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Hot Flow anomalies (HFAs), one of the most well‐analyzed transient phenomena in the Earth's foreshock, are known as kinetic structures driven by tangential discontinuities (TDs). Recently, a 2‐dimensional (2D) magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model reproduced HFAs with either a high‐ or low‐density core. Further investigation of an HFA with two cores observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission is reported. The observation via the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission suggests this MHD HFA is associated with a foreshock density hole‐like structure. The trailing flux tube in simulation may propagate with a TD in the foreshock. Our work suggests that HFAs with two low‐density cores can also be achieved in MHD process. Results show the total ram pressure can be an excellent diagnostic for the presence of transient structures, such as HFAs, at the bow shock. Plain Language Summary: The hot flow anomaly (HFA) is a typical foreshock transient on the upstream of Earth's bow shock. This phenomenon is characterized by heating and significant flow deflection inside its core region and is traditionally believed to be a kinetic structure associated with tangential discontinuities (TDs). More recently, HFA‐like structures have also been generated through magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. Here, we present an HFA with two low‐density cores captured by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellite. Observation from the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission suggests the observed double‐core HFA is driven by foreshock density hole‐like structure, which is propagating with the observed TD to the bow shock. The observed double‐core HFA is reproduced by a 2‐dimensional (2D) MHD model, in which two low‐density flux tubes are inputted simultaneously. Our observation and simulations show that the total ram pressure is an excellent indicator for the presence of transient structures at the bow shock. Key Points: Double‐core hot flow anomalies can be reproduced by 2‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model with two simultaneous low‐density flux tubesThe simulation results and the observation show general agreementThe total ram pressure is an excellent indicator for the formation of hot flow anomalies at the bow shock [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole genome duplications are implicated in genome instability and tumorigenesis. Human and yeast polyploids exhibit increased replication stress and chromosomal instability, both hallmarks of cancer. In this study, we investigate the transcriptional response of Schizosaccharomyces pombe to increased ploidy generally, and in response to treatment with the genotoxin methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). We find that treatment of MMS induces upregulation of genes involved in general response to genotoxins, in addition to cell cycle regulatory genes. Downregulated genes are enriched in transport and sexual reproductive pathways. We find that the diploid response to MMS is muted compared to the haploid response, although the enriched pathways remain largely the same. Overall, our data suggests that the global S. pombe transcriptome doubles in response to increased ploidy but undergoes modest transcriptional changes in both unperturbed and genotoxic stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of a 3D model for patient education has shown encouraging results in surgical specialties like plastic surgery and neurosurgery, amongst many others; however, there is limited research on the clinical application of 3D models for Mohs Micrographic Surgery. This study delves into the utilization of 3D models for patient education in Mohs Surgery by juxtaposing different 3D modalities, highlighting their differences, and exploring potential avenues for future integration of 3D models into clinical practice. A literature search in the scientific database MEDLINE through PubMed and OVID and on the ProQuest Health & Medical Collection database was performed on the use of a 3D model for patient education. We limited the search to articles available in English and considered those mentioning the educational use of 3D models, especially for patient education, after excluding duplicate titles. We did not exclude articles based on publication year due to limited availability of literature. Utilizing 3D models for patient education within the framework of Mohs Micrographic surgery, including a 3D multicolored clay model and a 3D model accompanied by an educational video intervention, presents substantial advantages. 3D models offer a visual and tactile means to improve patients’ comprehension of the Mohs procedure, the affected area, and possible outcomes. They hold the potential to reduce patient anxiety and improve decision-making. Currently, literature on the use of 3D models for patient education in Mohs Micrographic Surgery is limited, warranting further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS) for treatment of melanoma offers several advantages over wide local excision (WLE), including complete histologic margin evaluation, same-day resection and closure, and sparing of healthy tissue in critical anatomic sites. Recently, a large volume of clinical data demonstrating efficacy in MMS treatment of melanoma was published, leading to emerging patient safety considerations of incurred treatment costs, risk of tumor upstaging, and failure of care coordination for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). MMS offers a safe, effective, and value-based treatment for both melanoma in situ (MIS) and invasive melanoma (IM), particularly with immunohistochemistry use on frozen sections. Compared to wide local excision, MMS treatment demonstrates similar or improved outcomes for local tumor recurrence, melanoma-specific survival, and overall survival at long-term follow-up. Tumor upstaging risk is low, and if present, alteration to clinical management is minimal. Discussion of SLNB for eligible head and neck IM cases should be done prior to MMS. Though challenging, successful multidisciplinary coordination of SLNB with MMS has been demonstrated. Herein, we provide a detailed clinical review of evidence for MMS treatment of cutaneous melanoma and offer recommendations to address current controversies surrounding the evolving paradigm of surgical management for both MIS and invasive melanoma (IM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In astrophysics and space, supercritical shock is generated when an object interacts with an incoming supersonic plasma stream. Its downstream plasmas are highly turbulent, containing abundant vortices on all scales from magnetohydrodynamic to electron gyroscales. Understanding the production of these vortices is at the forefront, especially on the electron scale. Using ultrafast measurements of NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, we report on the fortunate multi‐spacecraft observation of the formation of an electron vortex directly generated inside the Earth's quasi‐parallel bow shock transition and propagated to the downstream turbulent magnetosheath. The vortex is generated inside the shock transition by anisotropic ∼100–600 eV electrons trapped in an ion‐scale magnetic hole which could show a tornado‐like magnetic morphology. Our results demonstrate that the electron vortex can develop not only as a product of the forward cascade but also from the shock transition into its downstream turbulence, which adds to the short‐scale turbulence and dissipation. Plain Language Summary: Turbulence is a ubiquitous process in fluids where nonlinear interactions take place to generate dynamically evolving vortex structures across a broad range of scales. It plays a leading role in the cascade of mass and energy transport to increasingly small scales until it is dissipated as heat. In ionized plasmas, turbulence is more complex when considering electromagnetic fields, different kinds of charged particles, waves, and dissipation mechanisms. For studying plasma turbulence, a readily available natural laboratory is the near‐Earth environment. The solar wind plasma encounters the Earth's magnetosphere, generating a supercritical bow shock. The plasma downstream of the bow shock is highly turbulent and contains abundant plasma vortices from the macroscale to the electron gyroscale. Therefore, understanding the bow shock's role in vortex generation is crucial and essential to understanding the development of turbulence in collisionless magnetized plasmas. This paper presents a precise origin of electron‐scale vortex for unpredictable and random plasma turbulence. The vortex can directly start inside the collisionless shock as a small‐scale vortex before being transported downstream turbulence, instead of the popular belief that developing from the downstream turbulence and larger‐scale vortices. Key Points: Electron vortex can directly start inside the supercritical shock as a small‐scale vortex before being transported downstream turbulenceEvidence for its generation inside the shock transition is provided by identifying the energetic shock electron population as its sourceThe vortex could show a tornado‐like magnetic morphology, coupling with a magnetic hole and propagating to the downstream magnetosheath [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The space weather effects at the Earth's magnetosphere are mostly driven by the solar wind that carries the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). In this paper, we use 2 years of data in the solar wind from lunar orbiting ARTEMIS and MMS spacecraft upstream of the Earth's bow shock to study the structure of the IMF. We determine the lag times of IMF structures and their dependence on spacecraft positions by conducting an information theory analysis and comparing it with two traditional analysis methods: cross‐correlation (CC) analysis and minimum variance of magnetic field analysis (MVAB). For the events with long time intervals (i.e., >4 hr) and with small‐spatial separation between the MMS and ARTEMIS along the yGSM‐direction (i.e., <40Re, where Re is the Earth's radius), the lag times based on the CC and the mutual information (MI) analyses statistically agree with each other, with p‐values of 1.675 × 10−7 and 4.833 × 10−9, with the confidence of 95%. Both the results based on MI and CC have a large deviation from the results from MVAB. For some of the events, such a deviation could be improved by taking the fast mode speed into account; however, p‐tests showed that they were not statistically significant to the 95% confidence level. Plain Language Summary: Typically, single‐point measurements from the Earth‐Sun Lagrange Point‐1 are used to forecast space weather. However, it is important to understand that multi‐point measurements are required to further understand and predict geo‐effective solar wind structures. Three analysis methods using multi‐point measurements from the MMS and THEMIS missions of large solar wind structures as they move from regions around the Moon to regions around Earth's bow shock, are presented and compared in this paper. Information theory analysis (specifically Mutual Information) determines dependence between two variables by quantifying the entropy (uncertainty) in the two variables. Minimum variance analysis calculates the direction of least change in a magnetic field and assumes the solar wind is propagating in that direction. Lag time is calculated by taking the dot products of this direction with both the displacement vector between the two spacecraft, to get a distance, and the ion velocity (from ARTEMIS) to get a speed. The distance is divided by the speed to get a lag time. Cross‐Correlation analysis is a traditional method for measuring similarity between two variables. This paper shows that information theory analysis along with cross‐correlation analysis could be used successfully for space weather forecasting. Key Points: The solar wind data by MMS and THEMIS are analyzed by using information theory to understand the propagation of solar wind structuresMutual information, linear cross‐correlation, and minimum variance analyses sometimes give different lag‐timesInformation theory analysis along with the traditional method of cross‐correlation analysis could be used successfully for space weather forecasting [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a payload of Tianwen-1 (TW-1), the Mars Mineral Spectrometer (MMS) is tasked with acquiring hyperspectral data of the Martian surface to detect material composition. Microdeformations in optical, mechanical, and thermal components result in the MMS experiencing spectral response distortion in orbit, leading to systematic changes in pixel central wavelengths and full width at half maximum (FWHM). Known as the spectral smile, this distortion compromises the accuracy of reflectance inversion and material composition detection. This study introduces a method for detecting the spectral smile through the Martian atmospheric absorption channel, capitalizing on the distinct characteristics of the atmospheric composition and absorption patterns of Mars. A suitable technical route for in-orbit spectral smile detection was established and tested using simulation experiments and MMS-acquired hyperspectral data. Results suggest that the proposed method can attain central wavelength shifts with a maximum error of 0.32 nm and FWHM variations with a maximum error of 1.95 nm. Employing in-orbit spectral smile detection markedly enhances the correction of Martian atmospheric absorption and provides technical support for Martian surface reflectance inversion. https://github.com/wubingnote/MMS-Spectral-Smile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the methodology and main results obtained after applying several geomatic techniques, based on the fusion of data acquired by several sensors, to document the recovery works carried out in an abandoned church. A century ago, the façade was moved to a museum to ensure its preservation. In addition to documentary purposes, a secondary goal is the virtual repositioning of a model of this element on that of the church. The method takes advantage of the potential of each technique, considering the acquisition of geometry based mainly on laser scanning techniques and radiometry on photogrammetry. The results include 3D models and orthoimages, which are used to perform a stratigraphic study. The 3D model of the façade has been repositioned in the general one, considering common geometries previously fitted in both models and repeating part of the photogrammetric process, using masks to define the image areas related to the church and the façade. Therefore, we obtained a 3D model with the façade included in it. This procedure has demonstrated its feasibility despite the existence of different environmental conditions in both areas. Using these results, we have also developed a BIM to allow for the management of future restoration works.

We report in situ observation of magnetic reconnection between magnetic flux rope (MFR) and magnetic hole (MH) in the magnetosheath by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The MFR was rooted in the magnetopause and could be generated by magnetopause reconnection therein. A thin current sheet was generated due to the interaction between MFR and MH. The sub‐Alfvénic ion bulk flow and the Hall field were detected inside this thin current sheet, indicating an ongoing reconnection. An elongated electron diffusion region characterized by non‐frozen‐in electrons, magnetic‐to‐particle energy conversion, and crescent‐shaped electron distribution was detected in the reconnection exhaust. The observation provides a mechanism for the dissipation of MFRs and thus opens a new perspective on the evolution of MFRs at the magnetopause. Our work also reveals one potential fate of the MHs in the magnetosheath which could reconnect with the MFRs and further merge into the magnetopause. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic flux rope (MFR) is a kind of helical magnetic field structure that is frequently observed in the Earth's magnetosphere. At the dayside magnetopause, MFRs are generally generated by the reconnection of the Earth's intrinsic magnetic field and the interplanetary magnetic field, especially when the interplanetary magnetic field points southward. These MFRs tend to grow larger after they are expelled from the reconnection sites and then travel along the magnetopause, and ultimately disintegrate into the cusp. In this study, we provide another potential fate of these magnetopause MFRs. They can interact with the magnetosheath magnetic holes and dissipate through reconnection with multiple magnetic holes. Based on the Magnetospheric Multiscale observation, we provide direct evidence of reconnection between the MFR and the magnetic hole, which has a pivotal role in this scenario. Our results give new insights into the evolution of MFRs at the magnetopause and further the coupling between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere. Key Points: First observation of magnetic reconnection between magnetic flux rope (MFR) and magnetic hole (MH) in the magnetosheathA thin current sheet with typical reconnection signatures was formed at the interface of MFR and MH due to their interactionAn elongated electron diffusion region was detected in the reconnection exhaust [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smc5/6 complex is a highly conserved molecular machine involved in the maintenance of genome integrity. While its functions largely depend on restraining the fork remodeling activity of Mph1 in yeast, the presence of an analogous Smc5/6-FANCM regulation in humans remains unknown. We generated human cell lines harboring mutations in the NSE1 subunit of the Smc5/6 complex. Point mutations or truncations in the RING domain of NSE1 result in drastically reduced Smc5/6 protein levels, with differential contribution of the two zinc-coordinating centers in the RING. In addition, nse1-RING mutant cells display cell growth defects, reduced replication fork rates, and increased genomic instability. Notably, our findings uncover a synthetic sick interaction between Smc5/6 and FANCM and show that Smc5/6 controls fork progression and chromosome disjunction in a FANCM-independent manner. Overall, our study demonstrates that the NSE1 RING domain plays vital roles in Smc5/6 complex stability and fork progression through pathways that are not evolutionary conserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the methodology and main results obtained after applying several geomatic techniques, based on the fusion of data acquired by several sensors, to document the recovery works carried out in an abandoned church. A century ago, the façade was moved to a museum to ensure its preservation. In addition to documentary purposes, a secondary goal is the virtual repositioning of a model of this element on that of the church. The method takes advantage of the potential of each technique, considering the acquisition of geometry based mainly on laser scanning techniques and radiometry on photogrammetry. The results include 3D models and orthoimages, which are used to perform a stratigraphic study. The 3D model of the façade has been repositioned in the general one, considering common geometries previously fitted in both models and repeating part of the photogrammetric process, using masks to define the image areas related to the church and the façade. Therefore, we obtained a 3D model with the façade included in it. This procedure has demonstrated its feasibility despite the existence of different environmental conditions in both areas. Using these results, we have also developed a BIM to allow for the management of future restoration works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission has probed Earth's magnetosphere, magnetosheath, and near‐Earth solar wind for over 8 years. We utilize an unsupervised learning algorithm, Gaussian mixture model clustering, along with feature generation and simple post‐cleaning methods to automatically classify 8 years of MMS dayside observations into four plasma regions (magnetosphere, magnetosheath, solar wind, and ion foreshock) at 1‐min resolution. With these plasma regions distinguished, we have also identified boundary surfaces (e.g., magnetopause, bow shock). We validate our results on manually generated and rule based region labels described in the literature. We report overlap rates in our cluster determined magnetopauses and bow shocks against Scientist‐in‐the Loop (SITL) identified transitions and published databases. Our features are general and our model is extensible, potentially making it applicable to observational data from multiple other missions. Key Points: We use an extensible unsupervised Gaussian mixture model (GMM) algorithm to automatically classify 8 years of dayside magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) plasma dataOur model distinguishes between solar wind, ion foreshock, magnetosheath, and magnetosphere with 97.8% accuracy compared to manual labelsWe provide classified labels and transitions at 1‐min resolution and stable region specific lists for all 8 years of dayside MMS data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During geomagnetic storms, the increase in energy input into the ionosphere in the form of Poynting flux and electron precipitation leads to an enhanced ionospheric outflow that results in an increase of the O+ content in the magnetosphere. Using different missions and instrumentation, two main ionospheric sources have been identified for the oxygen ions reaching the inner magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms: the dayside cusp, and the night side auroral region. Evidence of both pathways have been presented in the literature. However, the relative contribution of each of these pathways to the enhancement of O+ observed in near‐Earth plasma sheet, as well as the dynamics involved during the development of geomagnetic storms remains an open question. Here, we present the first statistical study to date to address this question, in the form of a superposed epoch analysis of O+ and H+ moments obtained by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission throughout the main phase of 90 geomagnetic storms with a minimum SYM‐H of at least −50 nT. The results show a clear increase in the oxygen density in the near‐Earth plasma sheet, with values further from Earth remaining low. Temperature values for both species show an increase with the progress of the storms. These results combined suggest that, during the main phase of geomagnetic storms, most of the oxygen ions observed in the near‐Earth plasma sheet are traveling directly from the nightside auroral region. Key Points: Superposed epoch analysis shows dynamic evolution of O+ ions during geomagnetic stormsSignificant enhancement of the O+‐to‐H+ number density ratio observed at radial distances less than 12 REScalar temperature for both species show the arrival of heated ions far from Earth throughout the analyzed period [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offering transactions through mobile devices has many advantages, such as cashless payments, lower transaction costs, and provide employment opportunities. However, it introduces access security challenges that must be dealt with, which may allow unauthorized access, resulting in theft. This work proposes a framework to improve security on the usage of Mobile Money Services (MMS) by using two-factor authentication (2FA) of PIN and iris biometric authentication method (IRBAM). The rapid application development (RAD) approach was used to develop mobile money applications based on the proposed framework. The proposed framework will improve the security of accessing MMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Hot Flow anomalies (HFAs), one of the most well‐analyzed transient phenomena in the Earth's foreshock, are known as kinetic structures driven by tangential discontinuities (TDs). Recently, a 2‐dimensional (2D) magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model reproduced HFAs with either a high‐ or low‐density core. Further investigation of an HFA with two cores observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission is reported. The observation via the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission suggests this MHD HFA is associated with a foreshock density hole‐like structure. The trailing flux tube in simulation may propagate with a TD in the foreshock. Our work suggests that HFAs with two low‐density cores can also be achieved in MHD process. Results show the total ram pressure can be an excellent diagnostic for the presence of transient structures, such as HFAs, at the bow shock.

To achieve a domestically developed alternative to the manufacturing message specification （MMS） as the core communication technology for the substation control layer， the State Grid Corporation of China has established the communication message specification （CMS） for secondary systems in substations. However， the specific application implementation plan has not yet been provided. Therefore， to promote the application of the CMS protocol and advance research on the independent and controllable core technology of substations， a solution is proposed to implement the application of the CMS protocol on a new generation of independent and controllable embedded protection devices. The solution outlines specific implementation methods， including encoding and decoding， communication structure， compatibility application of CMS and MMS， as well as communication security. The feasibility of the solution has been verified through service consistency testing and code robustness testing. The solution has been applied in the new generation of independent and controllable product platforms.

Latar Belakang: Tingkat kepatuhan merupakan indikator keberhasilan program pemberian MMS maupun TTD. Faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi tingkat kepatuhan yaitu tingkat pengetahuan, daya terima konsumsi, daya terima karakteristik, dan dukungan keluarga. Tujuan: Menganalisa hubungan dan perbedaan tingkat kepatuhan dalam konsumsi MMS maupun TTD pada ibu hamil di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Mulyorejo Surabaya. Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan desain kohort prospektif. Terdapat dua kelompok sampel yaitu kelompok konsumsi MMS dan kelompok konsumsi TTD dengan jumlah 24 sampel tiap kelompok yang dialokasikan secara random dan dipantau selama 30 hari. Variabel independen yaitu jenis suplemen sedangkan dependen yaitu tingkat kepatuhan. Variabel luar terdiri dari tingkat pengetahuan, efek samping, daya terima konsumsi, daya terima karakteristik, dan dukungan keluarga. Analisis perbandingan menggunakan Mann Whitney sedangkan analisis hubungan menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil: Rata-rata tingkat kepatuhan ibu hamil konsumsi MMS lebih tinggi yaitu 79% dibandingkan dengan TTD yaitu 71,2%. Namun, tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan diantara keduanya (p-value=0,400). Tingkat pengetahuan, daya terima konsumsi, dan daya terima karakteristik tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan (p-value>0,05). Rata-rata dukungan keluarga kelompok MMS lebih tinggi yaitu 34,9 dibandingkan kelompok TTD yaitu 32,2. Tingkat pengetahuan dan daya terima konsumsi berhubungan dengan tingkat kepatuhan (p-value0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara tingkat kepatuhan, tingkat pengetahuan, dan daya terima pada kelompok MMS tetapi rata-rata dukungan keluarga kelompok MMS lebih tinggi daripada kelompok TTD. Tingkat pengetahuan dan daya terima konsumsi berhubungan dengan tingkat kepatuhan. Namun, tidak dengan dukungan keluarga.

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Copyright of Zhejiang Electric Power is the property of Zhejiang Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The level of adherence is an indicator of the successful implementation of a program to provide both multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) and iron folic acid (IFA). Moreover, factors that may have an impact on the level of adherence are knowledge level, consumption acceptability, characteristic acceptability, and family support. Objectives: To analyze the relationship and differences in the level of adherence of pregnant women to consuming MMS and IFA in the work area of Mulyorejo Public Health Center, Surabaya. Methods: This study is an observational study (prospective cohort design). A total of 244 samples from each of the two sample groups, which are the MMS group and the IFA group, were observed for 30 days. This study was expected to discover the adherence level of pregnant women to consuming MMS or IFA. In addition, the Mann-Whitney test was used in the comparative analysis, and the chi-square test was used in the relationship analysis. Results: According to the findings, it was discovered that pregnant women who consumed MMS had a higher average adherence rate (79.9%) compared to those who consumed IFA (71.2%). However, the results showed that there was no significant difference between the two (p-value = 0.400), and identical results applied for knowledge level, consumption acceptability, and characteristic acceptability. Moreover, in comparison to the IFA group (32.2), the MMS group had a higher average family support (34.9). Additionally, there was a relationship between the adherence level and both knowledge level and consumption acceptability (p-value<0,05), but there was no relationship between the adherence level and family support (p-value>0.05). Conclusions: There was no significant difference among the variables. In addition, there was a relationship between the adherence level and both knowledge level and consumption acceptability, but not between the adherence level and family support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To manage the historic built heritage, it is of fundamental importance to fully understand the urban area under study, so that all its characteristics and critical issues related to historical conformation, stratification, and transformations can be better understood and described. Geometric surveying allows a deeper investigation of these characteristics through analytical investigation in support of urban planning theories as well. To date, geomatics provides various tools and techniques to meet the above-mentioned needs, and mobile mapping system (MMS) is a technology that can survey large areas in a short time, with good results in terms of density, accuracy, and coverage of the data. In this context, the article aims to verify whether this approach can also be useful in the complex and stratified reality of the historic urban context. The case analyzed—the historical center of Sabbioneta—presents some criticalities found in many urban centers of historical layout. Examples are narrow streets inserted in an urban context with multi-story buildings and consequent difficulty in receiving the GNSS signal and difficulty in following general MMS survey guidelines (trajectories with closed loops, wide radius curves). The analysis presented, relating to a survey carried out with Leica Pegasus:Two instrumentation, in addition to describing the strategies used to properly develop the survey, aims to analyze the resulting datum by discussing its possibilities for use in urban modeling, for cartographic or three-dimensional information modeling purposes. Particular attention is paid to assessing whether the quality of the data (accuracy, density) is suitable for the urban scale. Finally, an analysis of the data obtained from MMS was made with the geographic-topographic database (DBGT), in a GIS (Geographic Information System) environment, to check the possibilities of use and integration between the two models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine particle energization and injections that show energetic electron enhancements at both MMS in the magnetotail and Van Allen Probes in the inner magnetosphere. Observing injections along with a corresponding flow burst allows us to better understand injections overall. Searching for suitable events, we found that only a small number of events at MMS had corresponding injections that penetrated far enough into the inner magnetosphere to observe with Van Allen Probes. With the four suitable events we did find, we compared the energy spectra at the two spacecraft and mapped the boundary of where the injection entered the inner magnetosphere. We found that, among these injections in the inner magnetosphere, the electron flux did not increase above ~400 keV, similar to previous results, but the corresponding signatures in the tail observed increased fluxes at 600 keV or higher. There does not appear to be a comparable flux increase at Van Allen Probes and MMS for a given event. None of our injections included ion enhancements at Van Allen Probes, but one included an ion injection at geosynchronous orbit in the GOES spacecraft. All of our injections were dispersed at Van Allen Probes, and we were therefore able to map an estimate of the injection boundary. All of the injections occurred in the premidnight sector. Although we found some events where particle energizations in the tail are accompanied by inner magnetospheric injections, we do not find a statistical link between the two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine a Dipolarization Front (DF) event with an embedded electron diffusion region (EDR), observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft on 08 September 2018 at 14:51:30 UT in the Earth's magnetotail by applying multi‐scale multipoint analysis methods. In order to study the large‐scale context of this DF, we use conjunction observations of the Cluster spacecraft together with MMS. A polynomial magnetic field reconstruction technique is applied to MMS data to characterize the embedded electron current sheet including its velocity and the X‐line exhaust opening angle. Our results show that the MMS and Cluster spacecraft were located in two counter‐rotating vortex flows, and such flows may distort a flux tube in a way that the local magnetic shear angle is increased and localized magnetic reconnection may be triggered. Using multi‐point data from MMS we further show that the local normalized reconnection rate is in the range of R ∼ 0.16 to 0.18. We find a highly asymmetric electron in‐ and outflow structure, consistent with previous simulations on strong guide‐field reconnection events. This study shows that magnetic reconnection may not only take place at large‐scale stable magnetopause or magnetotail current sheets but also in transient localized current sheets, produced as a consequence of the interaction between the fast Earthward flows and the Earth's dipole field. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic Reconnection is a key energy conversion process, where magnetic energy is converted into kinetic energy of plasma particles. During this process the magnetic field topology changes and the plasma particles decouple from the magnetic field in the so‐called diffusion region and get accelerated, forming a fast outflow jet. Over the last decades, hints arise that reconnection can take place at many different places in the magnetosphere and also very locally and intermittently. Fast plasma flows in the Magnetotail, moving toward the Earth, are assumed to be a consequence of magnetic reconnection, and are often accompanied by dipolar‐shaped magnetic flux bundles, embedded into them. The leading edges of such flux bundles are called dipolarization fronts (DF). In this work, we investigate a DF event, which hosts a diffusion region. First, we study the large‐scale characteristics of the DF, by utilizing data from both the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) and the Cluster mission, that observe different regions of the event almost simultaneously. Second, we performed a 3D magnetic field reconstruction technique and compared the results to MMS data, to investigate the event on small scales. Key Points: A thin current sheet inside a dipolarization front, embedded in a diverging flow is analyzed using a polynomial reconstruction techniqueTransient reconnection event is detected in a high magnetic shear region, where the magnetic field is deflected due to duskward fast plasma flowThe reconstructed current sheet has a guide field of ∼1.8 the reconnecting component with normalized reconnection rate between 0.16 and 0.18 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We report in situ observation of magnetic reconnection between magnetic flux rope (MFR) and magnetic hole (MH) in the magnetosheath by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The MFR was rooted in the magnetopause and could be generated by magnetopause reconnection therein. A thin current sheet was generated due to the interaction between MFR and MH. The sub‐Alfvénic ion bulk flow and the Hall field were detected inside this thin current sheet, indicating an ongoing reconnection. An elongated electron diffusion region characterized by non‐frozen‐in electrons, magnetic‐to‐particle energy conversion, and crescent‐shaped electron distribution was detected in the reconnection exhaust. The observation provides a mechanism for the dissipation of MFRs and thus opens a new perspective on the evolution of MFRs at the magnetopause. Our work also reveals one potential fate of the MHs in the magnetosheath which could reconnect with the MFRs and further merge into the magnetopause.

Mohs micrographic surgery using MART-1 immunostain in the treatment of invasive melanoma and melanoma in situ. Keywords: Mohs micrographic surgery; MMS; Melanoma; Lentigo maligna; Immunohistochemistry; MART-1; MELAN-A; HMB-45; MITF; SOX-10; S-100; Ki-67; MC1R; PRAME; pHH3; p16 EN Mohs micrographic surgery MMS Melanoma Lentigo maligna Immunohistochemistry MART-1 MELAN-A HMB-45 MITF SOX-10 S-100 Ki-67 MC1R PRAME pHH3 p16 2769 2772 4 11/02/23 20231201 NES 231201 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-023-02711-5. Though overall use of S-100 is limited due to low specificity for atypical melanocytes, in cases of MMS for desmoplastic melanoma, S-100 appeared more reliable than both MART-1 and HMB-45. [Extracted from the article]

The Berlin Grading System assesses clinical severity of moyamoya angiopathy (MMA) by combining MRI, DSA, and cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVRC). Our aim was to validate this grading system using [15O]H2O PET for CVRC. We retrospectively identified bilateral MMA patients who underwent [15O]H2O PET examination and were treated surgically at our department. Each hemisphere was classified using the Suzuki and Berlin Grading System. Preoperative symptoms and perioperative ischemias were collected, and a logistic regression analysis was performed. A total of 100 hemispheres in 50 MMA patients (36 women, 14 men) were included. Using the Berlin Grading System, 2 (2.8%) of 71 symptomatic hemispheres were categorized as grade I, 14 (19.7%) as grade II, and 55 (77.5%) as grade III. The 29 asymptomatic hemispheres were characterized as grade I in 7 (24.1%) hemispheres, grade II in 12 (41.4%), and grade III in 10 (34.5%) hemispheres. Berlin grades were independent factors for identifying hemispheres as symptomatic and higher grades correlated with increasing proportion of symptomatic hemispheres (p < 0.01). The Suzuki grading did not correlate with preoperative symptoms (p = 0.26). Perioperative ischemic complications occurred in 8 of 88 operated hemispheres. Overall, complications did not occur in any of the grade I hemispheres, but in 9.1% (n = 2 of 22) and 9.8% (n = 6 of 61) of grade II and III hemispheres, respectively. In this study, we validated the Berlin Grading System with the use of [15O]H2O PET for CVRC as it could stratify preoperative symptomatology. Furthermore, we highlighted its relevance for predicting perioperative ischemic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissipation in the geomagnetic tail is a process that stops the cascade transfer of energy in the inertial turbulent range and transforms the energy of turbulent motions into heating. In the case of kinetic turbulence with the dominance of the thermal pressure over the magnetic field pressure, dissipation is also possible in the inertial range. This study considers an approach for obtaining the distribution of the energy-conversion rate (multiscale spectrum) of the electromagnetic field with the preliminary involvement of the multispacecraft method for calculating the current density. For the first time, a multiscale spectrum of the energy conversion rate in the tail of the Earth's magnetosphere is obtained and analyzed. The results of measuring the magnetic and electric fields by the MMS mission spacecraft in the region of the current stratum and during high-speed plasma flows in the plasma layer during September 8, 2021 are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconnection at Earth's magnetopause drives magnetospheric convection and provides mass and energy input into the magnetosphere/ionosphere system thereby driving the coupling between solar wind and terrestrial magnetosphere. Despite its importance, the factors governing the location of dayside magnetopause reconnection are not well understood. Though a few models can predict X‐line locations reasonably well, the underlying physics is still unresolved. In this study we present results from a comparative analysis of 274 magnetic reconnection events as observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission to determine what quantities affect the accuracy of such models and are most strongly associated with the occurrence of dayside magnetopause reconnection. We also attempt to determine under what upstream solar wind conditions each global X‐line model becomes least reliable. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic reconnection is an energy transferring process that happens at the Earth's magnetopause, the boundary between Earth's local plasma environment and the Sun's interplanetary environment. Reconnection helps move energy and particles into the region of space surrounding the earth called the magnetosphere. Dayside reconnection is important because it is a defining element to the amount of energy deposited into our magnetosphere. Despite its importance, scientists still do not completely understand how it works and where it happens. This study looks at many observations of magnetic reconnection to try and understand its precise location and figure out under which conditions it is more likely to occur. This paper compares in situ data with different models for predicting reconnection locations. Key Points: Compared four different reconnection line modelsOn average, the Maximum Bisection Field Model gives the best prediction of reconnection line locationThe Maximum Exhaust Velocity model gives the worst prediction of the reconnection line location [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betatron acceleration is commonly cited as a primary accelerator of energetic electrons at dipolarization fronts, and many case studies compare observed energetic electrons measurements to a betatron model. In this work, we extend this to a statistical study. We identified 168 dipolarizations with an enhanced flux of energetic electrons at Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS). We compared the observed flux of energetic electrons above 1 keV to a betatron acceleration model assuming a source population similar to the population in the quiet plasma sheet and found that, on average, the model slightly overestimated the observation, but there was a wide spread of errors. We then tested characteristics such as position, change in and strength of magnetic field, and wave power to determine if any of these characteristics affected the accuracy of the model; the only clear correlations were that the model was less accurate when the initial total magnetic field was smaller and when there was a higher Ey during the dipolarization. Since the betatron model did not explain our observations very well, we repeated with a full adiabatic model that included a Fermi acceleration component as well. We found that the adiabatic model slightly underestimated the observations, but with a smaller error than the betatron model under the same assumptions. Testing the same parameters, we found that the adiabatic model also did not strongly rely on any of the parameters except the initial magnetic field, and the anti-correlation with Ey was no longer present. The fact that neither model was generally applicable means that either adiabatic processes alone are not enough to explain electron acceleration at dipolarization fronts in general, or the common assumption we used, that the source population has the same phase space density as the cold pre-existing population, is not valid.

The comet assay in Drosophila has been used in the last few years to study DNA damage responses (DDR) in different repair-mutant strains and to compare them to analyze DNA repair. We have used this approach to study interactions between DNA repair pathways in vivo. Additionally, we have implemented an ex vivo comet assay, in which nucleoids from treated and untreated cells were incubated ex vivo with cell-free protein extracts from individuals with distinct repair capacities. Four strains were used: wild-type OregonK (OK), nucleotide excision repair mutant mus201, dmPolQ protein mutant mus308, and the double mutant mus201;mus308. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was used as a genotoxic agent. Both approaches were performed with neuroblasts from third-instar larvae; they detected the effects of the NER and dmPolQ pathways on the DDR to MMS and that they act additively in this response. Additionally, the ex vivo approach quantified that mus201, mus308, and the double mutant mus201;mus308 strains presented, respectively, 21.5%, 52.9%, and 14.8% of OK strain activity over MMS-induced damage. Considering the homology between mammals and Drosophila in repair pathways, the detected additive effect might be extrapolated even to humans, demonstrating that Drosophila might be an excellent model to study interactions between repair pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetosheath jets are localized dynamic pressure enhancements in the magnetosheath. We make use of the high time resolution burst mode data of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission for an analysis of waves in plasmas associated with three magnetosheath jets. We find both electromagnetic and electrostatic waves over the frequency range from 0 to 4 kHz that can be probed by the instruments on board the MMS spacecraft. At high frequencies we find electrostatic solitary waves, electron acoustic waves, and whistler waves. Electron acoustic waves and whistler waves show the typical properties expected from theory assuming approximations of a homogeneous plasma and linearity. In addition, 0.2 Hz waves in the magnetic field, 1 Hz electromagnetic waves, and lower hybrid waves are observed. For these waves the approximation of a homogeneous plasma does not hold anymore and the observed waves show properties from several different basic wave modes. In addition, we investigate how the various types of waves are generated. We show evidence that, the 1 Hz waves are connected to gradients in the density and magnetic field. The whistler waves are generated by a butterfly‐shaped pitch‐angle distribution and the electron acoustic waves by a cold electron population. The lower hybrid waves are probably generated by currents at the boundary of the jets. As for the other waves we can only speculate about the generation mechanism due to limitations of the instruments. Studying waves in jets will help to address the microphysics in jets which can help to understand the evolution of jets better. Plain Language Summary: There is a constant plasma flow from the sun, the solar wind. The Earth's magnetic field deflects the solar wind as it flows toward Earth. As the solar wind plasma approaches Earth it gets decelerated and heated at the bow shock. Earthward of the bow shock, the magnetosheath is located where the flow diverges around Earth. In the magnetosheath plasma flows that are denser and faster than normal can sometimes be observed, so called magnetosheath jets. We investigate waves in plasmas in these magnetosheath jets and how they are generated. Studying these waves will help to understand the interaction of magnetosheath jets with their environment. Key Points: MMS burst mode data is used to investigate waves in, and in the vicinity of, magnetosheath jets0.2 Hz waves, 1 Hz waves, whistler waves, electron acoustic waves, lower hybrid waves, and solitary waves are observedWaves with low frequencies cannot be explained by "basic" wave modes that are derived in homogeneous plasmas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BackgroundThe role of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) in the treatment of lentigo maligna (LM), and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) has been controversial. The use of frozen sections is commonly cited as a suboptimal way to distinguish atypical melanocytes, resulting in traditional wide-local excision techniques as the mainstay of therapy.ObjectiveTo compare the success of MMS as a treatment option for LM and LMM with that of traditional surgical and nonsurgical therapies by analyzing the published recurrence rates of these lesions after MMS procedures.Methods and materialsPubMed database was used to find relevant articles with search terms related to MMS, LM, and LMM.ResultsThe search strategy resulted in 27 articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies considered; MMS provided a 1.35% recurrence rate with follow-up times ranging from 1 month to 5 years. Specifically, studies employing classical MMS and MMS with rush sections provided recurrence rates of 1.17% and 2.4%, respectively.ConclusionMMS is one of the most successful treatment options for LM and LMM, with published evidence of improved recurrence rates when compared to other forms of therapy. Additional clinical trials are needed to further delineate the role of MMS in the treatment algorithm for these conditions.

Background and objectivesA previous pre-clinical study on electromagnetic muscle stimulation (EMMS) suggested that fat cell apoptosis occurs following treatment in a porcine model. While EMMS can induce changes in muscle, the effect on fat tissue is not established. This clinical study sought to assess adipose tissue response to EMMS in comparison to cryolipolysis treatment.Study design/materials and methodsStudy subjects were recruited prior to abdominoplasty to receive body contouring treatments and subsequently to obtain tissue for histological analysis. Non-invasive abdominal treatments were delivered using a commercially available (n = 6) or prototype (n = 3) EMMS system or a cryolipolysis system (n = 2). Subjects received a single EMMS treatment (100% intensity for 30 minutes) or a single cryolipolysis treatment (-11°C for 35 minutes) to the abdomen. Superficial and deep (i.e., adjacent to muscle layer) subcutaneous adipose tissue was harvested at set timepoints post-treatment. The presence or absence of an inflammatory response was evaluated using standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. As adipocytes that are destined to become apoptotic cannot be distinguished by traditional H&E staining during the early phases of injury, irreversible fat cell injury was assessed using perilipin immunofluorescence.ResultsFollowing H&E histological analysis at 3, 10, 11, and 17 days post-treatment, no EMMS-treated samples showed an inflammatory response in either the superficial or deep subcutaneous adipose tissue. For the cryolipolysis-treated adipose tissue, however, the H&E staining revealed a marked inflammatory response with an influx of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages at timepoints consistent with previous histological studies. Further, loss of perilipin staining provided clear visual evidence of irreversible fat cell injury in the cryolipolysis-treated adipose tissue. In contrast, the electromagnetic muscle stimulation-treated samples showed persistence of perilipin staining of adipose tissue indicating that all fat cells were viable.ConclusionThis study failed to demonstrate either fat cell injury or inflammatory response following EMMS treatment. While electromagnetic muscle stimulation may non-invasively induce muscle changes, this clinical study found no evidence of an impact injurious or otherwise on subcutaneous fat. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Modern engineers face the challenges of complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity as three fundamental aspects of post-industrial technology. Hence, meta-subjective cognitive skills, critical thinking and creativity become no less important than professional knowledge acquired in vocational training. The better conditions for the development of these skills can be found if a contextual approach in teaching/learning is incorporated into the engineering curriculum. The article discusses the strategies for involving students in active learning activities while studying Mechanism and Machine Science (MMS) and developing students' cognitive competencies and metacognitive skills. Following the contextual approach, one can find that the simulation of mechanisms and the use of virtual labs form a powerful methodology to help learners better understand theory concepts. They provide students with a means of deeper numerical analysis and stimulate independent learning activity. Simulation and modeling of MMS products contribute greatly in students' comprehension of kinematics and dynamics of mechanisms. Another milestone of contextual approach is a creative problem-based learning that has been shown to be effective in education. However, creative problem-based learning is not in a focus of MMS courses yet. Brainstorming, TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving, it sometimes occasionally goes by the English acronym TIPS), Synectics, and other creative problem-solving methods can be adapted for the active MMS learning. The article suggests the adaptation of SCAMPER, a method for solving several problems concerning structural analysis, kinematics, and gear trains.

Um produto conhecido pela sigla MMS (do inglês Mineral Miracle Solution) ganhou a atenção da mídia brasileira em maio de 2019 após ter sido associado como falsa cura para o autismo, apesar de não haver evidências científicas de sua eficácia e diversos relatos associados às consequências negativas de seu uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar vídeos do YouTube que estimulavam ou não o uso da substância antes e após as reportagens. Foram analisados 88 vídeos selecionados pelo filtro de relevância e em aba anônima. A maior parte dos vídeos foi postada por usuários comuns (82,95%) e 62,50% estimulavam o consumo do MMS, apesar da maioria (60,23%) não mencionar os riscos de uso. Chama a atenção que 23,64% dos vídeos indicavam local de compra das substâncias que compõem o MMS e que 93,75% dos vídeos publicados após as reportagens eram contra o consumo do produto, apesar da menor popularidade. O uso de mídias sociais como fonte de informação tem sido cada vez mais frequente, apesar da baixa qualidade das informações veiculadas, tornando importante que profissionais de saúde, instituições sanitárias e de ensino se apropriem dessas ferramentas, além dos próprios administradores das redes sociais estabelecerem mecanismos de verificação e exclusão de conteúdos falsos.

In the wide scenario of heritage documentation and conservation, the multi-scale nature of digital models is able to twin the real object, as well as to store information and record investigation results, in order to detect and analyse deformation and materials deterioration, especially from a structural point of view. The contribution proposes an integrated approach for the generation of an n-D enriched model, also called a digital twin, able to support the interdisciplinary investigation process conducted on the site and following the processing of the collected data. Particularly for 20th Century concrete heritage, an integrated approach is required in order to adapt the more consolidated approaches to a new conception of the spaces, where structure and architecture are often coincident. The research plans to present the documentation process for the halls of Torino Esposizioni (Turin, Italy), built in the mid-twentieth century and designed by Pier Luigi Nervi. The HBIM paradigm is explored and expanded in order to fulfil the multi-source data requirements and adapt the consolidated reverse modelling processes based on scan-to-BIM solutions. The most relevant contributions of the research reside in the study of the chances of using and adapting the characteristics of the IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) standard to the archiving needs of the diagnostic investigations results so that the digital twin model can meet the requirements of replicability in the context of the architectural heritage and interoperability with respect to the subsequent intervention phases envisaged by the conservation plan. Another crucial innovation is a proposal of a scan-to-BIM process improved by an automated approach performed by VPL (Visual Programming Languages) contribution. Finally, an online visualisation tool enables the HBIM cognitive system to be accessible and shareable by stakeholders involved in the general conservation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing need for changeable and, at the same time, productive production systems in variant-rich series production has generated the concept of so-called matrix manufacturing systems (MMS). A MMS is a cyber-physical modular production system composed of autonomous process modules. Flexible interlinking results in order-specific material flows, which enable the simultaneous production of different products and variants in the same production system. Cyber-physical elements continuously optimize the material flows, ensuring high productivity.. Beyond this flexibility aspect, modularity enables deeper changes via so-called reconfigurations. Reconfiguration requirements arise from the need to change the range of functions or capacities as well as from changes in the arrangement or the replacement of working methods. This way, the four goals of production variability, quality, speed, and profitability can be optimized. In order to use the possibility of recurring reconfigurations, the so-called reconfiguration process for MMS was developed in previous work. Now, the process is applied in an industrial use case. The effort to apply the process to the use case is estimated, as well as the additional effort to enable reconfiguration capabilities of the system. Then, the reconfiguration process is run through two scenarios. This allows a statement about the resulting efforts and benefits. The interpretation of the results shows that recurring reconfigurations are possible via the process and that the resulting benefits exceed the efforts. The paper concludes with the outlook that further research should work out ways to automate functions of the reconfiguration process step by step. These can be designing, decision-making, and execution functions. This could lay the foundation for the autonomous execution of reconfigurations aimed at so-called fluid production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current deployment of 5G NR in the frequency band 4800–4990 MHz in multiple countries near the coastlines indicated that there might be a potential risk of harmful interference impacting aeronautical and maritime systems located in international airspace and international waters. This raised numerous concerns about whether 5G NR system rollouts in that band need to be restricted by the power flux density limits created at the border of the territorial waters, which equals 12 nautical miles from the coastline. This work contains a case study based on the example of the Pacific region, where a simulation of aggregate interference from 5G NR base stations and user equipment deployed in the cities near the coastline using Monte Carlo analysis was conducted. The results of the study show that no harmful interference to the aeronautical and maritime services operating in international airspace and waters is expected even when the aircraft or vessels are located at the border of the territorial airspace and waters from the coastline. Therefore, no restriction to the 5G NR deployment in the coastline regions in the frequency band 4800–4990 MHz is required.

Cellular protein–protein interactions are largely dependent on the activities of signaling proteins. Here, we present a technique to tune gene expression at translation level based on G418-inducible readthrough premature termination codon (PTC-on). To demonstrate how this PTC-on can control the expression level of a cellular signaling protein to regulate signal transduction, we settled a p53 PTC-on system in p53-null H1299 cells. After treating with G418, the cells expressed full-length p53 protein in a dose-dependent manner. We further demonstrated to use this PTC-on approach to dissect p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis in response to the DNA double strand breaks in H1299 cells. In principle, the PTC-on can be used as a general approach for exploring the functions of any other signaling proteins.