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This music score was submitted for Resonate 2024: An Open Access Call for Scores by the UCLA Music Library with Bent Frequency and Jan Berry Baker.

Direct torque control with space vector modulation has been increasingly attracting emphasis for permanent‐magnet synchronous machine control, benefiting from a high dynamic response and low torque ripple. However, the rapid tracking performance of torque and stator flux linkage is gradually deteriorating as the machine enters the overmodulation region because of the output‐voltage limitation of the inverter. Therefore, to enhance the system tracking performance in the overmodulation region, an innovative overmodulation method based on torque and flux optimal tracking is proposed. In contrast to the conventional overmodulation method where only one of the torque and stator flux linkage tracking is considered, the proposed strategy first constructs the weightless cost function to achieve a trade‐off control between the torque and stator flux linkage. Then, by using an equivalent geometric path to intuitively express the weightless cost function, the minimum cost function can be easily solved and the optimal output voltage vector can be determined correspondingly, to achieve the fast‐tracking of both the torque and stator flux linkage. Additionally, the voltage utilization of different overmodulation schemes is also analysed. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of the proposed strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power converters can perform power conversion and data transmission simultaneously. With the aim of mitigating the hardware requirements of vehicle power line communication (VPLC), a novel VPLC scheme based on switching ripple modulation (SRM) is proposed to eliminate the need for coupling circuits and specialized communication chips. By embedding data modulation techniques into traditional pulse width modulation systems, power/data multiplexing transmission is achieved by demodulating the voltage ripple on the DC bus. First, the theoretical foundation of the SRM is introduced, and power/data single carrier modulation using 2FSK and data demodulation based on the sliding discrete Fourier transform are provided. Subsequently, comprehensive analyses of the mutual influence between power conversion and communication in the buck converter are conducted. The impact of power conversion on communication primarily depends on the control loop compensation and perturbation depth. Moreover, the designs of the ripple conditioning circuit and communication frame are presented. Finally, an experimental prototype is constructed with two buck converters in parallel. The experimental results demonstrate a data transmission rate of 12.5 kbps within 3 m under steady‐state, transient input and output voltage, and transient load conditions, validating the correctness of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacterial auxin production is a mechanism that promotes plant growth. However, it can also be linked to deleterious rhizobacteria and plant-pathogenic bacteria. High levels of auxins have the potential to impede plant growth. Additionally, certain environmental factors can enhance auxin activity and impact the activity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Results: In this work, we boarded how the auxin-like effect in the soil–plant system modulates the plant growth-promoting activity of Lysinibacillus pinottii sp. nov. PB211. The effect of humified organic matter (HOM) soil was simulated with humic acids (HA) coming from vermicompost; the spectral configuration (13C-CP-TOSS-NMR and FTIR) and coleoptile elongation test indicated its bioactivity. Cucumber exhibits a PGP effect of PB211 and HA at a lower concentration compared to corn. This disparity agrees with the differential sensitivity to auxins of both plant models. Monocot plants, such as corn, generally exhibit greater resistance to exogenous auxin activity compared to eudicot plants, such as cucumber. The presence of HA in the growth substrate (sand) is found to modulate the PGPR activity of PB211, resulting in a loss of PGPR activity. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of considering the cumulative auxin-like effects in the soil–plant system when utilizing bacterial inoculants for plant growth promotion in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]Through exogenous spraying of biological agents to process tobacco, explore the influence of flue-cured tobacco modulation and rebaking aging stage after the biological treatment on tobacco leaf quality and difference, thus forming the technical means of improving the quality and aromn in the process of tobacco aging, clarify the chemical composition and quality changes of tobacco leaves at different aging times after adding biological agents. [Method] Shaanxi SXC-4 composite biological preparation was selected, including different hydrolytic enzyme systems, oxidoreductase systems, and aroma enhancing bacteria. The effects of the composite biological preparation on the conventional chemical components and special chemical components such as polyphenols, as well as neutral aroma causing substances of tobacco were studied through atomization spraying during the tobacco preparation and re roasting stages. [ Result] After the treatment of biological agents at different stages, the content of reduced sugar, total sugar and starch in flue-cured tobacco were lower than the control treatment, and the content of nicotine and total nitrogen was slightly higher than the control treatment. The content of organic acids, neophytadiene and free amino acids in flue-cured tobacco also increased to different degrees compared with the control treatment. The content of neutral aromatization substances in different treatments showed that the total amount of aromatization substances of tobacco leaves treated with compound biological agents was significantly greater than that of control treatment. With the process of aging, the total amount of aroma substances decreased, and the total score of sensory quality was improved. [Conclusion]After the two stages of compound biological agent treatment, they can improve the chemical quality of flue-cured tobacco, increase the aroma substances, improve the aroma quantity and aroma temperament of flue-cured tobacco, and reduce the mixture and irritation. With the aging time, the aging effect of different treatments is different. After 90 days of aging, the chemical composition of aged tobacco leaves in the reasting stage is more coordinated, the content of aromatic substances is higher, and the sensory quality evaluation of tobacco leaves is higher, which is better than the tobacco leaves treated with biological agents in the modulation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a modular multilevel converter (MMC) system, the sub‐module capacitors account for a large proportion of the cost, volume, and weight. This paper proposed a method to reduce the total capacitance of MMC based on the combination of boosting the modulation index (m) and second‐harmonic circulating current injection (SCCI). A small amount of full‐bridge sub‐modules was added to conventional half‐bridge sub‐modules (HBSM) based MMC to form the hybrid MMC. The third‐harmonic voltage injection technology was used to increase the m of hybrid MMC without the common‐mode voltage injected on the ac‐side. An optimized SCCI method determined by m was introduced, which limited the root mean square (RMS) of arm current. An improved modulation approach is used to eliminate the coupling effect of third‐harmonic voltage injection and SCCI in boosting m, ensuring that the m increases to 1.15 with the optimized SCCI. Compared with conventional HBSM‐MMC, the proposed method reduced the total capacitance by approximately half when m = 1.15. A comprehensive comparison of different capacitance reduction methods was presented to demonstrate the cost and effect. Simulation and experiment verified the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolation and crystalline structure of N,N′-di­benzyl­ethyl­enedi­ammonium dichloride, C16H22N22+·2Cl−, is reported. This was obtained as an unintended product of an attempted Curtius rearrangement that involved benzyl­amine as one of the reagents and 1,2-di­chloro­ethane as the solvent. Part of a series of reactions of a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE), this was not the intended reaction outcome. The goal of the course was to engage students as active participants in a laboratory experience which applies the foundational techniques of a synthetic organic laboratory, using the Curtius rearrangement as a tool for the assembly of medicinally significant scaffolds. The isolation of the title compound, N,N′-di­benzyl­ethyl­enedi­ammonium dichloride, the result of the 1,2-di­chloro­ethane solvent outcompeting the Curtius iso­cyanate inter­mediate in the reaction with the nucleophilic amine, confirms the importance of conducting research at the undergraduate level where the outcome is not predetermined. The solid-state structure of N,N′-di­benzyl­ethyl­enedi­ammonium dichloride was found to feature an all-trans methyl­ene-ammonium backbone. Strong N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯Cl inter­actions lead to a layered structure with pseudo-translational symmetry emulating a C-centered setting. Different phenyl torsion angles at each end of the mol­ecule enable a more stable packing by allowing stronger hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, leading to a more ordered but lower symmetry and modulated structure in P21/n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortwave time service system is a vital land-based wireless time service solution, serving as a supplement and backup to the global navigation satellite system. It ensures that time users can access reliable timings, especially in extreme situations. However, the current BPM shortwave time service signal in China faces issues such as insufficient anti-interference reception capabilities and poor timing accuracy. This paper capitalizes on the advantages of Chirp signals and explores a new modulation technology for BPM shortwave time signals that is compatible with the existing modulation system. A Dual Chirp Time-Division Combined Modulation (DCTDCM) scheme is proposed for broadcasting two time signals: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and Universal Time 1 (UT1). Furthermore, an in-depth study of the receiving method for this scheme is conducted, with detailed design of its parameters. The designed DCTDCM signals offer a spread spectrum gain of 24 dB and a multipath resolution capability of at least 125 μs, significantly enhancing the anti-interference reception and anti-multipath attenuation capabilities of shortwave time signals. As a result, the availability and timing accuracy of shortwave time signals are substantially improved. Finally, extensive comparative experiments on reception performance validate the effectiveness of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a new symbol modulation scheme known as polarized amplitude and phase shift keying, (Pol$Pol$‐APSK) modulation with four rings in its basic form. The new scheme maps power‐polarized symbol pairs on its constellation in order to increase the number of data symbols. Pol$Pol$‐APSK exploits a symbol mapper based on a conjugate power splitting algorithm. Product modulation is applied, where a voltage signal of a specified amplitude and phase is multiplied by another current signal of a specified amplitude and phase, thus forming polymorphic signals in the product constellation. At the receiver, an isolated detection is performed, where the voltage signal is detected independently of the received current signal. A selection combining scheme is then used. The results depict unity peak‐to‐average power ratio and low average symbol energy, which is desirable for Green communications in 5G networks. It presents lower bit error rates when compared with the state‐of‐the art M$M$‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation, with a signal‐to‐noise ratio gap of at least 10[dB]$10\; [\text{dB}]$. The proposed analytical framework closely matches the simulations for bit error rates under M=16,32,64Pol-APSK$M=16,32,64 \ Pol\text{-APSK}$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators need to be released in a balanced way to maintain a healthy state as we age. One important regulatory element in the equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators is NF-κB. The purpose of this study was to examine how S. platensis affected the control of inflammatory mediators in young, healthy, emerging adults and adults in rats. In this investigation, 200 mg/kg BW of S. platensis extract was administered to six groups of male Wistar rats, ages 12, 18, and 24 weeks, along with a control group. In both the treatment and control groups, NF-κB p65 protein expression was lower at 24 weeks than it was at 12 and 18 weeks. TNF-α and COX-2 proteins were lower in the treatment group than in the control group. All age groups in the treatment group had higher levels of IL-10 protein than the control group. The quantity of NF-κB p65 was positively correlated with COX-2 and TNF-α. By raising the concentration of NF-κB p65, the ethanolic extract of S. platensis altered a mediator of cellular immunity. A decrease followed this in TNF-α and COX-2 and a rise in IL-10 in the rat spleen at different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear acoustic signals, specifically the parametric effect, offer significant advantages over linear signals because the low frequencies generated in the medium due to the intermodulation of the emitted frequencies are highly directional and can propagate over long distances. Due to these characteristics, a detailed analysis of these signals is necessary to accurately estimate the Time of Arrival (ToA) and amplitude parameters. This is crucial for various communication applications, such as sonar and underwater location systems. The research addresses a notable gap in the literature regarding comparative methods for analyzing nonlinear acoustic signals, particularly focusing on ToA estimation and amplitude parameterization. Two types of nonlinear modulations are examined: parametric Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) and parametric sine-sweep modulation, which correspond to narrowband and broadband signals, respectively. The first study evaluates three ToA estimation methods—threshold, power variation (Pvar), and cross-correlation methods for the modulations in question. Following ToA estimation, the amplitude of the received signals is analyzed using acoustic signal processing techniques such as time-domain, frequency-domain, and cross-correlation methods. The practical application is validated through controlled laboratory experiments, which confirm the robustness and effectiveness of the existing methods proposed under study for nonlinear (parametric) acoustic signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multifunctionality feature of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) is exploited here to design circuit building blocks of high-data-rate modulators by using a physics-based compact model. Educated device performance projections are obtained with the experimentally calibrated model and used to choose an appropriate improved feasible GFET for these applications. Phase-shift and frequency-shift keying (PSK and FSK) modulation schemes are obtained with 0.6   G Hz GFET-based multifunctional circuits used alternatively in different operation modes: inverting and in-phase amplification and frequency multiplication. An adequate baseband signal applied to the transistors' input also serves to enhance the device and circuit performance reproducibility since the impact of traps is diminished. Quadrature PSK is also achieved by combining two GFET-based multifunctional circuits. This device circuit co-design proposal intends to boost the heterogeneous implementation of graphene devices with incumbent technologies into a single chip: the baseband pulses can be generated with CMOS technology as a front end of line and the multifunctional GFET-based circuits as a back end of line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, we consider a system based on LoRa (Long Range), which is one of the widely used IoT (Internet of Things) communication technologies. Recently, as the application areas of LoRa have expanded from low-speed to high-speed moving objects, an increase in error rates due to Doppler shift in high-speed environments has been reported. To address this issue, this letter proposes a new LoRa modulation scheme where information is conveyed by varying the frequency difference between two chirp signals. Additionally, an efficient demodulation algorithm is proposed to successfully demodulate information at the receiver even in the presence of residual carrier frequency offset. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed LoRa modulation scheme can guarantee low error rates in mobile environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater wireless optical communication (UOWC) systems have lately garnered a significant amount of attention for both academic purposes and trial applications. Although the idea is not new, the fact that seawater has a smaller window of absorption for blue-green light has reawakened interest in it, and it has grown an essential attraction because of its high bandwidth, it can cover a wide variety of underwater activities as compared to radio frequency and acoustic technologies. To monitor pollution, maintain oil pipelines, monitor climate change, conduct offshore investigations, and conduct oceanography research, the wireless transmission of information underwater technology is of importance to the military, industrial, and scientific organizations all around the world. The use of wavelengths of visible light to transmit secure data across point-to-point connections in underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) compares well with the usage of free-space optical (FSO) communications. However, UWOC systems also have a huge amount of absorption and scattering introduced by the aquatic channels. Different from standard terrestrial free-space optical communication, many unique system design strategies have been investigated in recent years to solve these technological issues. This article presents a vision as well as various obstacles in the domain of underwater optical wireless communication, a detailed overview, and comparison of underwater communications techniques (UOWC) links, basic modulation technique techniques, and c pursuits on UWOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication systems are greatly hampered by many disruptive noises in powerline communication systems (PLC), which come with strong interference, resulting in the malfunction of PLC systems. Hence, there is a need to model noise and its effect on communication systems. This paper presents noise modelling and mitigation techniques for indoor broadband powerline communication systems. To model the PLC noise, frequency domain measurements employing the GSP‐930 spectrum analyser were carried out to determine the noise frequency response in the frequency range of 1–30 MHz. The results obtained were plotted. While the analytical model for the noise model is presented, furthermore, noise mitigation techniques for multiple input multiple output PLC (MIMO‐PLC) systems in the form of spatial modulation PLC systems have been proposed. The SM‐PLC system employs the indices of the individual transmit lines to increase the data rate, as opposed to the traditional MIMO‐PLC systems, where the symbol to be transmitted is transmitted by duplicating the symbol across all lines. The proposed system uses the maximum likelihood (ML) detector at the receiver to obtain estimates of the transmitted symbols. The simulation results of the SM‐PLC system are compared with the already existing MIMO‐PLC system and show a significant improvement of ≈6 dB and 5.2 dB in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) at a bit error rate of 10(−5) for spectral efficiencies of 4 bits per channel use (bpcu) and 6 bpcu, respectively. On comparison of the SM‐PLC system having a combination of additive white Gaussian noise and impulse noise at the receiver, the SM‐PLC system outperformed the traditional MIMO‐PLC by 3.5 and 3.8 dB in SNR for 4 and 6 bpcu, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Photovoltaic (PV) systems benefit from the cascaded H‐bridge multilevel inverter (CHMLI) topology due to its high flexibility and efficiency. However, PV mismatches in three‐phase grid‐connected systems result in an unbalanced power supply, which leads to an unbalanced grid current. Proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers can be used to control H‐bridge inverters because of their simplicity of tuning as well as their basic structure. However, due to the nonlinearity and high sensitivity of the PID controller, its performance declines as a result of high overshoot, high settling time, and high rise time during significant external disturbances. Moreover, the switching angle of the inverter must be adjusted to provide the required fundamental voltage while reducing harmonic content. In order to address this problem, a control technique with modulation compensation is proposed. The present work offers a two‐degree‐of‐freedom fractional‐order PID controller with an integrated filter (2DOF–FOPID–IF). Moreover, the optimum switching angles are determined for the CHMLI by employing an improved sparrow optimization (ISO) algorithm. To prove the practicality of the suggested technique, simulation, and experimental data are compared with the existing techniques. The proposed technique shows better performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, rise time, and low harmonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Itch is a unique sensory experience that is responded to by scratching. How pruritogens, which are mechanical and chemical stimuli with the potential to cause itch, engage specific pathways in the peripheral and central nervous system has been a topic of intense investigation over the last few years. Studies employing recently developed molecular, physiological, and behavioral techniques have delineated the dedicated mechanisms that transmit itch information to the brain. This review outlines the genetically defined and evolutionary conserved circuits for itch ranging from the skin-innervating peripheral neurons to the cortical neurons that drive scratching. Moreover, scratch suppression of itch is attributed to the concurrent activation of pain and itch pathways. Hence, we discuss the similarities between circuits driving pain and itch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an UWOC system-based high-sensitivity detection technique is analyzed and investigated. The simulation produced a new technique to detect the optical signal through direct and coherent detection. The high turbidity of the Jerlov water is applied as channel attenuation. The wavelengths 450, 550, 650, and 700 nm are used as carrier waves to carry the information signal in terms of bit rate (BT). The results showed that the wavelengths of 550 and 650 nm have demonstrated significant efficacy in establishing a robust link system at high levels of turbidity in water channels II and III. Besides, PSK-HO-D and PSK-HE-D have the best detection techniques and are considered effective and reliable versus attenuation links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a hybrid system with LD/LED links for UWOC. The visible range's five wavelengths (412–715 nm) enable the investigation. The modulation schemes of PPM, QAM, and OOK are applied for modulating the information over the carrier wavelengths. The metric of BER is analyzed for the receiving signal and used as a criterion with a threshold of 10–10. The simulation is carried out using different techniques (1Tx/1Rx, 2Tx/2Rx, 3Tx/3Rx, and 4Tx/4Rx). The finding results manifest that the system fulfills a maximum link by MIMO with (4Tx/4Rx). The BER of the received signals satisfies a lower error in the information signal via LD links. The appropriate modulation scheme for working under seawater with a robust and flexible link is 64-PPM. An enhancement in the maximum link exceeding 70 m by the wavelength 715 nm is done. The detector APD-PD surpasses PIN-PD with the modulations PPM and QAM, and vice versa for the modulation OOK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a highly sensitive detection technique-based UWOC system is analyzed and investigated. The proposed simulation produced a direct and coherent detection in high turbidity Jerlov water. The laser wavelengths named 450, 550, 650, and 700 nm are utilized with 25 mw to carry the information at a bit rate of 2 Gb/s. The link distance exceeds 650 m in channel water I by 450 nm with PSK-HE-D. For high turbidity in water channel III, the wavelengths 550 and 650 nm produced efficient performance to achieve a good link system with more sensitive detection techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Direct torque control with space vector modulation has been increasingly attracting emphasis for permanent‐magnet synchronous machine control, benefiting from a high dynamic response and low torque ripple. However, the rapid tracking performance of torque and stator flux linkage is gradually deteriorating as the machine enters the overmodulation region because of the output‐voltage limitation of the inverter. Therefore, to enhance the system tracking performance in the overmodulation region, an innovative overmodulation method based on torque and flux optimal tracking is proposed. In contrast to the conventional overmodulation method where only one of the torque and stator flux linkage tracking is considered, the proposed strategy first constructs the weightless cost function to achieve a trade‐off control between the torque and stator flux linkage. Then, by using an equivalent geometric path to intuitively express the weightless cost function, the minimum cost function can be easily solved and the optimal output voltage vector can be determined correspondingly, to achieve the fast‐tracking of both the torque and stator flux linkage. Additionally, the voltage utilization of different overmodulation schemes is also analysed. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of the proposed strategy.

Abstract Power converters can perform power conversion and data transmission simultaneously. With the aim of mitigating the hardware requirements of vehicle power line communication (VPLC), a novel VPLC scheme based on switching ripple modulation (SRM) is proposed to eliminate the need for coupling circuits and specialized communication chips. By embedding data modulation techniques into traditional pulse width modulation systems, power/data multiplexing transmission is achieved by demodulating the voltage ripple on the DC bus. First, the theoretical foundation of the SRM is introduced, and power/data single carrier modulation using 2FSK and data demodulation based on the sliding discrete Fourier transform are provided. Subsequently, comprehensive analyses of the mutual influence between power conversion and communication in the buck converter are conducted. The impact of power conversion on communication primarily depends on the control loop compensation and perturbation depth. Moreover, the designs of the ripple conditioning circuit and communication frame are presented. Finally, an experimental prototype is constructed with two buck converters in parallel. The experimental results demonstrate a data transmission rate of 12.5 kbps within 3 m under steady‐state, transient input and output voltage, and transient load conditions, validating the correctness of the proposed methodology.

Abstract Background Bacterial auxin production is a mechanism that promotes plant growth. However, it can also be linked to deleterious rhizobacteria and plant-pathogenic bacteria. High levels of auxins have the potential to impede plant growth. Additionally, certain environmental factors can enhance auxin activity and impact the activity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Results In this work, we boarded how the auxin-like effect in the soil–plant system modulates the plant growth-promoting activity of Lysinibacillus pinottii sp. nov. PB211. The effect of humified organic matter (HOM) soil was simulated with humic acids (HA) coming from vermicompost; the spectral configuration (13C-CP-TOSS-NMR and FTIR) and coleoptile elongation test indicated its bioactivity. Cucumber exhibits a PGP effect of PB211 and HA at a lower concentration compared to corn. This disparity agrees with the differential sensitivity to auxins of both plant models. Monocot plants, such as corn, generally exhibit greater resistance to exogenous auxin activity compared to eudicot plants, such as cucumber. The presence of HA in the growth substrate (sand) is found to modulate the PGPR activity of PB211, resulting in a loss of PGPR activity. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of considering the cumulative auxin-like effects in the soil–plant system when utilizing bacterial inoculants for plant growth promotion in agriculture. Graphical Abstract

Abstract In a modular multilevel converter (MMC) system, the sub‐module capacitors account for a large proportion of the cost, volume, and weight. This paper proposed a method to reduce the total capacitance of MMC based on the combination of boosting the modulation index (m) and second‐harmonic circulating current injection (SCCI). A small amount of full‐bridge sub‐modules was added to conventional half‐bridge sub‐modules (HBSM) based MMC to form the hybrid MMC. The third‐harmonic voltage injection technology was used to increase the m of hybrid MMC without the common‐mode voltage injected on the ac‐side. An optimized SCCI method determined by m was introduced, which limited the root mean square (RMS) of arm current. An improved modulation approach is used to eliminate the coupling effect of third‐harmonic voltage injection and SCCI in boosting m, ensuring that the m increases to 1.15 with the optimized SCCI. Compared with conventional HBSM‐MMC, the proposed method reduced the total capacitance by approximately half when m = 1.15. A comprehensive comparison of different capacitance reduction methods was presented to demonstrate the cost and effect. Simulation and experiment verified the proposed method.

The isolation and crystalline structure of N,N′-dibenzylethylenediammonium dichloride, C16H22N22+·2Cl−, is reported. This was obtained as an unintended product of an attempted Curtius rearrangement that involved benzylamine as one of the reagents and 1,2-dichloroethane as the solvent. Part of a series of reactions of a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE), this was not the intended reaction outcome. The goal of the course was to engage students as active participants in a laboratory experience which applies the foundational techniques of a synthetic organic laboratory, using the Curtius rearrangement as a tool for the assembly of medicinally significant scaffolds. The isolation of the title compound, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediammonium dichloride, the result of the 1,2-dichloroethane solvent outcompeting the Curtius isocyanate intermediate in the reaction with the nucleophilic amine, confirms the importance of conducting research at the undergraduate level where the outcome is not predetermined. The solid-state structure of N,N′-dibenzylethylenediammonium dichloride was found to feature an all-trans methylene-ammonium backbone. Strong N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds and C—H...Cl interactions lead to a layered structure with pseudo-translational symmetry emulating a C-centered setting. Different phenyl torsion angles at each end of the molecule enable a more stable packing by allowing stronger hydrogen-bonding interactions, leading to a more ordered but lower symmetry and modulated structure in P21/n.

Abstract This paper discusses a new symbol modulation scheme known as polarized amplitude and phase shift keying, (Pol‐APSK) modulation with four rings in its basic form. The new scheme maps power‐polarized symbol pairs on its constellation in order to increase the number of data symbols. Pol‐APSK exploits a symbol mapper based on a conjugate power splitting algorithm. Product modulation is applied, where a voltage signal of a specified amplitude and phase is multiplied by another current signal of a specified amplitude and phase, thus forming polymorphic signals in the product constellation. At the receiver, an isolated detection is performed, where the voltage signal is detected independently of the received current signal. A selection combining scheme is then used. The results depict unity peak‐to‐average power ratio and low average symbol energy, which is desirable for Green communications in 5G networks. It presents lower bit error rates when compared with the state‐of‐the art M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation, with a signal‐to‐noise ratio gap of at least 10[dB]. The proposed analytical framework closely matches the simulations for bit error rates under M=16,32,64Pol-APSK.

Abstract Many studies over the recent decades have attempted the modulation of motor learning using brain stimulation. Alternating currents allow for researchers not only to electrically stimulate the brain, but to further investigate the effects of specific frequencies, in and beyond the context of their endogenous associations. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has therefore been used during motor learning to modulate aspects of acquisition, consolidation and performance of a learned motor skill. Despite numerous reviews on the effects of tACS, and its role in motor learning, there are few studies which synthesize the numerous frequencies and their respective theoretical mechanisms as they relate to motor and perceptual processes. Here we provide a short overview of the main stimulation frequencies used in motor learning modulation (e.g., alpha, beta, and gamma), and discuss the effect and proposed mechanisms of these studies. We summarize with the current state of the field, the effectiveness and variability in motor learning modulation, and novel mechanistic proposals from other fields.

Abstract Communication systems are greatly hampered by many disruptive noises in powerline communication systems (PLC), which come with strong interference, resulting in the malfunction of PLC systems. Hence, there is a need to model noise and its effect on communication systems. This paper presents noise modelling and mitigation techniques for indoor broadband powerline communication systems. To model the PLC noise, frequency domain measurements employing the GSP‐930 spectrum analyser were carried out to determine the noise frequency response in the frequency range of 1–30 MHz. The results obtained were plotted. While the analytical model for the noise model is presented, furthermore, noise mitigation techniques for multiple input multiple output PLC (MIMO‐PLC) systems in the form of spatial modulation PLC systems have been proposed. The SM‐PLC system employs the indices of the individual transmit lines to increase the data rate, as opposed to the traditional MIMO‐PLC systems, where the symbol to be transmitted is transmitted by duplicating the symbol across all lines. The proposed system uses the maximum likelihood (ML) detector at the receiver to obtain estimates of the transmitted symbols. The simulation results of the SM‐PLC system are compared with the already existing MIMO‐PLC system and show a significant improvement of ≈6 dB and 5.2 dB in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) at a bit error rate of 10(−5) for spectral efficiencies of 4 bits per channel use (bpcu) and 6 bpcu, respectively. On comparison of the SM‐PLC system having a combination of additive white Gaussian noise and impulse noise at the receiver, the SM‐PLC system outperformed the traditional MIMO‐PLC by 3.5 and 3.8 dB in SNR for 4 and 6 bpcu, respectively.

Several studies have implicated the L3 auditory interneuron in the regulation of syllable period selective phonotaxis in female cricket Acheta domesticus. The L3's response to model calls of conspecific males comprises of an immediate and a prolonged response. The kinetics of activation of these electrical activities are consistent with sequential activation of ionotropic and metabotropic mechanisms. In this study, we used electrophysiological and pharmacological tools to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying L3's response. Bath application of the synthetic protein kinase inhibitor 1‐(5‐isoquinolinesul‐fonyl)‐2‐methylpiperazine (H7), results in the suppression of L3's spiking response, and this effect can be reversed by saline wash. Additionally, when female A. domesticus that were previously nano‐injected with H7 were tested for phonotaxis on a non‐compensating treadmill, they demonstrated suppression of syllable period‐dependent phonotaxis. These findings implicate protein kinase in the regulation of L3's spiking rhythm and the associated phonotaxis in A. domesticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous melanoma is a complex pathology that still has only treatments that lack efficiency and offer many adverse effects. Due to this scenario emerges the need to analyze other possible treatments against this disease, such as the effect of phenolic compounds. These substances have proven antitumor effects, but still have not been fully explored as a form of therapy to combat melanoma. Also, the purinergic receptors, along with its system molecules, take part in the formation of tumors from many pathways, such as the actions of ectoenzymes and receptors activity, especially P2Rs family, and are formed by structures that can be modulated by the phenolic compounds. Therefore, more studies have to be made with the aim of explaining the purinergic system activity in carcinogenesis of cutaneous melanoma and the effects of its modulation by phenolic compound, in order to enable the development of new therapies to combat this aggressive and feared cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The presented work discusses issues related to the use of modern multiphase topologies of Dual Active Bridge (DAB)‐type converters. Converters of this type are widely used in most DC microgrid applications. The introduction emphasizes a comparative analysis between single‐phase and multi‐phase DAB topologies within high‐power DC microgrids, delving into their respective advantages, drawbacks, design procedures, and considerations based on the latest knowledge. The publication explores the comparison and selection of viable topologies for deployment in high‐power and high‐efficiency DC microgrids. The unified method of controlling 1‐phase and multi‐phase DAB converters was proposed in this design, simplifying the issues of DC microgrid control. All topologies were tested on the same controller concept. The study performs laboratory investigation of DAB 1‐phase and 3‐phase: Star–Star, and Star–Delta topologies. Attention was paid to maintaining uniform operating conditions of the system, contrary to studies known from the literature, all tests were carried out on the same laboratory stand and the same magnetic components in different configurations. Analytical and laboratory analyses of the Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) region were performed, accounting for non‐linear phenomena. Based on these findings, an assessment of the system's performance in soft switching was carried out. The presented results were implemented in a simulation model and subsequently validated through tests on a constructed laboratory setup to ensure the proper operation of the system. This work meticulously presents and discusses variations in efficiency, dynamic response, phase current harmonic distribution, phase shift distribution, ZVS switching region, and more among the examined topologies. To ensure a fair comparison, the converter configuration for both simulation and laboratory models utilized identical components across all configurations.

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) is the process of determining the modulation type of a signal received by a communication system. Deep learning, a machine learning technique, has recently garnered significant attention due to its outstanding ability to classify intricate data structures. This study delves into the critical role of automatic modulation classification processes in both civil and military applications, utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) as a deep learning approach. In this study, unlike other studies, the effect of changing the depth level of the network on the accuracy level was investigated.

As part of a cross-linguistic investigation of request for confirmation (RfC) sequences, this article provides an overview of distributional tendencies associated with Korean RfC sequences based on an examination of 200 tokens of RfC excerpted from audio- and video-recorded face-to-face ordinary conversations. Various grammatical and contextual features associated with RfCs are analyzed, e.g., as interactional resources for grounding RfCs in inferencing, rendering them modulated in action, or connecting them to prior talk/action. They include negative polarity markers, connective particles (e.g., -nuntey ‘circumstantial’), modal markers (e.g., -keyss ‘I suppose’), and sentence-ending suffixes (SESs) such as -na (‘dubitative), -ney (‘noticing’), and ‘pseudo-tags’ -ci/cianha, which are composed of -ci (‘committal’). Features of responses to RfCs are examined in terms of response type (e.g., confirmation, disconfirmation, or neither) with special reference to the form and distribution of response tokens, which include not only unmarked interjections such as ung/yey (‘yes’) and ani(-yo) (‘no’), but also kule-marked indexical forms (e.g., ku(leh)ci ‘certainly it is’). The findings shed light on the role of SESs, modal markers, and discourse particles as stance-marking resources that crucially shape the function of RfCs, and the compositional features of response turns that constitute or frame a responsive action to RfCs.

Background and Objectives: Magnetic fluids are unique nanodispersed systems that have the properties of a magnetic material and a liquid. Although their magnetic properties are inferior to steels and ferrites, they are supermagnetic compared to most liquid media. When a magnetic field is applied to a magnetic fluid, agglomerates of ferromagnetic nanoparticles are formed in it, which were visually observed in this work. Materials and Methods: The dependence of the modulation depth of laser radiation with wavelengths of 450 nm, 550 nm and 650 nm on the concentration of nanotubes and the magnitude of the magnetic field induction is studied. The transmittance of polarized radiation in the optical range is measured depending on the relative position of agglomerates of ferromagnetic nanoparticles and the vector of the electric field strength of laser radiation. The angle between the electrical component of the laser radiation and the magnetic field induction vector changes by rotating the laser diode and polarizer with a servomotor relative to the vertical axis. Results: The maximum value of the modulation depth for magnetic fluid without carbon nanotubes is 15% and is observed for laser radiation with a wavelength of 650 nm. Adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes to the magnetic fluid makes it possible to increase the modulation depth by approximately one and a halftimes. Conclusion: It has been revealed that with increasing wavelength of laser radiation, the modulation depth increases. As the magnetic field induction value increases, the modulation depth of polarized laser radiation increases for all wavelengths. The addition of carbon nanotubes to the magnetic fluid leads to their alignment along the agglomerates.

Process design critically depends on the characterization of fuels and their kinetics under process conditions. This study steps beyond the fundamental methods of thermogravimetry to modulated (MTGA) and Hi-Res™ (high resolution) techniques to (1) add characterization detail and (2) increase the utility of thermal analysis data. Modulated TGA methods overlay sinusoidal functions on the heating rates to determine activation energy as a function of temperature with time. Under devolatilization conditions, Hi-Res™ TGA maintains a constant mass loss with time and temperature. These two methods, run independently or overlaid, offer additional analysis in which multiple samples at different heating rates are run to different final temperatures. Advanced methods allow researchers to use fewer samples by conducting fewer runs, targeting practical experimental designs, and quantifying errors easier. The parameters of the studies included here vary the heating rate at 10, 30, and 50 °C/min; vary gas-phase oxygen for pyrolysis or combustion conditions; and particle size ranges of 100–125 µm, 400–425 µm, and 600–630 µm. The two biomass fuels used in the studies are pinewood from Northern Sweden and wheat straw. The influence of torrefaction is also included at temperatures of 220, 250, and 280 °C. Apparent activation energy results align with the previous MTGA data in that combustion conditions yield higher values than pyrolysis conditions—200–250 kJ/mol and 175–225 kJ/mol for pine and wheat combustion, respectively, depending on pre-treatment. Results show the dependence of these parameters upon one another from a traditional thermal analysis approach, e.g., the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method, as well as MTGA and Hi-Res™ thermogravimetric investigations to show future directions for thermal analysis techniques.

Modulating dark optical fiber vector soliton molecules are theoretically investigated in this work. An optical fiber modulation system that out of fiber laser cavity is employed as a simulation model, which can flexibly change orthogonal electric fields’ properties of original optical fiber vector solitons. We consider two cases for simulation, one is original orthogonal polarization modes have the same central wavelength in the frequency domain, the other is original orthogonal polarization modes have different central wavelengths. In the first case, modulated dark vector soliton molecules with two pulse peaks and two pulse dips, accompanied by two wavelengths can always be observed. While in the second case, optical spectra will split in orthogonal directions, and obvious temporal pulse oscillation will occur, when the projection angle changes. The results further explore modulating vector solitons that with unique characteristics, in out-cavity optical fiber modulation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the influence of the spectral composition of accelerated radiation on the radiation intensity of a relativistic charged particle based on its equation of motion in the field of the amplitude-modulated electromagnetic wave. Equations are suggested for the phase and phase-angular distributions of the particle radiation. The dependence between the radiation and modulation coefficient are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the modulation process of the VSI motor drive system, the nonlinear errors caused by the dead-time and conduction voltage drop will increase the phase current harmonic distortion and the torque ripple. To solve this problem, a novel dead-time free modulation scheme is proposed in this paper. In the non-zero crossing region of the phase current, the switching tube, whose body diode can provide a continuation path, is set as off-state, the driving signal is only implemented on another switching tube with the same bridge arm, and the errors caused by the conduction voltage drop and switching delay are compensated to the pulse duration. At the same time, to suppress the zero current clamp effect that exists near the zero crossing point of the phase current, another modulation scheme for the phase current crossing zero in advance is proposed, which avoids the complicated determination and calculation of the current polarity near the zero crossing point of the current. Both of the above modulation schemes eliminate the dead-time, and the switching principle is presented. In addition, to suppress the impact of the current ripple and high-frequency noise on the accuracy of the phase current detection, a second-order resonance digital filter without phase shift is introduced. Finally, compared to two deadtime compensation methods, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed dead-time free modulation scheme are verified by the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work the bulk-diffusion problem of electrochemically inserted solute particles, e.g. hydrogen, in planar or cylindrical electrodes is treated with a boundary condition, which considers simultaneously both a sinusoidal modulation of the particle flux as well as the reaction rate of particle insertion into the electrode. By solving this diffusion–reaction model with superimposed modulation the solute concentration inside the sample as well as the particle flux is obtained. For application to electrochemical charging, this flux is related to that which follows from the Butler-Volmer equation. The phase shift between the surface solute concentration modulated by electrochemical means and the bulk particle concentration provides information whether the particle flux through the electrode-electrolyte interface is influenced more strongly by the insertion reaction or the subsequent diffusion inside the electrode. The spatial and temporal concentration evolution within the sample is analysed. The present model catches not only the modulation behaviour in a stationary state but also the transient behaviour. Furthermore, the faradaic impedance, derived from the current density across the interface, intrinsically contains both, the interfacial transfer resistance and the diffusion impedance. The presented diffusion–reaction model is not only suitable to study solute insertion in electrodes and subsequent diffusion phenomena in the field of electrochemistry, but can also be applied for other types of loading, e.g. from the gas phase, and to other measuring techniques, e.g. dilatometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work discusses issues related to the use of modern multiphase topologies of Dual Active Bridge (DAB)‐type converters. Converters of this type are widely used in most DC microgrid applications. The introduction emphasizes a comparative analysis between single‐phase and multi‐phase DAB topologies within high‐power DC microgrids, delving into their respective advantages, drawbacks, design procedures, and considerations based on the latest knowledge. The publication explores the comparison and selection of viable topologies for deployment in high‐power and high‐efficiency DC microgrids. The unified method of controlling 1‐phase and multi‐phase DAB converters was proposed in this design, simplifying the issues of DC microgrid control. All topologies were tested on the same controller concept. The study performs laboratory investigation of DAB 1‐phase and 3‐phase: Star–Star, and Star–Delta topologies. Attention was paid to maintaining uniform operating conditions of the system, contrary to studies known from the literature, all tests were carried out on the same laboratory stand and the same magnetic components in different configurations. Analytical and laboratory analyses of the Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) region were performed, accounting for non‐linear phenomena. Based on these findings, an assessment of the system's performance in soft switching was carried out. The presented results were implemented in a simulation model and subsequently validated through tests on a constructed laboratory setup to ensure the proper operation of the system. This work meticulously presents and discusses variations in efficiency, dynamic response, phase current harmonic distribution, phase shift distribution, ZVS switching region, and more among the examined topologies. To ensure a fair comparison, the converter configuration for both simulation and laboratory models utilized identical components across all configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing utilization of terahertz (THz) bandwidth in both industrial and private sectors highlights the significance of efficient terahertz shielding and absorption devices. These devices play a crucial role in safeguarding electronic components from disruptive effects and rendering objects less detectable by radar systems. However, the limited availability of materials and devices hinders progress in this field. In this study, a strain engineering route is presented for the active control of terahertz shielding and absorption properties in 3D graphene through the application of mechanical strain. A straintronic modulator based on 3D graphene is demonstrated, capable of modulating absorption and reflection of THz radiation in real‐time over a wide range of 0.1–3 THz. The modulator can be tuned to exhibit either shielding capability with a specific shielding effectiveness of 0.3 × 105 dB cm2 g−1 or stealth characteristics with an average reflection loss of 25 dB and 99.4% absorption. These findings open new avenues for leveraging 2D materials in their 3D porous form, where strain‐induced changes in interlayer interactions enable control over the properties of these materials. This discovery unveils vast unexplored physical phenomena with immense potential for advanced THz imaging, radar, and electromagnetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the intestinal microbiota can influence the metabolism and overall functioning of avian organisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different probiotics and an antibiotic on the microbiomes of 1.400 male Cobb® broiler raised for 42 days. The experiment was conducted with the following treatments: positive control diet (basal diet + antibiotic); negative control diet (basal diet without antibiotic and without probiotic); basal diet + Normal Avian Gut Flora (NAGF); basal diet + multiple colonizing strain probiotics (MCSPs); and basal diet + non-colonizing single strain probiotics (NCSSPs). The antibiotic (enramycin—antibiotic growth promoter) and probiotics were administered orally during all experiment (1 to 42 days), mixed with broiler feed. To determine the composition of the microbiota, five samples of ileal digesta were collected from 42-day-old chickens of each experimental group. The alpha and beta diversity of the ileal microbiota showed differences between the groups. MCSPs presented greater richness and uniformity compared to the positive control, negative control, and NCSSPs treatments, while the negative control exhibited greater homogeneity among samples than NCSSPs. MCSPs also showed a higher abundance of the genus Enterococcus. There were differences between the groups for low-abundance taxa (<0.5%), with NAGF showing higher levels of Delftia, Brevibacterium, and Bulleidia. In contrast, NCSSPs had a higher abundance of Ochrobactrum, Rhodoplanes, and Nitrospira. It was concluded that the treatments analyzed in this study induced modulations in the ileal microbiota of the chickens examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose Experimental Approach Key Results Conclusions and Implications Allosterism is a regulatory mechanism for GPCRs that can be attained by ligand‐binding or protein–protein interactions with another GPCR. We have studied the influence of the dimer interface on the allosteric properties of the A2A receptor and CB2 receptor heteromer.We have evaluated cAMP production, phosphorylation of signal‐regulated kinases (pERK1/2), label‐free dynamic mass redistribution, β‐arrestin 2 recruitment and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays in the absence and presence of synthetic peptides that disrupt the formation of the heteromer. Molecular dynamic simulations provided converging evidence that the heteromeric interface influences the allosteric properties of the A2AR–CB2R heteromer.Apo A2AR blocks agonist‐induced signalling of CB2R. The disruptive peptides, with the amino acid sequence of transmembrane (TM) 6 of A2AR or CB2R, facilitate CB2R activation, suggesting that A2AR allosterically prevents the outward movement of TM 6 of CB2R for G protein binding. Significantly, binding of the selective antagonist SCH 58261 to A2AR also facilitated agonist‐induced activation of CB2R.It is proposed that the A2AR–CB2R heteromer contains distinct dimerization interfaces that govern its functional properties. The molecular interface between protomers of the A2AR–CB2R heteromer interconverted from TM 6 for apo or agonist‐bound A2AR, blocking CB2R activation, to mainly the TM 1/7 interface for antagonist‐bound A2AR, facilitating the independent opening of intracellular cavities for G protein binding. These novel results shed light on a different type of allosteric mechanism and extend the repertoire of GPCR heteromer signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deleuze put forth a description of fluid control in computerized society in his text 'Postscript on Control Societies'. With the help of the philosophy of Gilbert Simondon, we can broaden and complexify this view and understand digital systems through the concept of modulation. These modulatory systems intervene in human individuation by controlling individuals as 'dividuals'. In contemporary digital technologies, like blockchain platforms, the modulatory dividual control can be fierce and even total. Simondon's concepts of pre-individual, individuation, and transindividuation present us with an ontology for this contemporary mode of control and enable us to better understand the complex relations between the being of humans and technical networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present a novel isotropic bidirectional model for studying weakly dispersive and weakly nonlinear atmospheric internal waves in a three-dimensional system consisting of two superimposed, incompressible, and inviscid fluids. The newly developed equation is the Benjamin-Benney-Luke (BBL) equation, a generalization of the famous two-dimensional Benjamin-Ono (2DBO) equation and the Benney-Luke equation, derived using the nonlocal Ablowitz-Fokas-Musslimani formulation of water waves. The evolution results of the BBL and 2DBO equations, performed by implementing the classic fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, the pseudospectral scheme with the integrating factor method, and the windowing scheme, show that the anisotropic 2DBO equation agrees well with the isotropic BBL model for problems being investigated, namely the focus is the central part of the soliton evolution/interaction zone. By applying the Whitham modulation theory, modulation equations for the 2DBO equation are obtained in this paper for analyzing the soliton dynamics in five different initial-value problems (truncated line soliton, line soliton, bent-stem soliton, bent soliton, and reverse bent soliton). In addition, corresponding numerical results are obtained and shown to agree well with the theoretical predictions. Both theoretical and numerical results reveal the formation conditions of the Mach expansion, as well as the specific relationship between the amplitude of the Mach stem and the initial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three‐phase ac choppers feature output voltage amplitude controllability and enable more compact system realizations compared to autotransformers. For the practical realization advantageously standard power transistor with unipolar voltage blocking capability such as MOSFETs can be employed as a naturally resulting offset voltage between the grid and the input‐stage starpoint ensures purely positive power transistor voltages. This offset voltage is, however, not strictly defined and may drift to higher voltage values, resulting in high power transistor voltage stresses and finally a potential overvoltage breakdown. Traditionally, the offset voltage drift is prevented by introducing discharge resistors across the input‐stage capacitors which, however, results in substantial ohmic losses. This paper analyzes the offset voltage formation in ac choppers and proposes a novel clamping modulation scheme which ensures a strictly defined and minimum time‐varying offset voltage without need for discharge resistors. Theoretical analyses and circuit simulations are finally experimentally verified with a 400 V (rms, line‐to‐line) 50 Hz grid connected three‐phase buck‐boost ac chopper with 3 kW rated power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase unwrapping is a key data processing step in phase measurement profilometry. In this study, a quality-guided branch-cut phase unwrapping algorithm is proposed based on the traditional Goldstein branch-cut method, aiming to obtain more accurate phase unwrapping results. The proposed algorithm uses the second-order differential of the wrapped phase as a supplement parameter for residual detection principle, and regards the mutation points in the second-order differential of the wrapped phase as non-polar residual points, and uses modulation as the criterion for residual point effectiveness judgment, regarding the residual points with low modulation as having higher effectiveness for local optimization to reduce the density of residual points. The optimized equivalent residual points are connected into branch-cut to block error propagation. The proposed algorithm calculates the quality of pixels using modulation to guide the order of phase unwrapping, with the unwrapping path circumventing the branch-cut and prioritizing high-quality pixels. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has higher accuracy and competitiveness in phase unwrapping results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the metaverse era, virtual design of hairstyle becomes very popular for personalized aesthetics. As hair design tasks can be decomposed into hair attribute editing and generation, the development of generative adversarial networks (GANs) has significantly prompted its development. The majority of the existing algorithms focus on transferring the overall hair region from one face to another, which ignore fine control over the color and geometric features. Furthermore, these algorithms may result in unnatural generation results. In this paper, we propose a hair modification framework that learns hairstyle information from a reference face mask and color information from a guidance face image. Firstly, the features of the input face image and reference images are extracted through a group of encoders, and then divided into feature vectors of coarse, medium, and fine levels. Secondly, multi-level feature vectors are fused in the latent space using attention-based modulation modules. Finally, the fused feature vector is passed through a StyleGAN generator to generate face images with specified hairstyle and hair color. Experimental results show that the proposed method can finely simulate the hairstyle transition between long and short hair under the constraint of the reference mask, and can produce realistic fusion effects in the hair-covered regions, such as ears, neck, and forehead. Various hair dyeing effects that adapt to personalized characteristics are demonstrated, as facial features including skin color and hair texture are preserved when transferring the hair color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]