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The article examines the role of insolvency practitioners in the corporate restructuring process amidst economic instability and dynamic changes. It highlights the primary tasks of an insolvency practitioner, such as developing a restructuring plan, negotiating with creditors, and overseeing the implementation of measures aimed at restoring the company's solvency. Particular attention is given to the contemporary problems and challenges faced by insolvency practitioners: legislative and regulatory issues, financial and economic problems, interactions with stakeholders, organizational and managerial issues, as well as ethical and moral challenges. It is established that researching these problems is critically important for improving the effectiveness of insolvency practitioners' activities and for developing appropriate regulatory and practical recommendations. This paper analyzes the legislative norms regulating the activities of insolvency practitioners. A review of changes in legal regulations and their impact on the activities of insolvency practitioners is conducted. Criteria for the effectiveness of insolvency practitioners' activities are determined. Successful cases of corporate rehabilitation and the factors influencing their effectiveness are analyzed. The methods and strategies of interaction between insolvency practitioners with creditors and debtors are examined. The problems and conflicts arising in the communication process and ways to resolve them are considered. Approaches to asset management, including the sale of property and cost optimization, are analyzed. Innovative methods of attracting investments and improving the financial condition of a company are discussed. The macroeconomic factors affecting rehabilitation procedures are analyzed. The impact of economic crises, tax policies, and financial regulation on the activities of insolvency practitioners is explored. Ethical standards and principles that insolvency practitioners must adhere to are assessed. Cases of ethical norm violations and their consequences are analyzed. The current trends and technological innovations impacting the activities of insolvency practitioners have been considered, namely: digitization of document management, process automation, analytical tools and big data, blockchain technology, smart contracts, and cybersecurity. Prospects for the development of rehabilitation procedures in the context of digitalization and the use of analytical tools are investiga ted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the role of the theory of «rules of recognition» by Oxford professor H.L.A. Hart in the contemporary theory of Anglo-American legal positivism, introduced by him in his central work «The Concept of Law» (1961), which has a significant influence on contemporary legal theory and philosophy. The authors reveal the content and meaning of the concept of «rules of recognition» as part of the secondary rules-«rules about rules» or «procedural rules» which determine the criteria for the validity of law along with the «rules of change» and the «rules of adjudication» in H.L.A. Hart’s terminology. The authors demonstrate the correlation with the «Grundnorm» of German legal philosophter H. Kelsen, which is more common in the Ukrainian legal theory, and which justifies the existence of constitutional norms as fundamental ones which determine the recognition of law by society and its individuals. The authors analyze the main positions of H.L.A. Hart’s followers-J. Raz, M. Kramer, B. Bix, S. Shapiro and others-regarding this theory and highlights the criticism of its individual provisions. The authors highlight how H.L.A. Hart tried to explain by the «rules of recognition» how law at the fundamental level is a matter of social convention (agreement between people inside the inhabited society), defending one of the components of legal positivism-the thesis of social fact (social sources of law thesis). The authors examine the interdependence between law and coercion by the State, the role of social practice in society’s subordination to law, the role of moral norms in the formation of law, in particular, the «rule of recognition», the correlation between the concepts of «rule of recognition» and «legal validity», and the problem of law enforcement by judges and governmental officials of the «rule of recognition». The authors summarize how H.L.A. Hart eliminates morality from the content of law in motivating judges and governmental officials to apply the rules of law, clarifies the position of legal positivism on the issue of the grounds for society’s submission to law, and demonstrates how the «empirical» theory of recognition prevails over the «analytical» theory, using R. Alexy terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the moral relativism theory, the current study proposes that individuals with indirect multicultural experiences may exhibit a "moral neutrality pattern" in complete moral judgments, that is, they may perceive others' immoral actions as less immoral and moral actions as less moral. In Study 1, using publicly available CGSS data and our large-scale survey, we found positive correlations between multicultural experiences and a tendency to express less blame for immoral behavior, and less praise for moral behavior. In Study 2, the behavioral results indicated that individuals with high multicultural experiences (HM) expressed less praise than those with low multicultural experiences (LM) for "slightly moral condition". The ERP time-domain results suggested that the HM group tended to exhibit lower LPP differential wave amplitudes than the LM group across different moral conditions (extremely immoral, slightly immoral, slightly moral, and extremely moral minus neutral moral conditions, respectively). Notably, the difference in LPP differential wave amplitude between the HM and LM groups was more pronounced for "slightly moral condition", starting from 500-700ms and continuing to 900-1100ms. Overall, this study provides preliminary behavioral and neural evidence for the moral neutrality pattern of individuals with multicultural experiences. This echoes the global concerns for ethics in today's globalization and enriches our understanding of the how individuals with indirect multicultural experiences form complete moral judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the current stage, the issue of bankruptcy of legal entities has been thoroughly worked out, has clearly defined and justified legal and economic mechanisms, works effectively not only in the world, but also in Ukraine. However, the issue of bankruptcy of individuals remains unresolved. The main problem is the ethical and psychological aspect of the bankruptcy procedure of an individual. Here there is a conflict of interests between the protection of the rights and freedoms of an individual as a citizen and the protection of the rights and interests of creditors. The article examines the good faith of the debtor in the bankruptcy procedure, focusing on legal and moral and psychological dimensions. The bankruptcy procedure is a complex process that affects both the legal position of the debtor and his psychological state. The good faith of the debtor is defined as a key principle that ensures the fairness and efficiency of bankruptcy procedures. The legislative framework that regulates the good faith of the debtor in Ukraine is analyzed, in particular the requirements for the behavior of the debtor at various stages of bankruptcy. The legal consequences of unscrupulous behavior are considered, such as the possibility of bankruptcy rejection or the imposition of additional sanctions. The moral and psychological dimension of good faith includes ethical norms and principles that influence the debtor’s decisions and his interaction with creditors and other interested parties. The psychological pressure experienced by the debtor during the bankruptcy procedure can affect his ability to act in good faith, so it is important to take this aspect into account when evaluating his behavior. The article also explores the socio-psychological consequences of bankruptcy, such as stigmatization and loss of reputation, which can affect the debtor’s integrity. Proposals are made to improve legislation to ensure greater transparency and fairness in bankruptcy procedures, as well as recommendations to support debtors on a psychological level. The changes proposed by the authors of the article will contribute to increasing the level of good faith of debtors, ensuring a fair and humane approach to solving bankruptcy problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal regime of martial law led not only to changes in the legislation of Ukraine, but also to the activation of self-regulation of economic entities, which covers their internal organizational activities. War changes the conditions for the ethical conduct of digital business and adds certain features that should be reflected in a formalized collection of moral principles of the company. Codes of ethics are one of the important means of self-regulation of business entities in the digital economy. The digital economy is associated with the global movement of goods and services, so companies pay enough attention to the development and promotion of ethical principles and the formation of a certain collection based on them - a code of ethics. The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of ethical codes in the field of the digital economy after the full-scale invasion of russia on the territory of Ukraine. It has been established that economic entities of the digital economy are obliged to take into account and enshrine in ethical codes the peculiarities of carrying out activities under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. At the same time, it is not enough to have only the formal consolidation of ethical principles in the relevant internal documents of the company, their practical implementation is mandatory. Adherence to the norms of international law (transnational public order) is the duty of a socially responsible civilized business, which should help to recognize the ethical norms of the company, taking into account the peculiarities of the state of war. It is important that companies take responsibility, and not wait for a ban from the state, which needs time to change the regulations. It has been proven that the ethical codes should undergo changes, with the obligatory fixing of provisions: the company does not cooperate with business entities of the aggressor state and with persons who support and cooperate with them; the company does not work in the aggressor state and states that are accomplices and support aggression. Such a position should be formed not only on the basis of legislative prohibitions, but in the case of a regulatory gap, the company’s policy should be revised in order to implement such an idea to achieve the goals of the rule of transnational public order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The better-than-average effect (BTAE) refers to the phenomenon where individuals perceive themselves as better than the average person. This effect has been independently examined in terms of social perception dimension and motivation. Additionally, no psychobehavioral traits have been found to be associated with the BTAE in the moral domain. However, the interactive effects of social perception dimension and motivation on the BTAE remain unclear, and its association with a broad range of psychobehavioral traits has not been extensively validated. In this study, we assess self-and average other-evaluations across four domains, based on two social perception dimensions and two motivations, to investigate their interactive effects on the BTAE (n = 678). We measured seven sets of psychobehavioral characteristics to examine their association with the BTAE, as well as self-and other-evaluations. Results indicated that the BTAE occurred only under negative moral conditions, while the worse-than-others effect was observed under two competence conditions. Furthermore, the BTAE was associated with only a few psychobehavioral characteristics in the moral domains, compared to many in the competence domains. Notably, both self-and other-evaluations were correlated with many trust-relevant characteristics in the moral domains. These findings suggest that sociocultural dynamics may influence the BTAE differently across various domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We integrate moral norms and stewardship identity into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict the use of non-lead ammunition in the California condor recovery zone of southwestern Utah. Data were collected from licensed hunters via an online survey. Structural equation models of the TPB without and with the moral norms and stewardship identity constructs were compared to evaluate the utility of integrating these constructs into the TPB. Moral norms did have a significant direct influence on hunters' behavioral intentions. Both moral norms and stewardship identity had significant indirect influences on behavioral intentions via the core constructs of the TPB. The inclusion of moral norms and stewardship identity into the TPB marginally improved model fit and predictive power. Managers can emphasize a moral obligation to use non-lead ammunition and tap into hunters' desire to steward the landscape and the hunting tradition in their communication and outreach efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Educational Philosophy and Educational Practice in Confucianism" delves into the central focus of pre-Qin Confucianism on human nature and its implications for educational philosophy. Confucius emphasized the innate similarity of human nature while highlighting the impact of postnatal factors on individual differences. The ethical teachings of Confucianism, particularly on benevolence, emphasize love for others as a fundamental virtue. Mencius further developed the concept of innate goodness in human nature, advocating for the nurturing of individuals' virtuous nature. Confucius's emphasis on rituals aimed at regulating behavior to maintain social order and harmony, with a focus on moral guidance rather than punishment. Xunzi, on the other hand, addressed the inherent evil within human nature and advocated for deliberate intervention through education to transform evil into goodness. [Extracted from the article]

Few studies focus on exploring the relationship between psychological factors and drivers' violation intention in the tunnel sections which feature several adverse characteristics like poor lighting and a monotonous driving environment. In this study, hierarchical multiple regression is adopted to test the predictive effect of the demographic parameters, standard theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs, and three additional constructs of moral norms, past behavior, and perceived stress to account for intentions to violate traffic rules while driving through road tunnels. In this study, three typical violations while driving inside tunnels including changing the lane, overtaking, and speeding are selected. A sample of drivers (N = 384; 50.3% are men and 49.7% women) were surveyed through a self-report questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses show that age appears to be the only significant predictor of violation intention among demographic parameters, and theory of planned behavior (TPB) components account for the majority of the variance in violation intention. In addition, moral norms show a negative significant relationship with violation intention while perceived stress is positively associated with violation intention. The findings could provide an important reference for the development of corresponding interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous environmental research used a general conceptualization of moral norms (e.g., it is my moral obligation to recycle) without specifying the exact moral underpinning of such a conceptualization. This analysis examined how five basic moral foundations (i.e., harm, fairness, ingroup loyalty, authority, and purity) were associated with Chinese residents' waste-sorting attitudes and intentions. This analysis used data from a cross-sectional online survey of 459 Chinese residents conducted in 2021. The results revealed that value-expressive attitudes were a fairly strong predictor of waste-sorting intentions, whereas attitudes about inconvenience and time were a weak predictor. Further analysis of direct and total relationships revealed that the moral foundations of ingroup loyalty and authority were the primary moral foundations for the Chinese participants; the effects were both direct and mediated by the value-expressive attitudes. Using detailed attitudinal and moral foundations can provide explanatory adequacy and specificity for environmental research and education efforts. Article Highlights: Value-expressive attitudes predicted Chinese participants' waste-sorting intentions Ingroup loyalty and authority were the primary moral values underlying Chinese waste-sorting intentions. The role of moral foundations/values and specific attitudes can vary by country and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of sacred values and fanaticism in relation to historical events and contemporary philosophical perspectives. It explores how individuals sacralize certain values, leading to devotion that can be inviolable, incontestable, and dialectically invulnerable. The text also delves into the risks of fanaticism associated with holding sacred values and suggests cultivating openness and flexibility in devotional attitudes to avoid fanaticism. The author raises critical questions about the worth and implications of adopting sacred values, prompting readers to reflect on the complexities of human devotional activity and its existential implications. [Extracted from the article]

Previous research investigated the impact of psychosocial predictors (e.g. attitude, social and moral norm, perceived behavioral control, intention) on sustainable clothing purchasing. To date, no studies considered whether proenvironmental self-identity moderates the effects of these predictors on behavior. In this study, we adopted an intrapersonal approach and a longitudinal design to assess the moderating role of proenvironmental self-identity in predicting intentions and behaviors, considering gender differences. 250 participants completed an initial questionnaire on the predictors of three sustainable clothing purchasing. A month later, they filled out a second questionnaire to self-assess these behaviors. The results showed that social and internalized norms (moral norms) were notably influential of participants' intentions. Affective attitude influenced behavior positively, while cognitive attitude had a negative influence. When considering the moderating role of proenvironmental self-identity, significant gender differences emerged. Women with a weak proenvironmental self-identity expressed a higher intention to purchase sustainable clothing when they had high affective attitudes and descriptive norm but low cognitive attitudes. Women with a strong proenvironmental self-identity intended to purchase sustainable clothing when they had high moral norms and cognitive attitudes but low descriptive norm. Man with a weak proenvironmental self-identity and high positive affective attitude increased their future SCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household waste segregation is crucial for better domestic waste management, successful material recovery programs, environmental pollution reduction, and the promotion of circular economies. While prevalent in developed nations, global adoption of household waste segregation is lacking, particularly evident in emerging economies where city authorities grapple with mounting volumes of mixed waste. Our study, conducted in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, surveyed 1,245 households using a multi-stage sampling technique. Employing structural equation modeling, we assessed how descriptive, injunctive, and moral norms influence individuals’ intention to segregate household waste, considering sociodemographic attributes and policy effectiveness. Findings underscore the significance of descriptive and moral norms, affirming their impact on pro-environmental behaviors. The study reiterates the influential role of education, age, and neighborhood characteristics in moderating these norms and recommends the implementation of persuasive policies, like waste-for-cash incentives, backed by logistical support, infrastructure, and public education to foster household waste segregation and elevate waste management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Truth-telling in health care is about providing patients with accurate information about their diagnoses and prognoses to enable them to make decisions that can benefit their overall health. Physicians worldwide, especially in the United Kingdom (U.K.) and the United States (U.S.), openly share such medical information. Bangladesh, however, is a Muslim-majority society with different social norms than Western societies. Therefore, we examined whether Muslim culture supports truth disclosure for patients, particularly how and to what extent medical information about life-threatening diseases is provided to patients in Bangladesh. Methods: This was a phenomenological qualitative study. We conducted thirty in-depth interviews with clinicians, nurses, patients and their relatives at Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We also used observations to explore interactions between patients, families and healthcare professionals regarding their involvement in medical decisions and truth disclosure issues. NVivo software was used to identify common themes, and a thematic analysis method was utilised to analyse the datasets. Results: This study identified three recurring themes relevant to the ethics and practice of truth disclosure: best interest rather than autonomy, the ambivalent value of deception and who understands what. The participants revealed that physicians often withhold fatal medical prognoses from terminally ill patients to ensure the best healthcare outcomes. The results indicate that deception towards patients is commonly accepted as a means of reducing burden and providing comfort. The participants opined that true medical information should be withheld from some patients, assuming that such disclosures may create a severe burden on them. Whether or to what extent medical information is disclosed primarily depends on a family's wishes and preferences. Conclusions: While truth disclosure to patients is considered an ethical norm in many cultures, such as in the U.K. and the U.S., the practice of concealing or partially revealing severe medical prognoses to patients is an actual medical practice in Bangladeshi society. This study emphasises the importance of recognising a patient's active involvement and respecting the cultural values that shape family involvement in medical decision-making. These findings may have significant policy and practical implications for promoting patient autonomy within Bangladeshi family dynamics and religious-based cultural values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breastfeeding intention is one of the strongest predictors of breastfeeding behavior and practice. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), with its main construct, behavioral intention, is useful to predict actual behavior. While the literature has examined the implications of other theoretical notions such as self-identity, moral norm, descriptive norm, and socio-demographic variables, their roles remain unclear. Similarly, research on ethnic and low-income mothers is even insufficient. Therefore, given the original TPB constructs, our goal was to examine the role of extra theoretical constructs and specific demographic variables, and observe whether the original model would alter. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out among 325 pregnant mothers in six purposively selected health care facilities of Kaski and Tanahu districts, using structured pro forma, from December 2018 to November 2019. We developed stepwise multivariate logistic regression from the entered and cleaned data, observed the effects on breastfeeding intention (BFI), and checked against multiple parameters. We interpreted the model with adjusted odds ratios and β coefficients, along with the variance explained. Results and discussions: Out of 325 pregnant women, more than half (54.8%) were primiparous, and the mean age was 25.1±5 years. All three theoretical constructs of TPB regressed the BFI significantly, with 10.7%, the breastfeeding attitude dominating (β = 0.734, p =.003), and the other two constructs—perceived breastfeeding control (β = 0.659, p =.011) and breastfeeding subjective norm (β = 0.504, p =.045). Interestingly, breastfeeding self-identity added further variance of 5.2% (β = 0.955, p <.001), followed by income, with 3.2% (β = 0.856, p =.001), both of which also tallied large effect sizes. The model parameters showed consistency and robustness. We discuss the variables of the theoretical and extended model for BFI as well as the arguments for the explained variance. Conclusion: Self-identity is a strong and independent predictor of breastfeeding intention and, therefore, should be considered to better prepare for breastfeeding, especially among ethnic pregnant mothers. The direct and intermediate effects of self-concept and income need further study with more robust designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we employed collaborative autoethnography to explore the experiences of ourselves as four Vietnamese PhD student mothers who crossed national borders in pursuit of further education and encountered multiple challenges along the way. Based on Bakhtin's theory of dialogism, we unpacked our experiences by presenting ongoing dialogues that influenced thoughts about our doctoral studies and mothering practices. On the one hand, we recounted our experiences of mother guilt, life–work balance and escalating tensions in the academic journeys and our constant struggle to conform to the moral norms bound by the political and cultural ideologies prescribed to Vietnamese women. At the same time, we displayed our resilience through our self-dialogues, which helped us counter the social norms to author our voices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Intention to use ST at T1 is the best predictor of STC at T2. • Time is the major barrier to using a sustainable alternative. • What predicts intention? Perceived behavioral control is the stronger predictor. • Responsibility's Ascription and Consequences'awareness affect STC via Moral Norm. • Social Norms affect STC through Perceived Behavioral Control. According to the European Environment Agency (European Environmental Agency, EEA, 2018), road transport is responsible for 72% of all transport-related greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union (EU), which accounts for 25% of total energy-related emissions (Eurostat, 2018). Thus, it is crucial to identify drivers and barriers to more sustainable transport behaviors. In this regard, the Norm Activation Model and Theory of Planned Behavior have often been used as conceptual frameworks for predicting such behaviors. The present study aimed to analyze the differential impact of both socio-psychological factors and persuasive messages sent through a Personalized Travel Plan (PTP) on Sustainable Transport Choices (STC). To reach this aim we administered a survey two times (T1: Oct./Dec. 2020; T2: March/May 2021) to 398 car users. Measures of constructs included in the Norm Activation Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior, such as behavioral intention, attitude, perceived behavioral control, beliefs, and personal and social norms, were detected. Participants were then exposed to a PTP built on feedback information regarding kilocalories, CO 2 emissions, cost, and time savings when using sustainable transport compared to driving a car. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis shows that intention to use sustainable transport in T1 is on one side directly predicted by personal norm, perceived behavioral control, and attitude, and on the other side emerged as the main predictor of sustainable travel choices in T2, together with kcal spent, whereas time was the major barrier. Implications and future developments are discussed in the light of the conceptual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articles in this issue of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy explore emerging technologies, medical innovations, and shifting moral norms, expanding present discussions around topics in bioethics both old and new. Some question whether novel definitions of death and harm change the moral permissibility of killing, particularly at the hands of a physician. Others question how increased or decreased abilities affect responsibility and achievement. Another illustrates how rhetorical appeals to character have been used to justify otherwise morally illicit actions within the clinic. Together, these articles shed new light on topics in the field of bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reputation systems promote cooperation in large-scale online markets for illegal goods. These so-called cryptomarkets operate on the Dark Web, where legal, social, and moral trust-building mechanisms are difficult to establish. However, for the reputation mechanism to be effective in promoting cooperation, traders have to leave feedback after completed transactions in the form of ratings and short texts. Here we investigate the motivational landscape of the reputation systems of three large cryptomarkets. We employ manual and automatic text mining methods to code 2 million feedback texts for a range of motives for leaving feedback. We find that next to self-regarding motives and reciprocity, moral norms (i.e. unconditional considerations for others' outcomes) drive traders' voluntary supply of information to reputation systems. Our results show how psychological mechanisms interact with organizational features of markets to provide a collective good that promotes mutually beneficial economic exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the demand for urban pocket parks near residential areas, posing new challenges for environmental governance. However, there is a lack of research on how to engage citizens in pocket-park governance to address both potential and unforeseen risks. This study combines social information processing theory with a norm activation model to develop a framework that identifies the shaping stages and influencing factors of citizens' intentions to participate in pocket-park governance. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling, this research analyzed the relationships among external factors, attitudes, moral norms, and intentions to participate based on 719 responses from an online survey targeting Chinese citizens in November and December 2023. Results indicate that health risks and pocket-park environmental quality positively affect perceived usefulness. Attitudes and moral norms are indeed important factors mediating the positive effect of the external environment on the intention to participate. The pathway of guiding citizens to participate in pocket-park governance is clarified, which helps bolster the resilience of urban green spaces and improve the quality of life of residents after public crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of tourists' eco-friendly consumption behavior, this study examines the effects of materialism and the cardinal variables in the norm activation model (NAM; i.e. awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, and moral norms) on tourists' green purchase behavior. Using an online structured questionnaire, useable data was collected from 405 tourists, and structural equation modeling in SmartPLS 3.0 was performed to examine the relationships. The results showed that materialism negatively affected awareness of consequences and moral norms but did not affect the ascription of responsibility. Interestingly, awareness of the consequences of environmental degradation did not significantly affect tourists' green purchase behavior. Further, moral norms mediated the effects of materialism on tourists' green purchase behavior. Thus, this study integrates materialism with the NAM and makes a novel contribution to adjoining literature on materialism and tourists' green consumption literature. The role of materialism as an external locus-of-control to NAM and to predict tourists' green consumption, along with subsequent managerial implications, are discussed further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries, flora, animals and agricultural land have all been harmed by the use of chemical pesticides in agriculture. Furthermore, the most common and significant occupational hazards that farmers confront include increased human mortality and morbidity as a result of the improper application of chemical pesticides. Using the research framework, the current study sought to investigate farmers' intentions to utilize green pesticides. Farmers in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu made up the population, which was chosen by random sampling. Of the variance in the intention to use green pesticides, 52.2 percent was explained by the constructs of moral norms, attitude and self-identity. Cues to action, motivation, perceived rewards and perceived susceptibility could account for 61.2 percent of the variation in intention. Local and regional gatherings for the exchange of information and technology are advised, as is the creation of infrastructure for the production and distribution of inputs. Additionally, farms should provide follow-up training programs and the media should highlight the importance of green pest management for the safety of agricultural crop producers and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morality of artificial intelligence (AI) has become a contentious topic in academic and public debates. We argue that AIs moral acceptance depends not only on its ability to accomplish a task in line with moral norms but also on the social status attributed to AI. Agent type (AI vs. computer program vs. human), gender, and organizational membership impact moral permissibility. In a factorial survey experiment, 578 participants rated the moral acceptability of agents performing a task (e.g., cancer diagnostics). We find that using AI is judged less morally acceptable than employing human agents. AI used in high-status organizations is judged more morally acceptable than in low-status organizations. No differences were found between computer programs and AI. Neither anthropomorphic nor gender framing had an effect. Thus, human agents in high-status organizations receive a moral surplus purely based on their structural position in a cultural status hierarchy regardless of their actual performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An emerging strand of research claims that blame is justified on the basis of its instrumental role in serving to ‘cultivate’ or ‘scaffold’ moral agency in those to whom it is directed. On these instrumentalist accounts, our actual collective responsiveness to moral considerations is largely explained by the scaffolding or cultivating force of blame as directed at us. We believe that there is some reason to be sceptical of the instrumental role assigned to blame on these accounts. This is because there is evidence from the psychology literature on prosocial behaviour and moral development that blame may be directly ineffective; it may be ineffective in inculcating moral norms in the children and young adults to whom it is directed. We concede that blame may have this proximate instrumental role in scaffolding moral behaviour in adults, however we believe that such accounts overlook what we think is likely the more central instrumental role of blame. This is the role blame plays in the moral ecology: the models, narratives, scripts, and cultural frameworks that we internalize. The most central instrumental role of blame, we claim, is to indirectly foster moral considerations responsive agency in third parties through modelling behaviour observed in the moral ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meteorological information and forecasts are of great importance to reduce agro-meteorological hazards. However, the gap between production and application of these forecasts is one of the most ambiguous issues of crop management at the farmers' level. In this regard, investigating the factors influencing Iranian farmers willingness to use meteorological information and predictions was selected as the main aim of the present study. To this end, an extended version of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was employed and modeled. The results revealed that attitude towards the use of meteorological information and predictions, subjective norms in the use of meteorological information and predictions, perceived behavioral control and self-identity in the use of meteorological information and prediction, and moral norm variables regarding the use of meteorological information and predictions positively and significantly affected willingness to use meteorological information and predictions. These variables could account for 46% of willingness to use meteorological information and predictions variance. According to the results, it was suggested that by creating multimedia programs, the agricultural community become aware of the benefits and consequences of using meteorological information in their activities. Furthermore, it was recommended that social cooperation and research groups be formed on the use of meteorological information in agricultural activities. This can contribute to examine the various dimensions (strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities) of using meteorological information from a collective perspective. Making a social decision in this regard can have a profound effect on a person's subjective norms and dramatically increase the speed of using meteorological information. The results of this study can help policymakers and decision-makers in the field of agriculture to design suitable intervention programs for the effective use of meteorological information by farmers. Also, the results of this study help farmers to effectively reduce the impacts of meteorological hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on exploring the concept of progress in constitutional interpretation and legal thought. Topics include contrasting historical and modern beliefs about moral progress, examining the role of social learning in understanding progress without a theological basis, and discussing how this understanding influences current constitutional practices, including "living constitutionalism."

Digital technologies are making their mark in medicine, and especially also in art therapy, offering innovative therapeutic interventions for patients, including those with melanoma skin cancer. However, the integration of novel technologies, such as AI-generated art, brings along ethical, psychological, and technical challenges that are viewed differently among therapists. We aim to gauge art therapists' views on the ethical, application, and challenge facets of utilizing AI-generated art from medical images in therapy. The focus is on assessing its applicability and limitations for melanoma patients. Art therapists were surveyed via a questionnaire focusing on their experience, digital tool familiarity, and views on AI in therapy, encompassing ethics, benefits, challenges, and applicability for melanoma. Art therapists have already implemented digital technologies and acknowledged potential therapeutic benefits of creating personalized artworks with generative artificial intelligence. Attention needs to be given to technological hurdles and the necessity for supplementary interventions. Views on the method's adaptability varied, underscoring a need for tailored, patient-focused applications. Art therapists are welcoming AI-generated art as a promising creative therapeutic tool and acknowledge potential therapeutic benefits. There are ethical, technical, and psychological challenges that must be addressed for application in therapeutic sessions. Therapists should navigate AI integration with sensitivity, adhering to ethical norms around consent and privacy. Future studies should show the therapeutic benefit in practice with emphasis on equipping therapists to manage the technical complexities effectively. Furthermore, it is important to ensure that patients can influence the AI output, allowing for creative moments in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of empathy is an intersubjective process of feeling and a particular form of intentionality. Moral empathy refers to a type of empathy that can trigger moral action, with the embodied intersubjectivity laying the foundation for its emergence. This paper attempts to propose a comprehensive theoretical model of moral empathy from the perspective of intersubjective phenomenology, which includes the following. (1) The moral dimension of perceptual empathy: at the subpersonal, unconscious, and perceptual–motor level, embodied empathic practices are essential for the formation of moral consciousness and the emergence of moral empathy. (2) The moral dimension of situational empathy: following the development of shared attention mechanisms, children can direct towards the intentional objects of others through embodied situational cues to perceive the psychological state of others and generate the moral empathy of "ought", leading to dyadic morality that promotes cooperative behavior. (3) The moral dimension of narrative empathy: the narrative practices of moral empathy refer to the processes by which children could perceive and understand the moral situation of characters within an embodied narrative structure, subsequently generate prosocial motives such as empathic concern, and then accept the "objective" moral norms of the group consciousness embedded in the narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extant research on misinformation correction largely emphasizes institutional-approach-based fact-checking practices while underestimating laypeople's potential to correct misinformation. By incorporating anticipated negative emotions into a norm-activation model and conducting an online survey in China, we scrutinized associations between awareness of misinformation consequences, personal moral norms, anticipated negative emotions, and laypeople's intention to correct misinformation. The results underscored the distinct roles of personal moral norms and anticipated negative emotions. Moral norms, which were induced by ascription of responsibility, can further propel individuals' intent to defy and authenticate misinformation, whereas the anticipated negative emotions of misinformation did not play any of such role. Our study revealed a prospective mechanism for engaging laypeople in combating misinformation, signifying the importance of enhancing laypeople's sense of responsibility toward misinformation and the crucial mediating effects of moral norms on intentions to correct misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) is used to understand and explain aberrant driving behaviors. • TPB does not cover all aspects of human behaviors. • TPB will be extended by additional constructs to have a more understanding of human behaviors. • Descriptive norms, moral norms and past behavior will improve the predictability of the TPB. Introduction : Despite deployed efforts to establish strict road safety standards, human factors is still the leading cause of road crashes. To identify determinants of driver's behavior, TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) is widely used as a prominent theory of behavior change. However, the existence of different aberrant driving behaviors (decision errors, recognition errors, violations, and physical condition related errors) and several studies using TPB to understand driving behavior, makes it important to conduct a literature review and a meta -analysis of existing studies to use their results in effective driving behavior change interventions. Method: The selection process provided 125 relevant studies that were published between 1991 and 2022, and that used TPB for the understanding of aberrant driving behavior. Five fundamental research questions were defined to identify information to be discovered from the literature review and from the meta -analysis. Results: In addition to the standard TPB constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), past behavior, moral norms, and descriptive norms were used in studies for a more comprehensive understanding of aberrant driving intention. This analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between aberrant driving intentions and past behavior. Also, moral norms construct was correlated with violations and recognition errors, whereas descriptive norms construct was correlated just with recognition errors. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the strength of TPB in the prediction of aberrant driving intention and its potential effectiveness to guide interventions aimed at changing aberrant driving behaviors. The study contributes to the comprehension of the relevant psychological factors influencing the engagement of drivers in each category of aberrant driving behaviors. Practical Applications : Researchers can use the results of this study to select the relevant psychological factors adapted to their interventions of driving behavior change. The results of the meta -analysis can also be used in the prediction of driver's intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the existence and applicability of social norms in everyday life. It explores the question of why individuals are bound by social norms and why they ought to follow them. The author examines different theories, such as internalism and externalism, to explain the normativity of social norms. The article also discusses the ability of individuals to criticize social norms and proposes an artisanal model of social normativity that explains the existence of critical selves. However, the article points out limitations in the model's ability to explain criticism of whole kinds of activities, criticism by non-experts, criticism in the context of transmission of techniques, and criticism in terms other than excellence. Overall, the article provides valuable insights into the nature and critique of social norms. [Extracted from the article]

This research adopted the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict intention and behavior to avoid food waste. In a pilot study, behavioral, normative, and control beliefs were identified. In the main study, a TPB model extended with descriptive and moral norms was assessed using a two-wave design and applying SEM. The associations between beliefs and TPB constructs were analyzed by MIMIC models. Attitude, descriptive and moral norms, and perceived behavioral control were associated with intention to avoid food waste, which predicted behavior. Considering the most important beliefs in forming intentions has important implications for designing food waste prevention interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: MSMEs dominate the Indonesian economy. The growth of MSMEs shows that the number of MSMEs is quite large and continues to increase every year, thus indicating that MSMEs may be able to generate tax revenue. Semarang City is no exception. However, the problem is that MSMEs still view taxes as a burden that must be minimized and there is a lack of supervision from the tax authorities. Purpose: The aim of the research is to determine the influence of personal norms and tax compliance intentions on tax compliance behavior in MSMEs for processed agricultural products in Semarang City. Design/methodology/approach: The researcher used TPB. The idea that social and moral norms originate from subjective norms is examined in this study. Social norms focus more on providing social expectations and often aim to maintain harmony in a group or society, originate from society or social groups, and are often taught or enforced through socialization, social supervision, and social sanctions. Moral norms focus on behavior that is considered right or wrong from a moral or ethical perspective, are often related to a sense of personal responsibility or justice, originate from internal values, ethics, religion, or philosophy believed by the individual, and can vary from one individual to another, although they are often also influenced by certain religious or philosophical teachings. Three variables personal norms, intentions, and behavior, were used in this study. The questionnaires were given to UMKM taxpayers for processed agricultural products in Semarang City, totaling 120 respondents. PLS- SEM was used for the analysis. Findings/Result: The first hypothesis is that personal norms have an impact on intentions. The second hypothesis is accepted which shows that tax compliance intentions have a positive and significant influence on tax compliance behavior. The Influence of Personal Norms on Intention where the statistical value for the personal norm and intention variables are respectively, the P value is 0.000 < 0.050 and the T statistic value is 7.706 > 1.96 so that the hypothesis is accepted. The Influence of Intention on Behavior, where the P value is 0.002 < 0.050 and the T statistic value is 3.117 > 1.96 so that the hypothesis is accepted. The Influence of Personal Norms on Behavior, where the P value is 0.000 < 0.050 and the T statistic value is 4.010 > 1.96 so that the third hypothesis - namely, that personal norms have a major impact on behavior is accepted. The Influence of Intention on Behavior where the P value is 0.002 < 0.050 and the T statistic value is 3.117 > 1.96 so that the hypothesis of intention has a major impact on behavior is accepted by the test. Conclusion: The behavior is very positively influenced by personal norms and the intention to comply with taxes in MSMEs for processed agricultural products in the city of Semarang. The implications are: The Importance of Tax Education and Counseling, The Role of Moral and Ethical Values in Tax Compliance, The Influence of the Social Environment, The Need to Improve the Perception of Ease in Paying Taxes. Originality/value (State of the art): Originality/value of this research is that this research highlights the importance of education and counseling about taxes for MSMEs, as well as the need for policies that support and facilitate the taxation process for this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Item response theory (IRT) is a modern psychometric framework for estimating respondents' latent traits (e.g., ability, attitude, and personality) based on their responses to a set of questions in psychological tests. The current study adopted an item response tree (IRTree) method, which combines the tree model with IRT models for handling the sequential process of responding to a test item, to score individual moral inclination for the CNI test—a broadly adopted model for examining humans' moral decision-making with three parameters generated: sensitivity to moral norms, sensitivity to consequences, and inaction preference. Compared to previous models for the CNI test, the resulting EIRTree-CNI Model is able to generate individual scores without increasing the number of items (thus, less subject fatigue or compromised response quality) or employing a post hoc approach that is deemed statistically suboptimal. The model fits the data well, and the subsequent test also supported the concurrent validity and the predictive validity of the model. Limitations are discussed further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since heating-related energy consumption is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions and accounts for a large part of domestic energy use in Europe, reducing heating-related energy consumption has great potential to reduce Europe's greenhouse gas emissions. This study examines which factors determine people's intention to decrease heating-related energy usage, specifically lowering the temperature in winter. It was part of a larger European project focused on promoting energy reduction. This study presents a smaller-scale model tested among 363 individuals from five pilot countries, i.e., Belgium (n = 58), Croatia (n = 82), Germany (n = 105), Greece (n = 33), and Portugal (n = 85). We applied three robust theoretical frameworks: the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Value Belief Norm Theory, and the Prototype Willingness Model. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to ensure construct validity, followed by a structural equation model. Our findings suggest that willingness (from the Prototype Willingness Model) is the most important predictor in explaining someone's intention to reduce heating-related energy consumption. Additionally, perceived behavioural control, subjective norms, and attitudes (part of Theory of Planned Behaviour) also play an important role in predicting the intention to reduce energy consumption. Lastly, personal moral norms (from the Value Belief Norm Theory) have a significant impact, but their effect is moderate compared to the other predictors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourists' pro-environmental behavior is critical in achieving sustainable tourism. This article examined the driving mechanism of tourists' pro-environmental behavior based on the Value-Belief-Norm and Environmental Identity theory, and: (1) An integrated model was established in both Chinese and Vietnamese tourists, and passed the multiple-group SEM analysis; (2) Environmental values, awareness of consequences, environmental self-identity, and moral norms were important influencing factors of tourists' pro-environmental behavior: Environmental values were basics, which indirectly affected tourists' behavior through awareness of consequences, environmental self-identity, and moral norms; Moral norms were the most direct factors that stimulate pro-environmental behavior; Environmental self-identity, awareness of consequences, and moral norms were mediating variables, which played intermediary roles between environmental values and pro-environmental behavior; (3) Differences between groups were also identified: There was no significant difference except for "environmental values→awareness of consequences", but there were significant differences in the mean score for "environmental values", "awareness of consequences", "moral norms" and "public transport behavior". Implications are made accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized a combination of questionnaires and computational modeling to investigate age-related differences in moral judgments and the underlying cognitive mechanisms among the Chinese population. Study 1 employed the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale to investigate impartial beneficence and instrumental harm across different age groups. Results indicated that older adults scored significantly higher than younger adults on both dimensions even after controlling for level of education and gender. Study 2 utilized the CNI (consequences, norms, inaction) model to gain a more nuanced understanding of age differences in moral judgments. Findings indicated that older adults exhibited less sensitivity to moral norms when forming moral judgments. This implies that older individuals psychologically lean toward utilitarianism and are less influenced by prevailing norms in their moral decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michel Foucault's work has immensely enriched the way critical social theorists understand power. Beyond his work on disciplinary normalisation, Foucault's genealogy of the modern state has discussed governmental power as the conduct of conduct of subjects and populations. Foucault reserves his understanding of norms and normalisation for explaining the prescriptive force of disciplinary power. Accordingly, he hardly uses the language of norms to explain how neoliberal policies interfere in social conduct. In this paper, I aim to elucidate what kind of normative intervention neoliberal governmentality encompasses. By mobilising Rahel Jaeggi's understanding of forms of life as ensembles of normatively imbued social practices, I suggest that neoliberal governmentality introduces the rationality of market competition into the problem-solving horizon of social conduct, thereby creating and instituting a "neoliberal form of life". Hence, I argue that neoliberal governmentality is a form of domination that intervenes in ethical norms and social practices that build everyday forms of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have compared individuals who use cannabis for recreational versus medical purposes, but little is known about the moral norms and risk perceptions toward recreational versus medical cannabis while driving. This study aims to examine young Israeli adults’ behaviors, perceived moral norms, and perceived risk regarding driving under the influence of recreational versus medical cannabis. Methods: The study was conducted using quantitative questionnaires. Participants were 504 young adults, aged 18–30 (M = 25.26; SD = 5.40), of whom 314 (62.3%) were women. Results: Driving under the influence of medical cannabis was perceived as more moral and less risky than driving under the influence of recreational cannabis. Significant positive correlations were observed between perceived risk and perceived moral norms for both types of cannabis. Significant negative correlations were found between the frequency of driving under the influence of recreational cannabis and the perceived risk and perceived moral norms associated with both types of cannabis. Conclusion: Policymakers should promote prevention, harm reduction, and enforcement interventions to address the issue of driving under the influence of both recreational and medical cannabis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the role of intuitive theories in the cultural evolution of moral cognition, integrating recent work across subfields of psychology and suggesting directions for future research. Focusing on intuitive theories in the moral domain concerning how people judge the moral value of actions and make inferences about moral character, we review evidence that the specific forms these theories take vary across individuals and can change via social learning. We propose that cultural selection can operate over the intuitive theories people apply in the moral domain, in which particular variants of intuitive moral theories can be more "successful" to the extent that they are cognitively efficient or provide reputational benefits. Finally, we explore some implications of considering moral cognition as a kind of cultural technology that can be innovated, considering whether intuitive moral theories help or hinder our ability to improve our collective moral norms or practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of engineering construction in China, especially the emergence of large-scale engineering projects and self-built residential houses, ethical issues in engineering have become increasingly prominent. Engineering ethics encompass the moral issues within engineering practice. Currently, engineering ethics in China is in its early stages, due to a lack of practical experience and a comprehensive set of ethical norms and operational systems. To effectively prevent and control safety issues in self-built housing projects, and to avoid accidents, this paper firstly focuses on the causes of the collapse of self-built houses in Changsha on 29 April 2022, from the perspective of engineering ethics. By utilizing the meanings and relevant theories of engineering ethics, this paper analyzes the three ethical dilemmas involved in the collapse of self-built houses: the ethical dilemma faced by engineers, the dilemma of government credibility, and the dilemma of engineering ethics education. Subsequently, recommendations are proposed to address these dilemmas, focusing on enhancing engineers' ethical perspectives, improving government credibility, and strengthening engineering ethics education. Finally, an analysis and decision-making model is constructed based on the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China. The research findings of this paper have certain reference significance for ensuring the safety of residential buildings, which can effectively motivate governments, owners, designers, constructors, managers, and users to actively develop and promote high-quality sustainable buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, the current research examined the effect of moral norms and injunctive norms on hotel employees' intention not to waste food. Besides, the moderating role of environmental concern was also investigated. Data were collected from 586 food and beverage employees in Egyptian hotels, by quantile regression, which allows us to obtain results for the median individual and for those who are wasteful (below the median). The results show that developing moral and injunctive norms is helpful in reducing food expenditure in the median employee (q = 0.5). However, if the focus is on the most wasteful employee (q < 0.3), the way to reverse this behavior is to develop norms more related to what an employee should or should not do in relation to food waste (injunctive norms) and less related to the feeling of guilt (moral norms). In addition, general environmental concern increases the positive effect of injunctive norms on the intention not to waste food for the wasteful employees, which was not the case for the median employee. These results help to orient information and training policies for employees to reduce food waste in the hotel industry and, from a theoretical point of view, a novel analysis is carried out by comparing employees with different intentions to behave responsibly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the evolution of immersive journalism and its significant impact on news formats and user experiences through technological mediation. It investigates key technological shifts within the industry, notably the transition from traditional virtual reality to the development of virtual scenes and the increased adoption of multi-source data collection. These advancements have facilitated a transformation of news presentation from two-dimensional to three-dimensional formats, shifting interfaces from tactile to technical, thereby deepening audience engagement and understanding of news content. The methodology employed involves an in-depth analysis of these technological transitions and their implications for journalistic practice. The research assesses the influence of these changes on journalistic objectivity and ethical norms. Findings highlight the dual challenges and opportunities presented by immersive journalism, stressing the necessity for a balanced approach that aligns economic interests with societal responsibilities. The result of this research emphasizes the crucial role of maintaining journalistic integrity amidst the adoption of technological innovations that enhance news reporting. This study contributes to the broader understanding of how immersive technologies can be ethically integrated into journalism to benefit society and enrich public discourse, setting a foundation for future explorations into responsible media practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the regulation of sexual harassment within the academic environment. It highlights that sexual harassment is addressed not only by legal regulations but also through codes of ethics. It demonstrates that sexual harassment is recognised as a violation of ethical norms and public ethics in the codes of many professional associations, yet it is also regulated by statutory laws, bylaws, and other general acts. The article examines the distinctions between the regulation of sexual harassment by codes of ethics and legal acts, and identifies the challenges in defining sexual harassment in accordance with the fundamental principles of criminal law. It further explores various forms of accountability relevant to members of the academic community. Finally, it discusses the role of internal regulations, providing insights into their structure and the regulation of sexual harassment within Slovenian higher education organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media should be understood in the context of the theoretical background of changes brought about by the modern and postmodern periods in individual and social life. This is important for understanding the distinction between reality and simulation. The continuation of religious discourse, where this change is most evident, on social media is a result of people's spiritual quests.. Although there are studies on the relationship between religion, religious issues, and social media, it has been observed that there are no studies examining the discourses of religious addresses regarding the family, which is important for individual and social life. This study analyzed the discourses on family by four account holders with a religious perspective on YouTube, a social media platform. The aim is to understand and interpret how account holders use language in their family-related discourses, the meanings behind these expressions, and how they propose solutions to problems based on their mental representations and understanding of the social world. Analyzing the family-related discourses on YouTube through religious discourse addresses is considered important for predicting the future of the family. Teun Adrian van Dijk's discourse analysis theory was used as the method in the study. Data were analyzed from both macro and micro perspectives. The discourses within the videos were considered as the primary data for the study. Samples were selected based on criterion sampling. The findings highlighted the paradigm that there is a functional change and transformation in the network of relationships that constitute the family within the context of values and lifestyle. Social media and the internet, which are products of modern culture, have been seen as a serious reason for the dissolution of the family institution. It was noteworthy that the discourses on the future of the family were presented in the form of a general moral norm, as if they were the same in every society, dependent on the past and limited to tradition. It was observed that the videos were dominated by a sexist discourse that privileges a single subject and that slogan-like and exaggerated expressions were used quite intensely in terms of style. This study is expected to contribute to the studies to be carried out in the field of non-formal religious education in terms of making a correct understanding of the discourses about the family, which are used and exposed to more and more people day by day, and addressing which contradictions may arise and how it is transformed while transferring religion, which carries universal messages, to changing situations in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classic programme of conceptual engineering (Cappelen, Herman. 2018. Fixing Language: An Essay on Conceptual Engineering. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Eklund, Matti. 2021. "Conceptual Engineering." In The Routledge Handbook of Social and Political Philosophy of Language, edited by Justin Khoo, and Rachel Sterken, 15–30. London: Routledge) envisages a two-stage ameliorating process. First, we assess 'F' and determine what the term should express. Second, we bring it about that 'F' expresses what it should express. The second stage gives rise to a practical challenge: the implementation challenge. Engineering advocates need to explain by what means they can implement specific conceptual changes in the natural language shared by a community – a feat Herman Cappelen (2018. Fixing Language: An Essay on Conceptual Engineering. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020; "Conceptual Engineering: The Master Argument." In Conceptual Engineering and Conceptual Ethics, edited by Alexis Burgess, Herman Cappelen, and David Plunkett, 132–151. Oxford: Oxford University Press) argues to be beyond our understanding and control both on an externalist and on an internalist meta-semantics. I devise a new answer to the implementation challenge. Enlisting the influential theory of social norms by Cristina Bicchieri, I argue that engineering social norms in Bicchieri's technical sense amounts to an effective, specific, and feasible means to implement specific conceptual change, at least on internalist premises. I also argue that Bicchieri's social norms are an essential addition to the more familiar conventions and moral norms when it comes to conceptual engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage is a key marker in the transition to adulthood across much of Asia. Globally, early marriages have declined, and marriage age has increased. This study examined changes in marriage timing for Indonesian women between 1965 and 2016 using multiple data sources, including registration, censuses, and surveys, and employed a robust methodology. The findings show that there was a steady decrease in the probability of first marriage between 1965 and 1990. But this trend reversed in the early 2000s, with an increase in the likelihood of marriage. Women with lower education showed a stall in the decline of early marriage during this period, while the probability of marriage by age 24 increased among women with higher education. The educational disparities in marriage timing have persisted, but the gap between women with completed secondary and lower education has narrowed, while the difference between those with completed secondary and higher education has remained consistent. These findings highlight the influence of both short-term events and long-term changes in gender ideologies, family values, moral norms, and the rise of Islamization on marriage timing in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]