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The archaeological excavations of the tomb 28, belonging to Amenhotep, who held the position of vizier during the reign of Amenhotep III, have made possible the exact reconstruction of the monument from its in situ measurement and the obtainment of a point clouds by photogrammetry. The study of the sacred geometry and the characteristics of the ancient Egypt's buildings, as well as the comparison with other tombs of the same period, have allowed us to understand how the monument could have been if its construction had not been paralyzed by politicalreligious circumstances that caused the Amarna crisis. The solar orientation, the longitudinal axis and the geometry of the elements, such as the triangle, show us the desire to order the proportions of the parts of the building, symbolism that the Egyptians used in writing and architecture as a way of transcription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augusta Savage intended to build monuments. In the 1930s and early 1940s, the Harlem-based sculptor envisioned memorials to Jean Baptiste Point DuSable, the vaudeville star Florence Mills, the World War I service of the "Harlem Hellfighters," and the writer and civil rights leader James Weldon Johnson. None of these proposed works was erected, and they have not been included in scholarship examining Savage's work and career. This essay considers Savage's thwarted efforts as critical reminders that material absence does not connote a lack of vision, intention, or labor. I argue that Savage's unbuilt monuments reveal her ambition to intervene in the Whiteness and maleness of the American memorial landscape and claim monuments as sites where Black lives and concerns can be represented. Engaging critical approaches to archival absence and the power of monuments, I explore the space these unbuilt monuments would have taken up in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyse the physiognomy and evolution of the public spaces belonging to the conventus capitals in the province of Hispania Citerior during the 2nd century AD, comparing the ample archaeological documentation provided by these cities to trace their dates and monumentalisation patterns during this period. In general, these conventus capitals experienced a period of dynamic construction at the beginning of the 2nd century. In fact, between the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian the cities acquired their almost definitive monumental development, with very few construction works documented in public contexts after the first decades of the 2nd century. From the reign of Antoninus Pius onwards the building vitality that characterised the first third of the 2nd century disappeared. Indeed, in this period the archaeological record reveals a relative stagnation of building activity in public contexts. These cities did not, however, remain static, as almost all of them continued to undergo maintenance and conservation work to preserve the vitality of their public spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs about the renewal of dwellings in the monumental buildings. Topics include drain function with the runoff of rainwater on the chalk floors laid along and between the monumental buildings; and resurgence of humidity problems of the south street raised by the addition of a layer of flint gravel that blocks housing public monuments were the scene of minor changes in archaeological industry.

The article informs about completion of the monumentalization as the dwellings are undergoing new transformations, making wooden elements disappear in favor of structures in architectural characteristics based on Mediterranean models. Topics include efinitive Romanization of the residential sector with the identification of an additional dwelling to the west of house on Mediterranean models.

The article discusses the monumentalization in the southern residential area increased by the addition of layers of flint gravel and silt with architectural renewal of the houses. Topics include painted coatings found during excavations were studied at the Center for the Study of Roman Mural Paintings; and archaeology composed of red and black compartments in the lower part and plant stems on a black field in the middle zone with chaining elements for construction industry.

As public Confederate monuments finally begin to come down across tbe nation. we are seeing an emergence of Confederate monuments on private lands. The number of private Confederate monuments is increasing both witb tbe construction of new monuments and, more significantly. the relocation of monuments from public land. This Article explains why private Confederate monuments are likely to be tbe next battleground over these controversial and troubling statues. Through ten detailed examples, we show bow private Confed£ rate monuments emerge and bow communities are responding to tbem. The challenges related to monuments on private land are diferent than those on public lands, and previous activism and research on Confederate monuments is only of limited use in grappling witb tbis categog. As relocated monuments are tbe largest source of new private monuments, tbis Article serves as a cautionag note to communities looking to dispose of their monuments by donating or returning these resources to private groups and encourages communities to fully evaluate the impacts of tbeir removal and relocation plans to ensure tbey do not lead to unintended consequences or create issues for another community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of the Dominican Republic and the urbanization process of the city of Santo Domingo. It mentions that major monumental buildings and business activities were developed sariales of the Trujillo family, producing the requisition of farmland to the sugar industry, wherein women living in the neighborhoods wove these networks support as a mechanism to have the support of your neighbors, friends or companions in daily work.

Copyright of Archaeological Materials & Research / Materiale şi Cercetǎri Arheologice is the property of Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Parvan" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We thank our colleague for his comment, address concerns raised, and encourage future collaborative research to answer important questions about the Middle Preclassic at Cahal Pech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue at hand is a Greek epitaph inscribed on an early Christian sarcophagus found in St. Elijah's Church on the island of Lopud off the coast of Dalmatia in the southern Adriatic. We present a description of the monument, a reading, and dating of the epitaph, as well as epigraphic, anthroponomic, and historical analysis and provide archaeological-topographic context of the find. We identify the name of the deceased (Isaac) and origin (northern Syria or Asia Minor) and determine the date (17 October 452). In particular, we analyze the mention of the western Roman consul in the dating formula, establishing it as the first reliable epigraphic corroboration of the fact that Dalmatia was a part of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explaining the processes underlying the emergence of monument construction is a major theme in contemporary anthropological archaeology, and recent studies have employed spatially-explicit modeling to explain these patterns. Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile) is famous for its elaborate ritual architecture, particularly numerous monumental platforms (ahu) and statuary (moai). To date, however, we lack explicit modeling to explain spatial and temporal aspects of monument construction. Here, we use spatially-explicit point-process modeling to explore the potential relations between ahu construction locations and subsistence resources, namely, rock mulch agricultural gardens, marine resources, and freshwater sources—the three most critical resources on Rapa Nui. Through these analyses, we demonstrate the central importance of coastal freshwater seeps for precontact populations. Our results suggest that ahu locations are most parsimoniously explained by distance from freshwater sources, in particular coastal seeps, with important implications for community formation and inter-community competition in precontact times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a new interpretation of the fragment of an Old Persian inscription discovered during the Phanagoreia excavation in 2016. The first publishers of the document, V.D. Kuznetsov and A.B. Nikitin, concluded that Xerxes should be identified as the author of the text, and connected the appearance of the stone in Phanagoreia with a hypothetical military expedition by that king against the Greek poleis of the Cimmerian Bosporus, supposedly carried out before the invasion of Balkan Greece. Nevertheless, the remnants of the text in the extant lines 1 and 2 give stronger grounds for attributing the inscription to Darius I and for connecting its creation with that king's Scythian campaign (ca 513-512 B.C.). The evidence provided by Herodotus (4. 87), Ctesias of Cnidus (.FGrHist 688 F 13. 21) and Dionysius of Byzantium (52) testifies to the erection on Darius' orders of a complex of monumental constructions in the immediate proximity of the bridge over the Thracian Bosporus, and those constructions included a cuneiform inscription that clearly had symbolic significance. On hearing rumours of the king's failures in Europe the citizens of Byzantium and Chalcedon destroyed these monuments for the purpose of proclaiming their own liberation from Persian control and put to shame the bppiq that Darius had displayed - thus, as a consequence, bringing punishment upon themselves (Hdt. 5. 26; Ctes. FGrHist 688 F 13. 21; Polyaen. 7. 11.5; Dion. Byz. 14). A fragment of Darius' inscription might have been brought to Phanagoreia as a kind of trophy, where it would have political significance because that polls was founded by citizens of Teos in Asia Minor who fled the threat of enslavement by the Persians in 546 B.C. (Hdt. 1. 168; Strabo. 14. 1. 30) and had every reason to persist in their hatred of the Great King. It cannot, however, be ruled out that the stone found its way to the Cimmerian Bosporus as a simple piece of ship's ballast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architectural heritage of Baku in the period under study is in dire need of protection today. Urgent study of the supporting structures of the monuments for their preservation, strengthening, replacement, etc. is necessary. At the present stage there is an urgent need for the conservation of individual monuments of architecture, creation of conditions for their correct use and exposure, measures for the regeneration of the historic environment. The aim of this study is to develop the concept of preservation of the architectural heritage of Baku, relating to the late 19th - early 20th century on the basis of identifying their condition. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, which includes the analysis of literary and archive materials, full-scale studies of architectural monuments and surrounding buildings, typological classification of architectural heritage by type, chronology of construction and development of the concept of the historical heritage preservation of Baku of the period under study. The study of the general condition of the buildings considered in this work allows us to conclude that they are in a relatively satisfactory condition. Some of them have recently been restored. İt is necessary to carry out restoration and rehabilitation works in others. The considered buildings are the most striking architectural monuments of the capitalist period of Baku. Their rehabilitation requires a correct approach, taking into account all aspects of the modern preservation of historical buildings. For the first time, the main directions of the concept of preserving the architectural heritage of Baku of the period under study have been developed. The main concept proposed by R.Mustafayeva is based on the preservation of their historical authenticity, without changing the original idea of the authors of the project. The main proposals and conclusions presented in this paper can be successfully applied in the projects of rehabilitation of historical buildings in Baku. In this article sections 1,2,3,4 were made by Z.Mammadova. Sections 6.7, 8.9 were elaborated by R.Mustafayeva. Section 5 was developed jointly by both authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accra, the capital of Ghana, exemplifies the spatial impact of the colonial system of organization on the urban landscape, with regional inequalities complemented by sociospatial inequalities of density, modernization, and residential exclusion in the city. Accra's population grew through migration, and new neighborhoods emerged with distinct names. After the British established their administrative quarters in Accra in the late 19th century, they built Victoriaborg as a European quarter and then cordoned off other sections for indigenous groups, including Muslims. As the British came to understand, the Muslim collectivity was composed of different ethnicities, primarily Yoruba and Hausa, supplemented by Kanuri, Fulani, Nupe and Wangara. Density of population and problems of sanitation (and the plague) in the old downtown core needed to be addressed; thus, the British began creating a series of town site plans to regularize the Muslim communities. One of those, Sabon Zongo, was commissioned by the Governor J.P. Rodger in 1908. The community was laid out on a grid, sub-divided into 32 parcels and lots apportioned. By 1912, the relocated Hausa residents had built about 165 compounds. This paper discusses "the constraints of a frame" (Ingraham 1991:65) in the socio-spatial evolution of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of a grid in architectural and urban planning, particularly at a large scale, would seem to be a rational procedure of obvious utility and without esoteric meaning, a means to control the design of complicated constructions that might otherwise seem labyrinthine in their complexity. But a labyrinth is not the antithesis of the grid and the two have a history that has informed architecture from prehistory until the present day. The ancient Romans built consistently on a large scale with a predilection for simple, regular ordering systems. Yet some of even their greatest monuments, such as the Tiburtine Villa of the emperor Hadrian, seem to belie any possibility of a rational plan. The plan of Hadrian's Villa seems labyrinthine in the extreme. Yet given the cultured Hadrian's extraordinary interest in architecture, an overall master plan seems a necessity, though totally opaque to even the learned observer. Amazingly, in the twentieth century Le Corbusier extolled Hadrian's Villa as the archetype of great planning, using an image of the Villa plan as the leading illustration of a chapter of his influential book, Towards a New Architecture. This paper will describe the clear, mathematically ordered process by which the Villa was planned. Moreover, the compositional principles of its design will be shown to be exactly those which underlie the theories of Le Corbusier, 1800 years later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The heritage studies of the socialist built legacy of the former Soviet Socialist Republics have mainly concentrated on the buildings and monuments representing the political ideology of the socialist era due to their evidently controversial character, while the more mundane and ordinary legacy has seldom been the focus. The administrative buildings of collective farms represent a particular socialist architecture of the 1960s-1980s in Estonian rural areas and small towns. These prosaic buildings, which used to play important role in the Soviet-time rural life, have become a dissonant heritage today, although their controversial nature lies in the complicated contemporary environment they fell into after the collapse of the socialist regime, rather than in the fact that they were constructed for ideological purposes. This paper examines the dissonant processes and the present contexts that affect the re-use and preservation of the administrative buildings of collective farms, as well as the acceptance of them as a meaningful part of Estonian history that should not be ignored or forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In monumental buildings, either residences of the nobility or churches or theaters, dating back to the last millennium, timber carpentry was spread, reaching very high levels of both structural and functional performances and more and more refined constructive technologies that allowed them to cover also very long spans. All of Europe is fully covered by magnificent examples. Among them, the Royal Palace of Naples provides significant proof of the 17th century’s building practices. Through a very deep and challenging on-site survey the identification of several structural types had been possible. This represents a very important contribution to the knowledge of existing timber structures in the valuable built heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudos Avancados is the property of Instituto de Estudos Avancados da Universidade de Sao Paulo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The examination of historic landscapes at complex, multi-phased archaeological sites is hampered by the limitations of traditional two-dimensional (2D) visibility studies in geographic information systems (GISs). This paper argues for integrating three-dimensional (3D), qualitative methods into the study of visibility of monumental architecture at ancient sites. By transforming 2D GIS data into 3D representations of ancient built and natural landscapes, visibility studies can be greatly enhanced, adding into analysis perspective, monument shape, and color, as well as changing levels of visibility across time and space. The ancient Egyptian site of Saqqara (29° 52′ 16.55″ lat./31° 12′ 59.58″ E long.) is one of a number of cult locations with monumental architecture neighboring the administrative capital of Memphis. The Old Kingdom cult site of Saqqara (2670 bce-2168 bce) is utilized to demonstrate the potential for 3D visibility studies that better replicate such elements of human perception. This method offers new possibilities for more human-centered studies of past landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The numerical model of existing masonry buildings, especially in case of monumental constructions, must consider the unavoidable lack of knowledge and the consequent effects of the uncertain parameters (material properties, geometry, boundary conditions, etc.). In this work, a Bayesian approach is proposed to update the finite element model of masonry towers by using experimental data. The towers of San Gimignano (Italy) were considered as an effective case study to test this approach thanks to the availability both of geometric data and dynamic measurements. The possibility to obtain a reliable numerical model is relevant also from the point of view of the seismic risk assessment, which is a crucial issue to ensure the conservation of heritage over the centuries. In fact, both seismic capacity and demand are strictly dependent on the dynamic characteristics of the structure, and a reliable updating of the modal properties of numerical models plays a primary role in the assessment of the seismic risk. In this respect, Bayes’ theorem is herein employed to convert the prior distribution of the elastic modulus E , into the posterior distribution by using the experimental data (first and second natural period). The measurement errors were accounted for by means of a Gaussian distribution centred on the measured values of the natural periods. In addition, modelling uncertainties were defined to incorporate the lack of knowledge on the restraint effect caused by the neighbouring buildings. The oscillating height of the tower was modelled according to a lognormal distribution whose interval starts from the height of the confined buildings to the tower top. Particular attention was devoted to the parameters involved in the Bayesian procedure to define their effect on the obtained posterior distributions. The achieved results encourage the spread this approach, already employed in many engineering fields, to the safeguard of cultural heritage. In view of further challenges, the methodology will be extended to seismic analyses, aiming to obtain the assessment of the seismic risk of the particular structural typology herein considered: the historic masonry towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Preah Vihear monument in Cambodia, located close to the border with Thailand, was one of the Khmer temples registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a Cultural Property in 2008. It consists of masonry buildings constructed of siliceous sandstone blocks. In this study, the construction sequence of its buildings was inferred from the chemical composition, magnetic susceptibility, and size of the sandstone blocks, along with pediment end style, and the presence or absence of reliefs on the tympana of adjacent buildings. Five construction stages were identified. We revealed that the Western Annex Hall (N2) is the oldest edifice in the Preah Vihear monument. We also reconfirmed that the Preah Vihear monument was constructed over a range of years, spanning the Bakheng style period to the Angkor Wat style period (the end of the 9th century to the end of 12th century). It was clarified that during the construction of Preah Vihear, the style of pediment ends changed from pediments ending in scrolls made from one block, to pediments ending in scrolls made from two blocks, and finally to pediments ending in five-headed nagas. Over the same time span, the size of the sandstone blocks used in construction increased markedly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the history of the creation of the Lumbermen's Monument near Au Sable River in Michigan by exploring the correspondences of Saginaw lumbermen William Butt Mershon, who was primarily responsible for the monument's creation. In exploring the letters, details such as persons, decisions and motivations emerged that illuminate the process by which the monument was erected. Mershon argued that the monument aimed to honor the lumbermen who pioneered lumbering efforts in Michigan.

The Tempio della Consolazione in Todi (16th cent.) has always been one of the most significant symbols of the Umbrian landscape. Since the first times after its completion (1606) the structure has exhibited evidences of instability, due to foundation subsiding and/or seismic activity. Structural and geotechnical countermeasures have been undertaken on the Tempio and its surroundings from the 17th century until recent times. Until now a truly satisfactory analysis of the overall deformation and attitude of the building has not been performed, since the existing surveys record the overhangs of the pillars, the crack pattern or the subsidence over limited time spans. Describing the attitude of the whole church is in fact a complex operation due to the architectural character of the building, consisting of four apses (three polygonal and one semicircular) covered with half domes, which surround the central area with the large dome. The present research aims to fill the gap of knowledge with a global study based on geomatic techniques for an accurate 3D reconstruction of geometry and attitude, integrated with a historical research on damage and interventions and a geotechnical analysis. The geomatic survey results from the integration of different techniques: GPS-GNSS for global georeferencing, laser scanning and digital photogrammetry for an accurate 3D reconstruction, high precision total station and geometric leveling for a direct survey of deformations and cracks, and for the alignment of the laser scans. The above analysis allowed to assess the dynamics of the cracks occurred in the last 25 years by a comparison with a previous survey. From the photographic colour associated to the point cloud was also possible to map the damp patches showing on the domes intrados, mapping their evolution over the last years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores El Helicoide and La Torre de David as remnants of the recurrent boom-and-bust cycles and spectacles of progress associated with Venezuela's 'magical state' ( Coronil). Their redefinition as 'phantom pavilions'-constructions designed to symbolise development but haunted by crisis and precariousness-serves as a conceptual tool against the amnesia and hysteria these sites provoke. First, I use it to track the buildings' grandiose designs, subsequent curtailment and modified uses through political and economic history. Second, the concept informs the analysis of recent artworks that summon monumentality and ruination to envisage alternate forms of public engagement with truncated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monumental structures clad in relief-carved stone orthostats adorned cities across the fragmented political and ethnolinguistic landscape of the Iron Age Syro-Hittite kingdoms. This building practice passed down from the Hurro-Hittite Late Bronze Age evoked a collective memory of legitimate authority and was important for the construction of royal sovereignty. Differences among individual monuments suggest how Syro-Hittite rulers may have deployed monumental construction to navigate an "eventful" history by adapting it to current political exigencies. This article reevaluates the date of orthostats found in the South Gate of Zincirli, Turkey (ancient Sam'al), applying a seriation approach to the comparison of their stylistic details and iconographic themes and motifs with sculptural groups from other sites. The conclusion that the orthostats date to the early 10th century B.C.E. and are thus older than the ninth-century refoundation of the city suggests that they were recycled from an earlier Neo-Hittite site, proposed to be nearby Pancarh. The appropriation of architectural spolia in the South Gate and the emulation or imitation of older works in the Citadel Gate by the founders of a new regime reveal a dialectic between the embrace and rejection of traditional Hittite sources of authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the monuments in the Soviet Union such as the one for late leader Vladimir Lenin in Kaluga Square, the heroes of the 1905 revolution, and the Ulitsa 1905 Goda station. Topics mentioned include the social aspects of monuments, the design of monumental figures, and the lost of communist government in the country. Also mentioned are the development of art in the country and the sociopolitical ideology in the country.

This study looks at the crucial features of Cambodian and Burmese monumental architecture at the peak of the two empires. By necessity, the overwhelming majority of sites are religious, as residential structures of almost any type, with the exception of some monastic buildings, were made of perishable materials and do not survive. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A multidisciplinary investigation of some open-air manufactured rocky blocks (both of Proto-historic and Medieval Age) found in the archaeological site of Pietralba (Arezzo, Italy) was performed. The Pietralba blocks display different typologies: a rectangular tub, an L-shaped tub, a throne, and a pyramid. Their study has been approached from the geo-morphologic, mineralogical and chemical standpoint with the threefold purpose of selecting how to better preserve the exposed surfaces from the atmospheric agents, of shedding light on their enigmatic use and, as a consequence, of developing a study-method never applied so far in this field. Even though rock 'monuments' are largely widespread and constitute a very intriguing issue, just few studies have been carried out on such artefacts and they have never produced univocal and definitive outcomes regarding their use and age. Samples collected from the tubs were analysed in order to identify the mineralogical and chemical inorganic composition, as well as the possible presence of organic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hammam Al-Ward is an Ottoman monument in Saida. Siada (or Sidon) is a coastal city in Lebanon and a hidden treasure with numerous Mamluk and Ottoman monuments. These monuments are of various types, from mosques to hammams to palaces and khans. They remain unstudied and at times undocumented. This is an architectural monograph of Hammam Al-Ward placed within the urban history of the city and the social practices of its inhabitants. Through documentation and comparative analysis, the paper argues that the hammam was built during the early eighteenth century but carries within it an old tradition of building that dates back to the Mamluk period and an old socio-spatial practice that dates back to Roman times. The article investigates and presents the urban condition that unfolds through the hammam patronage, style and location, the architectural interpretation of the hammam type of the Mediterranean Arab World and the socio-spatial practices of bathing and leisure that continue till modern times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses upon the web of practices and transformations bound up in the extraction and movement of megaliths during the Neolithic of southern Britain. The focus is on the Avebury landscape of Wiltshire, where over 700 individual megaliths were employed in the construction of ceremonial and funerary monuments. Locally sourced, little consideration has been given to the process of acquisition and movement of sarsen stones that make up key monuments such as the Avebury henge and its avenues, attention instead focusing on the middle-distance transportation of sarsen out of this region to Stonehenge. Though stone movements were local, we argue they were far from lacking in significance, as indicated by the subsequent monumentalization of at least two locations from which they were likely acquired. We argue that since such stones embodied place(s), their removal, movement and resetting represented a remarkably dynamic and potentially disruptive reconfiguration of the world as it was known. Megaliths were never inert or stable matter, and we need to embrace this in our interpretative accounts if we are to understand the very different types of monument that emerged in prehistory as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recent work in the district of Kaupo, Maui, has demonstrated the presence of a highly intensified dryland agricultural system, extensive residential sites and a range of ceremonial structures that include some of the largest temples {heiau) in the Hawaiian Islands. In this paper I discuss the ritual sites of Kaupo and how their placement on the landscape demonstrates a unique expression of elite power. Using formal architectural features to define two basic classes of ritual sites, I show that the nutrient-rich core of the district is bounded on either side by a network of monumental temples, effectively proscribing the highly productive interior. In contrast to these major heiau around the exterior, the interior of the district is dominated almost exclusively by small, relatively simple ceremonial spaces. Understanding the differential distribution of the ritual structures in Kaupo offers insights into how pre-contact Hawaiian rulers sought to centralise and control highly productive regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the dawn of large-scale civilizations, humans have built exceptionally tall architectural structures. We tested whether exposing individuals to images of very tall buildings would produce feelings of awe in them, and would lead to a behavioral response frequently associated with this emotion, namely “freezing”. Across four studies participants reported to feel more awestruck (Pilot 1a, Study 1a) and more bodily immobile after having seen pictures of high versus low buildings (Study 1b). In addition to perceived immobility, we also found that participants responded slower on a manual clicking task in the face of high as opposed to low buildings (Pilot 1b, Study 1b). This effect was mediated by perceived bodily immobility, suggesting that slow clicking after seeing high buildings indeed reflected behavioral freezing. Overall, our findings suggest that very tall buildings can be a trigger of awe, and that experiencing this emotion can involve a state of behavioral freezing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building monuments was one way that past societies reconfigured their landscapes in response to shifting social and ecological factors. Understanding the connections between those factors and monument construction is critical, especially when multiple types of monuments were constructed across the same landscape. Geospatial technologies enable past cultural activities and environmental variables to be examined together at large scales. Many geospatial modeling approaches, however, are not designed for presence-only (occurrence) data, which can be limiting given that many archaeological site records are presence only. We use maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt), which works with presence-only data, to predict the distribution of monuments across large landscapes, and we analyze MaxEnt output to quantify the contributions of spatioenvironmental variables to predicted distributions. We apply our approach to co-occurring Late Precontact (ca. A.D. 1000-1600)monuments in Michigan: (i) mounds and (ii) earthwork enclosures. Many of these features have been destroyed by modern development, and therefore, we conducted archival research to develop our monument occurrence database. We modeled each monument type separately using the same input variables. Analyzing variable contribution to MaxEnt output, we show that mound and enclosure landscape suitability was driven by contrasting variables. Proximity to inland lakes was key to mound placement, and proximity to rivers was key to sacred enclosures. This juxtaposition suggests that mounds met local needs for resource procurement success, whereas enclosures filled broader regional needs for intergroup exchange and shared ritual. Our study shows how MaxEnt can be used to develop sophisticated models of past cultural processes, including monument building, with imperfect, limited, presence-only data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]