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Wireless Sensor Networks have profound applications in military systems. Intrusion at unmanned borders and at other sensitive places may be tracked using sensor networks. However, the domain of military applications could imply hostile environment and thus monitoring of the nodes of the deployed WSN could be practically impossible. It is thus required that the deployed WSN ensures low energy consumption to give a high network life such that the cost of deployment may be suitably amortized. In this paper we propose an energy efficient solution for detecting intrusions through unmanned borders and other sensitive places with prolonged network lifetime using two routing schemes: KPS and Loop Free (LF)-KPS. We have compared these two schemes with LEACH and TEEN, and have shown how data transfer through KPS and LF-KPS protocols would ensure an enhanced lifetime for the deployed network. At the end we have also shown the effect of looping on the lifetime of the deployed network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combat system-of-systems in high-tech informative warfare, composed of many interconnected combat systems of different types, can be regarded as a type of complex heterogeneous network. Link prediction for heterogeneous combat networks (HCNs) is of significant military value, as it facilitates reconfiguring combat networks to represent the complex real-world network topology as appropriate with observed information. This paper proposes a novel integrated methodology framework called HCNMP (HCN link prediction based on meta-path) to predict multiple types of links simultaneously for an HCN. More specifically, the concept of HCN meta-paths is introduced, through which the HCNMP can accumulate information by extracting different features of HCN links for all the six defined types. Next, an HCN link prediction model, based on meta-path features, is built to predict all types of links of the HCN simultaneously. Then, the solution algorithm for the HCN link prediction model is proposed, in which the prediction results are obtained by iteratively updating with the newly predicted results until the results in the HCN converge or reach a certain maximum iteration number. Finally, numerical experiments on the dataset of a real HCN are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed HCNMP, in comparison with 30 baseline methods. The results show that the performance of the HCNMP is superior to those of the baseline methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military networks, contrary to commercial ones, require standards which provide the highest level of security and reliability. The process to assuring redundancy of the main connections through applying various protocols and transmission media causes problem with time needed to re-establish virtual tunnels between different locations in case of damaged link. This article compares reliability of different IP (Internet Protocol) tunnels, which were implemented on military network devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the possibility for the Russian Armed Forces to adopt a network centric command approach and control principle. The core idea of network centric warfare is discussed, along with details on social, cognitive, and informational environments. The issues that hindered the development and operation of the concept in Russia are noted including legislative mismatches, the lack of adequate information support for the tasks, and low quality of automation and communication assets.

Within the framework of the current revolution in military affairs, at the End of the Cold War a new concept was born: the concept of War Based on Computer Networking or NCW Network Centric-Warfare which was established as a central element of modern military operations Determined by the progress recorded in the field of communication systems of all types, technology of information (HI-Tech, IT), war based on computer networking brings a change in the war paradigm and its inherent components In this respect, logistics based on computer networking represents one of the ways in which the reality of the battlefield is preserved which enhances the joint perspective upon the military forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are important differences in how information technology is used in military and social-movement cultures. Militaries use social media in the Human Terrain model and security-police mode for quantifying and controlling social space, in order to meet low-intensity, counterinsurgency, and regime-maintenance goals (or for recruitment and public relations). For social-movement cultures, such as secular Egyptian revolutionaries, 15M (Los Indignados), and Idle No More, social media is an integral part of life; it is context. Unlike these horizontalist movements, military institutions are based on a hierarchical structure that precludes social media from becoming part of their organizational and decision-making culture. For them, social media constitute part of civil society, a commons both virtual and physical. The synergy between computer networks and decentralized social movements is clear when military, social-movement, and network theories and practices are compared. These differences are manifested in asymmetrical relationships to "veillance," alternative modes of producing social technologies (especially protocols), contrasting theories of power, and opposing conceptions of morality and efficacy. The differences are more than a matter of how the affordances of information technologies match with the different technocultures. Horizontalist social movements incorporate new information technologies into their praxis as self-control, while militaries seek to subsume them into the existing hierarchical control paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are extensively used in military applications for border area monitoring, battle-field surveillance, tracking enemy troops, where the sensor nodes run on battery power. Localisation of sensor nodes is extremely important to identify the location of event in military applications for further actions. Existing localisation algorithms consume more energy by heavy computation and communication overheads. The objective of the proposed research is to increase the lifetime of the military sensor networks by reducing the power consumption in each sensor node during localisation. For the state-of-the-art, we propose a novel intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle anchor node (IUAN) with an intelligent arc selection (IAS)-based centralised localisation algorithm, which removes computation cost and reduces communication cost at every sensor node. The IUAN collects the signal strength, distance data from sensor nodes and the central control station (CCS) computes the position of sensor nodes using IAS algorithm. Our approach significantly removes computation cost and reduces communication cost at each sensor node during localisation, thereby radically extends the lifetime and localisation coverage of the military sensor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency-hopping sequences (FHSs) are employed to mitigate the interferences caused by the hits of frequencies in frequency-hopping spread spectrum systems. In this paper, we present two new constructions for FHS sets. We first give a new construction for FHS sets of length $nN$ for two positive integers $n$ and $N$ with $\gcd (n,N)=1$ . We then present another construction for FHS sets of length $(q-1)N$ , where $q$ is a prime power satisfying $\gcd (q-1,N)=1$ . By these two constructions, we obtain infinitely many new optimal FHS sets with respect to the Peng-Fan bound as well as new optimal FHSs with respect to the Lempel-Greenberger bound, which have length $nN$ or $n(q-1)N$ . As a result, a great deal of flexibility may be provided in the choice of FHS sets for a given frequency-hopping spread spectrum system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Network Centric Warfare (NCW) is a keystone of the constant revolution in military affairs that continues apace within the defense establishment. Expanding the idea of what is traditionally understood as NCW, focusing more heavily on "network" vs. "warfare", this paper seeks to expand the consideration of NCW concepts. Treating NCW as encompassing not merely insight into intelligence/battlefield management, but overall combat support and service, the piece attempts to stimulate thought on NCW. A balanced examination tempers the indisputable advantages created by NCW's enhanced information, speed, and control with cautionary warnings on vulnerabilities, threats, support tail expansion, and most critically, the long-term risk of leadership atrophy and technology overdependence. NCW facilitates information sharing/ collaboration, enhancing information quality and expanding shared situational awareness across all levels of war. It enables collaboration and self- synchronization, while enhancing sustainability and speed of command. Technological innovations and their uses come with both advantages and disadvantages. Implementation of new concepts in warfare can create new weaknesses or vulnerabilities an enemy can seek to exploit. NCW is not immune; thus, a few of its inherent and/or derivative advantages and disadvantages are offered, with a brief consideration of each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent proof of concept demonstration, ManTech verified the ability to accurately quantify cyber effects within an operational scenario. In particular, we defined and then captured cyber/ net-centric metrics to assess the relative impact of non-kinetic influences within a maritime domain mission. To accomplish this, we utilized representative systems performance data and employed established Modeling and Simulation (M&S) tools to generate accurate physics-based data. The data were imported into a cyber range environment and the representative network modeled. Via constructive simulation, we established an analytic baseline and then conducted sensitivity analysis to compare relevant cyber/net-centric measures of effectiveness. Of note, our subject matter experts performed this analysis by adapting existing tools and produced meaningful results in a matter of days, rather than weeks or months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are being increasingly used for a variety of important applications, including public safety services (police, fire, rescue and ambulance), marine and aircraft navigation, vehicle theft monitoring, cargo tracking, and critical time synchronisation for utility, telecommunications, banking and computer industries. At present, there are two types of GNSS signals; military GNSS signals (L1 P(Y) and L2 P(Y) for the case of GPS, and L1 for GLONASS) and civilian GNSS signals (L1 coarse acquisition (C/A) .for GPS, and standard precision (SP) for GLONASS). Usage of L1 P(Y) and L2 P(Y), and HP signals are limited to the US and Russian militaries respectively. Other users only have access to civilian GNSS signals. Usage of civilian GNSS signals is growing rapidly due the quality of service provided by GNSS, ease of use and low user cost. However, unlike military GNSS signals, civilian GNSS signals are unencrypted and unauthenticated, making them vulnerable to spoofing, which refers to forging and transmission of navigation messages in order to manipulate the navigation solutions of GNSS receivers. Spoofing of civilian GNSS signals is surprisingly simple to conduct by even relatively unsophisticated adversaries. Due to the increasing reliance of various industries on GNSS, the consequences of GNSS spoofing can be severe, in terms of safety, environmental and economic damage. Hence, GNSS vulnerability mitigations steps should be given emphasis, including positioning/navigation / timing (PNT) backups, making full use of on-going GNSS modernisation programmes, inference detection & monitoring (IDM), and counter-spoofing technologies. This paper is aimed at reviewing the vulnerability of civilian GNSS signals to spoofing and the steps that can be taken to mitigate this vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the addition of technospheric warfare (TSW) to the theory of military art. It discusses the concept of TSW, which is described as a form of conflict in which the targets attacked and attack capabilities are information existing within the single worldwide telecommunications environment (SWTCE). It also presents the basic distinctions of TSW according to modeling results including the changing focus of its reconnaissance systems.

Copyright of Military Engineer / Hadmérnök is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)