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4. Green tea, vascular function and insulin sensitivity : impact of catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype

Author

Miller, Rosalind Jane

Subjects
615.321
Abstract

The health benefits of green tea catechins (GTC) are becoming increasingly recognised. Amongst the proposed benefits are a reduction in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease risk, which is thought to be in part attributable to the maintenance of endothelial function and vascular homeostasis. Catechol-O- methyltransferase (COMT) is centrally involved in GTC metabolism, with a valine to methionine amino acid substitution at position 108/158 (soluble/membrane-bound form) of the protein reported to result in a reduction in enzyme activity. The current research investigated the impact of the COMT genotype on, GTC metabolism, and the acute impact of GTC on endothelial function and its associated phenotype. Firstly, a pilot human study was performed primarily investigating the acute effects of COMT genotype on GTC metabolism. Twenty participants, prospectively recruited according to COMT genotype, were given an acute dose of GTC extract followed by the collection of frequent blood samples to assess plasma GTC and associated metabolites. Although no significant differences between genotype groups were found, a tendancy towards a difference in EGCG methylation was observed. The study design also included a high carbohydrate breakfast meal, consumed 60 min after the green tea catechin extract. Subsequent assessment of plasma glucose and insulin identified an unexpected difference in insulin response between genotype groups. Thus, an insulin sensitivity assessment was incorporated into the main human study design to investigate this further. The main human study, a randomized, placebo- controlled, double-blind acute intervention study involved fifty volunteers, twenty five of each homozygous genotype. Vascular function, assessed by digital volume pulse (DVP) and Endo-PAT, and insulin sensitivity, assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, was measured before and 90-105 min after 836 mg green tea extract or placebo. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals throughout the study day together with a 24 h urine collection. Firstly, we reported no significant treatment differences for vascular function for the entire study population group. However, genotypic differences were evident, with the proposed low activity COMT genotype group demonstrating an attenuation of the DVP reflection index (measure of small arterial tone) after the green tea extract compared to placebo (p = 0.014). Secondly, we found no significant treatment differences in insulin sensitivity and resistance for the entire study population group. Although, evidence was found for an improvement in the fasting insulin sensitivity index HOMA, in the proposed low activity COMT genotype group after the green tea extract compared to placebo (p = 0.043). Finally, concentrations of methylated EGC in the urine was significantly different between genotype groups with the proposed low activity COMT genotype group demonstrating a lower concentration (p = 0.049). No significant differences in the appearance of GTC and EGCG metabolites in the plasma between COMT genotype groups were evident. Together, our data suggests some improvements in vascular function and markers of insulin sensitivity with GTC supplementation, an effect which appears to be influenced by the COMT genotype. However, the effect size was modest and of questionable clinical relevance.

Published
2011

5. Pharmacy engagement in TB prevention and care: not if, but how?

Author

Miller, Rosalind, primary, Wafula, Francis, additional, Eman, Kinz ul, additional, Rakesh, PS, additional, Faleye, Bolanle Olusola, additional, Duggan, Catherine, additional, Sousa Pinto, Gonçalo, additional, Heitkamp, Petra, additional, Rana, Namrata, additional, Klinton, Joel Shyam, additional, Sulis, Giorgia, additional, Oga-Omenka, Charity, additional, and Pai, Madhukar, additional

Published
2023
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18. When technology precedes regulation: the challenges and opportunities of e-pharmacy in low-income and middle-income countries

Author

Miller, Rosalind, primary, Wafula, Francis, additional, Onoka, Chima A, additional, Saligram, Prasanna, additional, Musiega, Anita, additional, Ogira, Dosila, additional, Okpani, Ikedichi, additional, Ejughemre, Ufuoma, additional, Murthy, Shrutika, additional, Garimella, Surekha, additional, Sanderson, Marie, additional, Ettelt, Stefanie, additional, Allen, Pauline, additional, Nambiar, Devaki, additional, Salam, Abdul, additional, Kweyu, Emmanuel, additional, Hanson, Kara, additional, and Goodman, Catherine, additional

Published
2021
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23. Cheaper Medicines for the Better Off? A Comparison of Medicine Prices and Client Socioeconomic Status Between Chain and Independent Retail Pharmacies in Urban India.

Author

Miller, Rosalind and Goodman, Catherine

Subjects
TUBERCULOSIS patients, MEDICATION therapy management, CHAIN stores, SOCIOECONOMIC status, DRUGSTORES, PHARMACY, EXIT interviewing
Abstract

Background: The growth of chain pharmacies in India, and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), is challenging the status quo of pharmacy retail markets which have historically been dominated by independent pharmacies. This raises the question of whether such organisations will have a positive impact on affordability and access to medicines. Methods: This paper draws on a standardised patient (SP) survey to measure the prices of medicines and expenditure on consultations for two tracer conditions (suspected tuberculosis [TB] in an adult and diarrhoea in an absent child) at a random sample of 230 chain and independent pharmacies in Bengaluru. Asset data were collected from 808 exit interviews with pharmacy customers to determine socioeconomic profiles of clients. Results: Chain pharmacies were found to provide lower priced medicines for patients seeking care for diarrhoea and TB, with expenditure also lower for diarrhoea patients, compared to independent pharmacies. This was seemingly driven by lower prices rather than number of medicines dispensed or prescribing habits. Despite the availability of cheaper medicines, chains served wealthier clients, compared to independent pharmacies. Conclusion: The findings indicate the potential for chains to contribute to improving medicine affordability as they expand. However, any attempt to leverage this organisational model for public health good would need to take account of the current client-mix of these pharmacies and be accompanied by appropriate regulatory constraints in order to realise the potential benefits for poorer groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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24. Using unannounced standardised patients to obtain data on quality of care in low-income and middle-income countries: key challenges and opportunities

Author

Wiseman, Virginia, primary, Lagarde, Mylene, additional, Kovacs, Roxanne, additional, Wulandari, Luh Putu Lila, additional, Powell-Jackson, Timothy, additional, King, Jessica, additional, Goodman, Catherine, additional, Hanson, Kara, additional, Miller, Rosalind, additional, Xu, Dong, additional, Liverani, Marco, additional, Yeung, Shunmay, additional, Hompashe, Dumisani, additional, Khan, Mishal, additional, Burger, Ronelle, additional, Christian, Carmen S, additional, and Blaauw, Duane, additional

Published
2019
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25. Network Computer Technology. Phase I: Viability and Promise within NASA's Desktop Computing Environment

Author

Paluzzi, Peter, Miller, Rosalind, Kurihara, West, and Eskey, Megan

Subjects
Mathematical And Computer Sciences (General)
Abstract

Over the past several months, major industry vendors have made a business case for the network computer as a win-win solution toward lowering total cost of ownership. This report provides results from Phase I of the Ames Research Center network computer evaluation project. It identifies factors to be considered for determining cost of ownership; further, it examines where, when, and how network computer technology might fit in NASA's desktop computing architecture.

Published
1998

26. Accountability, Competency, and Non-Teaching Faculty.

Author

Miller, Rosalind and Jenkins, Elizabeth

Abstract

This report illustrates the steps in the development of an evaluative model for non-teaching faculty, using the school media specialist as an example. The model measures how the professional applies knowledge of a given content area to improve learning in a particular school situation, and consists of three parts: (1) documentation developed by the media specialist (or other non-teaching faculty) and presented in a portfolio, (2) interview questions for randomly selected school personnel and students, and (3) a list of items to be checked by observations. The effectiveness of the media specialist would be evaluated in the areas of media selection, management of the media program, and utilization of media resources by faculty and students. While the specifics of the model would change for other non-teaching faculty, the basic components are designed to evaluate solely those skills that influence the effectiveness of the program for which he or she is responsible. (FM)

Published
1978

27. Copyright Consciousness: Teacher and Media Specialists.

Author

Miller, Rosalind

Abstract

The population for a study conducted to determine how knowledgeable teachers and media specialists are about the new copyright law consisted of 147 teachers and 52 media specialists, who were randomly selected from schools in suburban Atlanta school districts. A questionnaire was designed based on the documents published by the professional associations to acquaint teachers, librarians, and media specialists with those provisions of the law that would directly concern them in their professional roles. The first six of the 19 questions on the questionnaire dealt with the copyright law in general; while media specialists scored on an average a bit better than teachers (50.83 percent to 45.5 percent), it was not a significant difference. The last 13 questions were application oriented and both groups did better on these, with the teachers scoring on the average of 59.3 percent and media specialists on the average of 65.2 percent. It was concluded that, despite their special position in the school and the amount of material available to them, media specialists are only slightly better informed about the law than teachers. (Author/LLS)

Published
1978

28. Implications of High School Student Use of Academic Libraries.

Author

Miller, Rosalind and Russell, Ralph

Abstract

Academic librarians report that use by increasingly large numbers of high school students is creating pressures in budgets, staff, and materials. Indications are that these demands will increase: students are increasingly sophisticated in their information needs; they are mobile; and school library media centers' collections have been weakened by diminishing funds, increased price of materials, and increased censorship. At the same time, the ability to search library catalogs and databases such as DIALOG from remote locations via terminals increases awareness of resources. High school students can readily obtain lists of relevant sources, but these sources are usually found in the academic library. This research study was designed to answer two questions: How do academic library directors perceive library use by high school students? and Why do high school students come to academic libraries, when do they come, and what do they do when they get there? Questionnaires were mailed to 32 Georgia academic library administrators and distributed to 385 high school students using these institutions during a 2-week period. Administrators reported that service to these students was seen as part of the university recruiting efforts, and identified unreturned materials and undefined reference resource needs as the two most serious problems. Students indicated they used the university library instead of the school library because the collection was superior, the library was more convenient, and they preferred the service offered. (Author/THC)

Published
1985

30. Computers and School Media Services.

Author

Miller, Rosalind and Terwillegar, Jane

Abstract

Notes that few school districts are taking advantage of the application of computer technology to library media services. Suggests possible applications. (FL)

Published
1982

33. Stop Counting the Books! IMC is Here

Author

Miller, Rosalind

Abstract

Article provided a checklist as a tentative guideline for the difficult question of how to judge the instructional media center. (Author/RK)

Published
1976

36. Butyrylated starch intake can prevent red meat-induced O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine adducts in human rectal tissue: a randomised clinical trial

Author

Le Leu, Richard K., Winter, Jean M., Christophersen, Claus T., Young, Graeme P., Humphreys, Karen J., Hu, Ying, Gratz, Silvia W., Miller, Rosalind B., Topping, David L., Bird, Anthony R., Conlon, Michael A., Le Leu, Richard K., Winter, Jean M., Christophersen, Claus T., Young, Graeme P., Humphreys, Karen J., Hu, Ying, Gratz, Silvia W., Miller, Rosalind B., Topping, David L., Bird, Anthony R., and Conlon, Michael A.

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have identified increased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk with high red meat (HRM) intakes, whereas dietary fibre intake appears to be protective. In the present study, we examined whether a HRM diet increased rectal O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (O6MeG) adduct levels in healthy human subjects, and whether butyrylated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSB) was protective. A group of twenty-three individuals consumed 300 g/d of cooked red meat without (HRM diet) or with 40 g/d of HAMSB (HRM+HAMSB diet) over 4-week periods separated by a 4-week washout in a randomised cross-over design. Stool and rectal biopsy samples were collected for biochemical, microbial and immunohistochemical analyses at baseline and at the end of each 4-week intervention period. The HRM diet increased rectal O6MeG adducts relative to its baseline by 21 % (P< 0·01), whereas the addition of HAMSB to the HRM diet prevented this increase. Epithelial proliferation increased with both the HRM (P< 0·001) and HRM+HAMSB (P< 0·05) diets when compared with their respective baseline levels, but was lower following the HRM+HAMSB diet compared with the HRM diet (P< 0·05). Relative to its baseline, the HRM+HAMSB diet increased the excretion of SCFA by over 20 % (P< 0·05) and increased the absolute abundances of the Clostridium coccoides group (P< 0·05), the Clostridiumleptum group (P< 0·05), Lactobacillus spp. (P< 0·01), Parabacteroides distasonis (P< 0·001) and Ruminococcus bromii (P< 0·05), but lowered Ruminococcus torques (P< 0·05) and the proportions of Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus torques and Escherichia coli (P< 0·01). HRM consumption could increase the risk of CRC through increased formation of colorectal epithelial O6MeG adducts. HAMSB consumption prevented red meat-induced adduct formation, which may be associated with increased stool SCFA levels and/or changes in the microbiota composition.

Published
2015

38. Butyrylated starch intake can prevent red meat-induced O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine adducts in human rectal tissue: a randomised clinical trial

Author

Le Leu, Richard K., primary, Winter, Jean M., additional, Christophersen, Claus T., additional, Young, Graeme P., additional, Humphreys, Karen J., additional, Hu, Ying, additional, Gratz, Silvia W., additional, Miller, Rosalind B., additional, Topping, David L., additional, Bird, Anthony R., additional, and Conlon, Michael A., additional

Published
2015
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39. What’s your Cake New Year’s Resolution?

Author

Keaney, Karen, Brown, Cassie, Rothwell, Tracey, Strand, Rhu, Tran, Violet Lin, Maguire, Corinna, Kelly, Jacqui, Macefield, Rose, Burmester, Zoe, Vincent, Kerry, Box, Britt, Porter, Natalie, Miller, Rosalind, Collins, Natasha, Seta, Veronica, Rogerson, Julie, Rosenberg, Lihi, Albrezenchi, Veda, Webb, Rhianydd, and Elliott, Lisa

Published
2019

43. Dependence Daze

Author

Palmer, Val, Cole Phillips, Jennifer, Lupton, Ellen, Miller, Rosalind, Doust, Richard, Sparshott, Steve, Wilkinson, John, Austin, Patricia, Palmer, Val, Cole Phillips, Jennifer, Lupton, Ellen, Miller, Rosalind, Doust, Richard, Sparshott, Steve, Wilkinson, John, and Austin, Patricia

Abstract

Dependence Daze was a collaborative research project between CSM and the Maryland Institute Collage of Art, Baltimore, USA. The project was funded by CSM research office and explored the ongoing 'special relationship' between the UK and USA in contemporary cultural terms. Students from both colleges created visual responses to set criteria, which were then exhibited in Baltimore and London, and on the dedicated website.

Published
2005

46. Latest ECJ Ruling On The Parallel Importation Of Repackaged/Relabelled Drugs

Author

Miller, Rosalind

Subjects
Europe -- Trade policy, Drugs -- Labeling, Trademark law -- Interpretation and construction -- Laws, regulations and rules, Gray market -- Laws, regulations and rules, Pharmaceutical industry -- International trade -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Labeling, Government regulation, Business, international, European Union. Court of Justice -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Trade policy
Abstract

On 26 April 2007 the ECJ handed down its latest judgement in relation to the long running dispute between various pharmaceutical producers, including GlaxoSmithKline and Boehringer Ingelheim KG and a [...]

Published
2007

47. WEDDING SOS.

Author

YEH, WINSTON, SUTTON, GEMMA, EARLY, LEWIS, MILLER, ROSALIND, MARCHANT, TOM, and HATCH, AMY

Published
2018

50. Pretty Wonky Cake.

Author

Miller, Rosalind

Abstract

The article offers step-by-step instructions for making chocolate sponge cake for wedding and birthday celebrations.

Published
2013

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