indicative of individual and/or industry attempts to reduce fatigue. Across both groups, fatigue and sleepiness scores were negatively correlated with theta, alpha, and beta EEG variables clustered towards the fronto-central and temporal regions. Broadly, these associations may reflect a monotony-associated blunting of neural activity that is associated with a self-reported fatigue state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of road tolling is a topical subject, especially for developing countries who are being affected by paltry budgetary allocations towards highway infrastructure investment. The Zimbabwean Government took almost a decade before implementing road tolling. It was thus needful to come up with innovative, long-lasting solutions to address the financial constraints towards highway infrastructure investment hence the introduction of road tolling systems in Zimbabwe. To this effect, the study unpacks the drivers and the utility of road tolling in Zimbabwe. Through the usage of a case study research design which triangulates both the qualitative and quantitative methods, the study collected data using a survey questionnaire, document analysis and in-depth interviews with key informants. Data was analysed using the SPSS, content analysis and thematic analysis techniques. The results revealed that the dwindling budgetary allocations towards highway infrastructure investment, hyperinflation, and backlog in the maintenance and construction of trunk roads were the key factors that led the Zimbabwean Government to introduce road tolling. Additionally, the study highlighted that road tolling was introduced primarily to generate revenue for the construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance of highway infrastructure in Zimbabwe. Recommendations were made to enhance the adoption and operationalisation of road tolling systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to examine and analyze the many factors that contribute to the occurrence of automobile deaths within the Emfuleni Local Municipality. This study employed a hybrid analytics approach, employing a non-probability convenience sampling strategy. The researchers employed a descriptive study methodology to gather a sample of 168 participants, consisting of both traffic cops and motorists. The primary outcomes of the investigation revealed that road configuration, including small roads, hills, and sharp curves, was one of several influential elements in the occurrence of road traffic accidents (RTA). The dataset under analysis reveals that a substantial proportion of respondents possessing a standard 10/matric/grade 12 certificate had a higher level of agreement compared to those with a diploma/bachelor's degree about the primary responsibility of road layout in road traffic accidents (RTAs). The majority of participants identified stray or wild animals as a significant contributing cause to road accidents. Notably, female respondents and motorists residing in Emfuleni Municipality exhibited the highest level of agreement on this matter. Another significant contributing element was the presence of malfunctioning traffic signals, which was widely acknowledged as a causative factor in road collisions. The majority of respondents who possessed a standard 10/matric/grade 12 education exhibited the highest level of agreement. The results ultimately demonstrated that a majority of the participants concurred that a significant portion of the drivers and automobiles present on the road were not suitable for sharing the roads with other drivers, leading to the elevated occurrence of road traffic fatalities. The present circumstance necessitates prompt attention. Suggestions were proposed to provide assistance to the pertinent parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine traffic behavior at the selected unsignalized intersection and the development of right-turn motorists (RTM) by adopting the logistic regression method (LRM) and structural equation modelling (SEM). In the early stage of the study, we analyzed the traffic behavior focusing on traffic volume and turning volume at the field site. This study involves five unsignalized intersections (UI), and it observes three types of turning volume: right turn volume (RTV) from a minor road onto a major road, left turn volume (LTV) from a minor road onto a major road, and right turn volume (RTV) from a major road onto a minor road. Although the SEM approach is among the popular scientific analysis and wisely applied in various fields of study, there is less attention to traffic behavior and road safety. An SEM model was developed for right-turn motorists using 812 datasets was developed, and variables that influenced the decision of right-turn motorists (RTM) were identified. Among the six variables analyzed in this statistical model, we identified gap, motorcycle rider, conflict lane change, and the traffic signal to be significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates whether a motorist's choice over green cars (i.e., cars with featuring low C O 2 emissions) and non-green cars (i.e., cars featuring high C O 2 emissions) is efficient. To this end, we present a micro-founded model of motorist choice incorporating the impact of eco-incentives and taxation on C O 2 emissions. Subsequently, we implement data envelopment analysis on a large database of new cars registered in 2019 to evaluate efficiency. The results show that the motorist's optimal choice (green car) does not coincide with the efficient choice. Moreover, motorist choice is mainly guided by the high price of green cars. On average, the efficient choice coincides with cars that end up in the dark area (they do not benefit from eco-incentives and do not pay the pollution tax), being the cheapest, the lightest, the least powerful (low Kw) and petrol fuelled. On average, these elements pertain to Italian motorists with respect to their tastes; most importantly, their budgets do not go well with the high costs of green cars. • We present a model of motorists' optimal choice. • We verify if a motorist's optimal choice coincides with their efficient choice. • Eco-bonus is not sufficient because the optimal choice coincides with the efficient one. • We implement an efficiency analysis via data envelopment analysis. • Price is an important factor regarding the choice of the car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Motorist Disorientation Syndrome (MDS) is a term used to describe patients who primarily experience symptoms of dizziness/disorientation whilst in a motor car [21]. There is uncertainty about the relevance of vestibular dysfunction and whether this disorder could instead be a visually induced dizziness (VV) or part of a functional disorder similar to Persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD). OBJECTIVE: We present the largest case-series to date of patients whose main complaint is of illusions of movement of self/vehicle when driving, characterising features of this group. METHODS: 18 subjects underwent detailed clinical assessment including validated questionnaires. A subset of patients underwent vestibular function testing. RESULTS: Mean onset age was 42 years, with no gender preponderance. Mean symptom duration was 6.39 years and was significantly longer in women. 50% reported moderate or severe handicap. Vestibular abnormalities were found in 60% of subjects tested. There was no significant difference in VSS total score between those with MDS and vestibular migraine (p = 0.154) with both having higher scores than healthy controls (p = 0.002, 0.000 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: MDS represents consistent symptoms, with high symptom burden, comparable to vestibular migraine. Vestibular deficits were not a consistent feature and similarities to VV and PPPD exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores risk factors influencing the at-fault party in traffic accidents and analyzes their impact on traffic accident severity. Based on the traffic accident data of Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China, from 2018 to 2020, 19 attribute variables including road attributes, time attributes, environmental attributes, and characteristics of the at-fault parties with either full responsibility, primary responsibility, or equal responsibility of the traffic accidents were extracted and analyzed in conjunction with the built environment attributes, such as road network density and POI (points of interest) density at the sites of traffic accidents. Using the RF-SHAP method to determine the relative importance of risk factors influencing the severity of traffic accidents with either motor vehicles or vulnerable groups at-fault, the top ten risk factors influencing the severity of traffic accidents with vulnerable road users as the at-fault parties are: functional zone, density of shopping POI, density of services POI, cause of accident, travel mode, collision type, season, road type, age of driver, and physical isolation. Travel mode, season, and road speed limit are more important risk factors for traffic accidents, with motor vehicle drivers as the at-fault parties. The density of service POI and cause of the accident are less critical for traffic accidents with motor vehicle drivers than traffic accidents with vulnerable road users who are at-fault. Subsequently, the Apriori algorithm based on association rules is used to analyze the important causal factors of traffic accidents, so as to explore the influence mechanism of multiple causal factors and their implied strong association rules. Our results show that most combined factors are associated with the matched Service and Shopping POI features. This study provides valuable information on the perceived risk of fatal accidents and highlights the built environment's significant influence on fatal traffic accidents. Management strategies targeting the most typical combinations of accident risk factors are proposed for preventing fatalities and injuries in serious traffic accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]