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The present review was intended to explore the effectiveness of perinatal services such as antenatal care (ANC) and post-natal care (PNC) on the health indicators such as maternal, child and neonatal mortality. Globally, indicators are considered very important in determining the health status and the overall performance of a country's healthcare system. A literature search was conducted using maternal mortality, child mortality, neonatal mortality, ANC and PNC in the PubMed, Google, Academia, The Lancet and Journal of the American Medical Association databases. Globally, implementing integrated perinatal care services has brought positive changes in the maternal, child and neonatal mortality indices. The United Nations (UN) is committed to improving the overall living conditions in all countries, significantly improving the population's health status. The UN came up with eight Millennium Development Goals in 2000, aiming to eliminate poverty and increase development in member states. The World Health Organization was a partner in implementing these goals. Later, the UN introduced 17-fold Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 as a blueprint for peace and prosperity for all citizens towards a better future by 2030. As a result, many countries have experienced positive changes in most indicator areas, including service utilisation, maternal mortality and child mortality. Some Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries are progressing, however, slowly.

Objective. In 2020, 5 million children died before reaching their 5th birthday, most of those deaths being preventable with the right resources and access to them. Investing in the health and wellbeing of the children of the world is an essential investment in the future and it is subsequently the main focus of numerous projects that have been implemented for decades by organizations globally. Material and methods. A secondary-type narrative review was carried out in compliance with the requirements for such research. The bibliographic sources were taken from the PubMed, Medline, WHO library and Information Center InfoMedica library databases. Criteria for selecting sources included: 1) key-words: Child Mortality in Southeast Asia; Under-Five Mortality Rate; Millennium Development Goal; United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations; 2) sources published until 31 January, 2022. Results. There was a significant decline of 76% in under-five mortality rate in Southeast Asia, in the last three decades. From 2000 to 2009, the mortality rate has decreased annually by 6.0%. In the last decade this number has decreased to an annual rate of reduction of 4.7%. A significant decline of over 50% has been obtained from 2000 until 2020, and a continuous, yet less rapid decrease in child mortality has been maintained. The target for 2030 set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is for all regions to reach a rate of 25 deaths per 1000 live births. In 2020, according to data collected by the United Nations Children Fund and United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation the Eastern and Southeast Asian regions had a child mortality rate of 14 deaths per 1000 live births, hence already reaching the target goal. Although the under-five mortality rate in Eastern and Southeast Asia has decreased considerably in the last 20 years and has reached in 2020 the Sustainable Development Goals country target goal, it is important to keep in mind that the data is averaged amongst all the countries that this region is comprised of. Thus, although the regional data looks promising, a noticeable gap can be noticed between the individual countries located in this region. The reduction in under-five mortality rates is unevenly distributed among and within the countries in the Southeast Asian region. In 2011, of the ten countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, only Brunei, Singapore, and Malaysia had infant and child mortality rates below 10 per 1000 live births. Infant and under-5 mortality in Thailand and Vietnam have substantially declined to below 15 per 1000 live births, but the Philippines and Indonesia have seen a levelling off in rates to between 30 and 50 per 1000 live births. Myanmar, Cambodia, and Lao PDR still have mortality levels of 50-70 per 1000 live births in 2008, which are similar to the rates of their neighbors from more than two decades ago, and ranked among the highest for Asia. Conclusion. A significant decline of 76% has been achieved in under-five mortality rate in Southeast Asia, in the years 2000-2020. Southeast Asia has reached in 2020 the Sustainable Development Goals 3.2 target, although a significant gap is present in the mortality rates of individual countries located in this region. The programmers with the most success in decreasing child mortality rates in Southeast Asia have been Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals, implemented in 2000 and 2015, respectively. Furthermore, 11 million under-5 deaths could be prevented globally between 2020 and 2030, if all the countries work towards meeting the Sustainable Development Goals target on under-5 mortality. To further the progress in reducing the under-five mortality rate in underdeveloped countries in Southeast Asia, cooperation at all levels of society, ranging from families and communities to health care workers and governments is required.

The present review was intended to explore the effectiveness of perinatal services such as antenatal care (ANC) and post-natal care (PNC) on the health indicators such as maternal, child and neonatal mortality. Globally, indicators are considered very important in determining the health status and the overall performance of a country's healthcare system. A literature search was conducted using maternal mortality, child mortality, neonatal mortality, ANC and PNC in the PubMed, Google, Academia, The Lancet and Journal of the American Medical Association databases. Globally, implementing integrated perinatal care services has brought positive changes in the maternal, child and neonatal mortality indices. The United Nations (UN) is committed to improving the overall living conditions in all countries, significantly improving the population's health status. The UN came up with eight Millennium Development Goals in 2000, aiming to eliminate poverty and increase development in member states. The World Health Organization was a partner in implementing these goals. Later, the UN introduced 17-fold Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 as a blueprint for peace and prosperity for all citizens towards a better future by 2030. As a result, many countries have experienced positive changes in most indicator areas, including service utilisation, maternal mortality and child mortality. Some Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries are progressing, however, slowly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This research aims to review literature on development finance and its challenge and to examine blended learning and insurance as a catalysts of development finance. In particular, this paper provides new insights and practical examples of blended finance and insurance. Design/methodology/approach – This research basically relies on literature review and case study to show the value of the emerging methods of blended learning in development finance and insurance system. Findings – Basic finding in this paper includes new insight of blended finance and insurance as a partnership between public and private sector, which offers new arena for academic research and practice. Originality/value – As the research relies on literature review and authors' insight, originality may not be valued so much, but if may be introducing or creating new ideas or thinking about development finance or international development cooperation where relevant data or experience is still lacking.

Substantial reduction in child mortality has occurred in low income and middle income countries in the late 20th century but more than ten million children younger than five years still die every year, one of the important factor which has been observed in under five mortality is the person conducting the delivery . Keeping this in view, this study was conducted to find out relation in-between child mortality of under-five years of age and its relation with person conducting delivery and place of residence. using verbal autopsy as a tool in Deharadun. Methodology: The survey was done on all the houses of the deceased children residing in our field practice areas by visiting their houses. Results: Among the 83 deaths reported most of the deaths were conducted by daies and relatives. Conclusion: Our study shows that delivery conducted by qualified personnel greatly help in reducing the under-five mortality rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) provide targets for 2015. MDG 6 includes a target to reduce the tuberculosis (TB) death rate by 50% compared with 1990. We aimed to assess whether this target was reached by the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area countries. Methods We used Eurostat causes of death data to assess whether the target was reached in the EU. We calculated the reduction in reported and adjusted death rates and the annual average percentage decline based on the available data. Results Between 1999 and 2014, the TB death rate decreased by 50%, the adjusted death rate by 56% and the annual average percentage decline was 5.43% (95% confidence interval 4.94–6.74) for the EU. Twenty of 26 countries reporting >5 TB deaths in the first reporting year reached the target of 50% reduction in adjusted death rate. Conclusions The EU reached the MDG target of a 50% reduction of the TB death rate and also the annual average percentage decline was larger than the 2.73% needed to reach the target. The World Health Organization ‘End TB Strategy’ requires a further reduction of the number of TB deaths of 35% by 2020 compared to 2015, which will challenge TB prevention and care services in the EU.