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Purpose of our work: This work proposed some fresh nutraceutical drinks based on whey resulted from milk processing technology. For this we collected fresh whey from a milk plant from Timis County and we prepared some beverages based on whey - as the majority ingredient. As secondary ingredients we used fresh pineapple, fresh kiwi, fresh ginger, powdered cinnamon, powdered anise, and in some products we add honey. Materials and methods: We proposed 4 different products with whey as a the majority ingredient: one beverage was prepared (blended) from whey, pineapple, and cinnamon; one with whey, pineapple, kiwi, and cinnamon; one with whey, pineapple, cinnamon, honey, ginger, and anise; and one prepared from whey, honey, and ginger. After 48 hours we analyzed the total content of lipids (Gerber method), acidity (Soxthlet-Henkel method), protein content (modified Steinegger method), dry matter and humidity (thermo-balance method). Results: The total content of lipids was 0.00% in fresh whey, and was very low in all prepared samples (0.2-0.4%); acidity was 3.8°T for whey and varied between 5.8-18.8°T in prepared samples-depending on the fruit content; total protein was registered as 1.64g/100g for whey, with variations between 1.55-2.52g/100g product; fresh whey had the highest water content (95.69%), with variations between 86.19-91.96 for our proposed whey-drinks. Conclusions: Whey is a valuable nutritional product that can be used for preparing fresh drinks with nutraceutical properties. Our preliminary data demonstrate that proposed drinks are very good for hydrating, being low in lipids and containing valuable and easy digesting proteins. Adding fresh pineapple, kiwi, ginger, honey and cinnamon to our products we improved the nutritive value of our products, especially by increasing the vitamins and minerals content. Also due to our ingredients we proposed four fresh nutraceutical products with very good antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological and physicochemical properties of raw milk in Mazandaran province, Iran, during 6 months from winter 2013 to spring 2014. A total of 253 raw milk samples were collected, from dairy farms, milk cans, milk collection centers, and delivery milk tankers. The samples were analyzed for microbial quality, total plate count (TPC), and physicochemical properties including titrable acidity, pH, content of fat and protein, solids nonfat (SNF) level, specific gravity, percentage of water adulteration, and alcohol testing. The mean of TPC was 48×107 CFU/mL. The higher TPC (23×108) was found in Chalous city during winter season. TPC less than 106 was used as a basic standard limit by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). Significant effect of region was observed on all physicochemical properties except pH (p<0.05). The mean counts of titrable acidity, pH, fat, protein, SNF, specific gravity, and percentage of water adulteration were 15.38, 6.66, 3.42%, 3.04%, 8.33%, 1.029 and 2.11%, respectively, and alcohol stability result of 22.1% of the samples was positive. It can be assumed that raw milk in the study area had poor bacteriological quality according to the Iranian National Standard (ISIRI; therefore, it may be hazardous for human consumption. This finding shows the necessity to implement good hygiene practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy milk samples from 37 milk tours in 15 areas of Norway were collected during indoor feeding or on pasture in 2008 and analyzed with respect to 6 major elements (Ca, P, K, S, Na, Mg) and 28 trace elements (As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Fe, I, La, Li, Mn, Mo, Nd, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sm, Sr, V, Y, Yb and Zn). Surprisingly, the least-square means of major and trace elements in milk did not vary much from one region to another. The concentration levels of iodine, copper, manganese and lithium in milk from the northern region were higher compared with milk from other regions. Milk from the south was enriched with respect to selenium, yttrium, cerium and bismuth, while milk from the western region was enriched with respect to rubidium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of pre-heat temperature (65–95 °C) and holding time (5 and 25 s) on fouling of reconstituted skim milk at high-heat temperatures of 135–150 °C using a bench-top UHT plant were investigated. Fouling was monitored by observing the variation in overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC) with time and consisted of an induction phase (non-fouling) and a decline phase (fouling). A significantly shorter run-time was obtained with pre-heating at 65 °C than with pre-heating at 75, 85 and 95 °C. A longer holding time (25 s) in the pre-heating section significantly increased the run-time of the plant compared with 5 s holding. The high-heat temperature also affected the OHTC and run-time; similar run-times were observed at 135, 140, 142 and 145 °C but at 150 °C there was no induction phase and fouling rapidly occurred. Overall, pre-heating at 85 °C or 95 °C for 25 s, combined with a high-heat temperature of 145 °C, and pre-heating at 95 °C for 25 s combined with high-heat temperatures of 142 °C, produced the longest run-times of the bench-top UHT plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental science relating key physical and functional properties of milk powder to plant operating conditions is complex and largely unknown. Consequently this paper takes a data-driven approach to relate the routinely measured plant conditions to one vital function property known as sediment in an industrial-scale powder plant. Data from four consecutive production seasons was examined, and linear regression models based on a chosen set of processing variables were used to predict the sediment values. The average prediction error was well within the range of the uncertainty of the laboratory test. The models could be used to predict the effect of each individual plant variable on the sediment values which could be beneficial in quality optimisation. In addition the choice of the training data set used to compute regression coefficients was studied and the resultant regression models were compared to alternative PLS models built on the same data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the difference in costs associated with milk plants of differing dryer scale in Ireland. This is an important question for international competitiveness in the context of the removal of the EU milk quota in 2015 and the expectation that Irish milk production could increase considerably thereafter. Using confidential data obtained from a number of sources, the differential in the cost of processing at differing plant scales was established. It was found that two 7.5 tonne/h dryers at a single location provide a level flexibility which offsets the slight cost advantage associated with a 15 tonne/h dryer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria that contaminate milk include thermoduric bacteria that can survive pasteurisation and subsequently grow in the pasteurised milk or contaminate product. Elimination of thermodurics at milking is not feasible. Therefore, knowledge of their source and strategies for their reduction are important. The major sources of thermodurics in milk are contamination of the teat skin from soil and bedding, and subsequent contamination from deposits that can build up on milking equipment surfaces. Hygiene at milking can reduce the number of bacteria contaminating milk. Teat preparation at milking and a recommended plant cleaning procedure are critical to the prevention of the contamination of milk with thermoduric bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A control system for rapid milk cooling plant connected to a variable flow milking machine is presented. The plant consisted of a pre-cooler in the first stage that utilised ground water as a cooling medium and an ice bank that provides ice chilled water for the second cooling stage. The control system comprised of two proportional integral derivative controllers applied to each cooling stage in tandem. The set point of the first controller was the desired milk pre-cooling temperature while the set point of the second controller was the desired final milk temperature. Eight different precooling set points (13 °C–20 °C) were tested for feedback and feedback–feedforward controller configurations. Selection of low temperature pre-cooling set points resulted in larger volumes of ground water being consumed in the first stage per unit milk in comparison to the selection of higher temperature set points (three times higher). However, low pre-cooling temperatures resulted in less ice storage utilisation and therefore less power consumption. Introduction of a feedforward loop to the controllers reduced the disturbance from the varying milk flow and by doing so reduced the final milk temperature deviation from the set point. Optimum water utilisation rates were calculated for varying water cost at the current price of electricity. These points represent the ideal combination of ground water and power consumption per unit milk to produce the most financially efficient means of cooling. Potential cost reductions of up to 34.5% through the selection of the ideal water rates were discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 141 Cronobacter isolates that were collected based on a hygienic monitoring program performed in a powdered infant formula production facility in Switzerland between September 2011 and October 2012 were further characterized. Isolates were identified to the species level by molecular methods, and strains of Cronobacter sakazakii were further subtyped by applying PCR-based O-antigen serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). C. sakazakii was the most prevalent species identified (93.6%). Among this collection of isolates, representatives of all but one O-antigen serotype (serotype O5) were recognized. MLST analysis of 19 selected isolates revealed that most of the typeable isolates belonged to sequence type (ST) 4. Correlations between ST4 and serotype O2 and between ST83 and serotype O7 were observed. PFGE analysis revealed clusters with multiple isolates, including strains from samples collected at different time points and sampling sources. Generally, the observed heterogeneity among strains collected over the 13 months of the monitoring program was high, suggesting a constant flux among strains rather than a selection for persisting organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Finnish food business operators'' (FBOs) opinions of the food control inspections performed by local authorities were evaluated, using a questionnaire. The production types of FBOs included were slaughterhouses, meat, fish and milk plants, egg-packing plants and storage facilities dealing with foods of animal origin. Based on a total of 459 responses, we noted that the impacts of official controls were considered valuable for food safety, since 78.8% of the respondents saw that the actions taken based on inspections had enhanced the safety of the products. The results also highlighted the importance of inspectors being familiar with the production processes to increase the efficacy of food control. More frequent visits by official inspectors correlated positively with FBOs'' conceptions of noncompliances being relevant for food safety. The FBOs saw local inspectors as the most important sources of new information concerning food safety legislation and 89.1% of the respondents confirmed that discussions with local inspectors had helped them understand the food safety risks within their processes. We also noted that the bigger the FBO, the more clearly they seem to perceive the risks associated with their processes (Spearman''s rank correlation coefficient r = 0.127, P = 0.009). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The presence of Listeria in three milk processing environments as a potential source of milk contamination was assessed. Swab samples (n = 210) taken from milk processing plants were examined. Sample sites included the milk processing equipment, besides areas handling raw and pasteurized milk. The USDA Listeria-selective enrichment procedure was used to process the samples. Forty one (19.52%) Listeria isolates were recovered. The isolates were further subjected to biochemical and genotypic characterization. Out of 41 isolates, 16 (7.62%) were confirmed as Listeria monocytogenes, 2 (0.95%) as L. ivanovii, 19 (9.05%) as L. innocua. 1 (0.48%) as L. seeligeri and 3 (1.43%) as L. grayi. All the L. monocytogenes isolates were positive for the hlyA gene. PCR based serotyping revealed all L. monocytogenes to be of 1/2a, 1/2c, 3a and 3c serovar group. AscI and ApaI restriction analysis yielded four PFGE clusters for 16 L. monocytogenes isolates obtained from raw milk collector, milk silos, buttermilk mixer, cheese and other milk product processor. No predominant PFGE cluster was observed among these L. monocytogenes isolates. The main sources of L. monocytogenes were found to be raw milk collector and milk silos. In the present study L. monocytogenes was isolated from milk and milk products processing plants which could cross-contaminate the processed products and may possess a potential threat to public health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Several outbreaks of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) have been described as food-borne illness in neonates and infants. Powdered infant formula has been identified as a source of infection, especially in hospital nurseries, where a bulk of formula nutrient is prepared for the whole day and instructions for preparation are not always followed correctly. Neonates who are underweight or immunosuppressed are especially at risk for an E. sakazakii infection. Considering that milk powder is the main ingredient of powdered infant formula, we analyzed the incidence and distribution of E. sakazakii in a milk powder-producing plant. We looked specifically at the spray-drying towers and roller dryers. Selected isolates from samples taken from the environment and final product were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to investigate the epidemiology of the organism within the production area of the plant. Seven pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types were detected in the spray-drying area, which presumably entered the plant through an aperture for process air and an improperly controlled roller shutter. Furthermore, textile filters for exhaust air of both the spraydrying towers were identified as internal reservoirs of the pathogen. For economic reasons, powder from the textile filters is reintroduced into the product flow; this can contaminate the final product. For the production of milk powder to be used as an ingredient of powdered infant formula, it was suggested to terminate the process of reintroducing the filtered powder into the product flow. A second transmission route was identified in the roller dryer section of the factory. It could be shown that contaminated milk concentrate could pass the process unheated, thus leading to a contamination of the product with E. sakazakii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychrotrophic bacteria were isolated from refrigerated raw milk from a processing plant in Southern Brazil. Psychrotrophic counts were between 4.9 and 7.8 log cfu/mL, and 5.3 to 7.2 log cfu/mL, for samples collected at the truck and the milk storage silo, respectively. Among the bacterial isolates, 90% were Gram-negative. Most strains presented low proteolytic activity, but strains of Burkholderia cepacia, Klebsiella oxytoca and Aeromonas sp. showed higher than 20 U/mL on azocasein as substrate. Crude proteases from selected strains were resistant to conventional heat treatments and caused coagulation of UHT milk after 5 days storage at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the microbial ecology of pasteurized milk within the United States, 2% fat pasteurized fluid milk samples were obtained from 18 dairy plants from 5 geographical areas representing the Northeast, Southeast, South, Midwest, and West. Of the 589 bacterial isolates identified using DNA sequence-based subtyping methods, 346 belonged to genera characterized as gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria (i.e., Bacillus and Paenibacillus). Of the 346 gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria isolated in the present study, 240 were classified into 45 allelic types identical to those previously identified from samples obtained in New York State, indicating the widespread presence of these microbes in fluid milk production and processing systems in the United States. More than 84% of the gram-positive spore-forming isolates characterized at d 1, 7, and 10 were of the genus Bacillus, whereas more than 92% of isolates characterized at d 17 of shelf life were of the genus Paenibacillus, indicating that the predominant gram-positive spoilage genera shifts from Bacillus spp. to Paenibacillus spp. during refrigerated storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Washable baghouses are increasingly used to filter the small size fractions of milk powder, known as fines, which become entrained with spray dryer outlet air streams in milk powder plants. Surprisingly, very little is known about the quantity of powder that becomes fines, an important parameter for both the control of agglomeration rates and washable baghouse design. A convenient method is reported here that gives estimates of the fines fraction (the ratio of fines flow to total powder flow), using powder size distributions of samples from around the plant. This method was checked against isokinetic sampling using a thimble filter to independently determine powder flow rates. Results showed that that the fines fractions ranged from 498 to 862 depending on the powder type and plant operating conditions. These values are much greater than what was traditional thought (1020). Also, as part of this study results were compared with those from an online optical scintillation instrument. It was concluded that the newly developed particle size distribution method is a simple and reliable way to estimate spray dryer fines fractions, yet is sensitive enough to detect changes in operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a lot of time it has been looked for a production of goods and services without simultaneous generation of residuals, but the planners give him little importance to consider a form of uneconomical elaboration and for the insufficient available space to deposit the non desirable materials. However the technological developments look for to outline strategies and other options as the application of a plan of solid waste handling formulated under the approaches of cleanest production (CP), which can reduce the quantity of product finished outside of specification, the consumption of some raw material or inputs, the environmental impact regarding the volume and handling of generated waste. In the present investigation the approaches of CP outlined by the Office of Industry and Environment of the Program of the United Nations for the Environment in 1989 was applied, in the formulation of a plan for a plant of production of milk and derived of the milky sector. In the methodological development they were carried out material balances in the production lines, the sources of more generation and the type of residuals were identified that they take place by means of an experimental design and the generating causes of the flows of waste were determined, it was found that the source of more generation is the desfiltre area and the residual type is the plastic material of the packing of UHT milk, which contributed a bigger percentage of waste in the production area with 77.8% of the total of solid waste. It thought about alternative economic, environmentally viable of short term easy application in the use and final disposition of solid waste in agreement to the approaches of CR these include procedures, specifications, registrations and a training plan and popularization to assure the knowledge and the participation for the whole personnel of the milky company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Results of an economic study associated with the implementation and maintenance of HACCP in a pasteurized milk plant are presented. The GMP/SSOP pre-requisites were evaluated in the plant. Two HACCP plans were proposed: a first plan was developed under the actual operating conditions, without previous compliance of GMP/SSOP pre-requisites, and a second plan was developed considering compliance of GMP/SSOP. The cost estimation for implementation and maintenance of HACCP, with or without previous adoption of the pre-requisite programs, was performed and a comparative analysis of the estimated values was carried out. The results suggest that a previous compliance of GMP/SSOP pre-requisites is essential for developing an effective HACCP plan with a small number of critical control points, leading to lower costs and investments for implementation and maintenance of HACCP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As an economical alternative for the concentration of heat sensitive materials, the climbing-falling-film plate evaporator was used for the first time in 1958. Nevertheless, there seems to be little information in the literature about such equipment. In this paper, an algorithm for the steady-state simulation of this evaporator is presented, which takes into account a general unit with n sets of four plates, whose feed can be at a temperature equal, inferior or superior to its saturation value for the operating pressure. The heating fluid, steam, can be fed either in a saturated or superheated state, with the possibility of condensate subcooling within the equipment channels. Initially, the algorithm was tested for simulating a sample unit at different operating conditions, and the physical consistency of the obtained results was analysed. The efficiency of the developed model was then demonstrated by the successful simulation of six industrial units used for concentrating milk in a Brazilian milk powder plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the efficiency of farm-to-plant milk collection in western Ohio. Function of milk hauling firms; Impact of inefficient scheduling of milk collection from dairy farms; Information on the guaranteed lowest mileage and heuristic algorithms used to generate schedules.