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The Turks achieved a decisive victory over the Greeks in 1922. Despite the remarkable triumph, the tactical lessons that should have been learned from this victory were mostly ignored. The Turks won the Greek-Turkish War using the new German breakthrough tactics that had been developed during the First World War and unsuccessfully put into use in the Spring Offensives of 1918. Despite their defeat, the Germans never abandoned this concept and further developed it during the interwar era; it eventually became known as Blitzkrieg during the Second World War. Since both German operations in the Second World War and Turkey's 1922 campaign were based on the same tactical fundamentals, the Great Offensive against Greece resembles the German operations two decades later, especially the Battle of France in 1940. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the full-scale military invasion of the occupying country, the national security of Ukraine required drastic and urgent actions both on the battlefield and to ensure security within the state. The search for alternative and more effective ways of obtaining and transmitting information in the defense and security sector is an important issue for achieving peace in our country. The current state of repelling military aggression prompts Ukrainian society to format information and analytical support on new tracks and rapid training of personnel. The discovery of collaborators and aids of the aggressor country in the temporarily occupied territories among modern Ukrainians became a new resistance in the modern war. This phenomenon does not create a positive dynamic in expelling the occupier from Ukrainian land, which is due to betrayal, assistance and the need to fight against such elements. Modern war emphasizes the need to neutralize the enemy not only on the battlefield, but also in the middle of our country. In this aspect, receiving and transmitting information in the defense and security sector will make a significant contribution to achieving a positive result. The development of events without the appropriate armament conditions decision-making and their implementation in a way that does not correspond to traditional military tactics. Skillful processing of the received information can lead to a change in the situation on the battlefield in the shortest possible time. The use of traditional guerrilla warfare in modern conditions must be adapted to military practices and the latest technologies. However, this aspect is due to the lack of opportunities and the necessary support for the implementation of the assigned operational and service-combat tasks. In such conditions, the acquisition of skills in relevant fields before the onset of critical and/ or emergency situations becomes an important issue. After all, professional orientation involves understanding and internal perception of the goals and tasks of professional activity. The changes taking place in the content of professional orientation are reflected in the fact that they strengthen the motives related to professional activity, call for a desire to conscientiously perform one’s official duties, the desire to show oneself as a qualified specialist and achieve success not only at work, but also on the battlefield with the enemy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the First World War, the territories that constituted the front line in North East Italy were the theaters of intense shelling. The military tactics of the time involved the use not only of conventional ammunition but also of special ammunition containing asphyxiating and blistering compounds. However, the technology of the time did not guarantee a high explosion rate, leaving a considerable quantity of unexploded material on the ground. Although more than 100 years have passed since the end of the Great War, it is still common to find unexploded ordnance in the areas that were the site of combat. The demining campaign is still underway by the bomb squad of the Italian army with the medical support of the Military Corps of the Italian Red Cross. This case report reports the case of a young patient who came into contact with a vesicant chemical bomb along the Piave River and was subsequently admitted to the Major Burns Center of the Padua Hospital, where he was treated until full recovery. Although it is a rather rare eventuality, experiences like this provide the opportunity for the admitting surgeon to promptly and competently manage patients exposed to chemical warfare [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the role of military treatises and manuals as objects and factors in cultural and technology transfer from Western Europe to Russia in the 17th century in a comparative perspective. Listing the treatises on military tactics, organization and technology, translated for the needs of the Russian monarchs before the radical Westernizing reforms under Tsar Peter I started in 1700, the article analyses how these texts were perceived by their Russian readers and how they might have contributed to the military change in Eastern Europe. It defines the Russian military culture of the age as an elite culture, centred around the ruler's person. The article also contextualizes the history of translated military books within knowledge transfer, in particular the transfer of Early Modern scientific ideas in Russia, as these books provided an attractive insight into European science and technology, not available for the Russian elite from other sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to critical theory building in relation to political corporate social responsibility (PCSR) by conceptualizing the underlying processes and practices through which corporations seek to counter threats posed by activist groups. We argue that the problematic nature of PCSR is entangled not only in its state-like aims, but also in its covert deployment of military tactics towards the maintenance of corporate hegemony. We illuminate how corporations use counterinsurgency tactics to undermine the ability of activists to hold them accountable for their wrongdoing. Building on the work of Gramsci, we propose that counterinsurgency tactics combine elements of force and persuasion that enable corporations to maintain hegemony (i.e., secure consent over time). We ask: How are counterinsurgency tactics used by corporations to neutralize activist pressures and maintain corporate hegemony? We draw upon historical sources regarding the Nestlé infant milk boycott case to undertake a genealogical analysis that exposes counterinsurgency tactics enabling corporations to counter activists and sustain their hegemony. We find that Nestlé deployed four key counterinsurgency tactics to nullify activist pressures (suppressing external support, isolating the activist(s), capturing the dialogue, and covert intelligence gathering). From our analysis, we propose the term corporate counterinsurgency and theorize the historic use of corporate counterinsurgency tactics as an example of a hegemonic strategy that enables corporations to covertly undermine activist pressures. We conclude by calling for further reflexivity in organizational studies research on the military origins of PCSR, and by outlining how activist organizations might mobilize against corporate counterinsurgency tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses have long been a significant threat to human survival and development, with recent events such as the COVID-19 pandemic vividly highlighting their dangers. Small molecule drugs have historically played a crucial role in humanity's efforts to combat diseases. In the fight against viruses, humans have developed a range of strategies, with small molecule antiviral drugs occupying a pivotal position. Drawing inspiration from the classic "Thirty-Six Stratagems" of ancient Chinese military tactics, this article provides a concise overview of the developmental history of small molecule antiviral drugs, focusing on the design principles and mechanisms of representative drugs like idoxuridine, saquinavir, and oseltamivir. Furthermore, the article provides insights into future directions for small molecule antiviral drugs and antiviral methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the intersection of military command and civilian politics during the American Civil War by examining the polemical tenure of Union Army General Thomas Ewing Jr. Topics include Ewing's issuance of General Orders No. 13 that banished civilians from Missouri in 1863 as a tactic to keep guerrillas from relying on countryside farms for necessities, how the press covered Ewing's policy, and the history of the fraught relationship between U.S. military and civilian authority.

We examine the impacts of war and siege on farmers' livelihoods in Tigray (2020–2022), Ethiopia, through field observations during the crisis, and a literature review. We found military tactics and activities alongside institutional changes were the main pathways driving famine among vulnerable farming communities through destruction of crops, damage to property, and slaughter of livestock. Moreover, farmers were deprived of access to alternative sources of livelihood such as beekeeping, traditional gold mining, and seasonal migration. Notably, absence of freedom of movement and withdrawal of national and international aid organizations limited the farmers' survival options. The crisis also aggravated the pre-war food insecurity in the area. We argue that economic rehabilitation must be accompanied by the building of a durable peace as soon as possible to restore sustainable livelihoods for farming communities in Tigray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the study of the challenges that disruptive technologies represent for industrial defence strategies and procurement policies. It focuses on the incorporation of drones into military arsenals and will be based on a study of the Brazilian Navy case. Drones are a disruptive technology both for the defence industrial base and for their implications for military tactics and the organisational structure of the armed forces. The analysis addresses the main difficulties encountered in incorporating these technologies into traditional military structures and acquisition systems. We explore the ways in which defence procurement adapts (or fails to adapt) to the emergence of disruptive technologies: are traditional military organisations and procurement structures capable of introducing disruptive technologies and engaging in the organisational and operating practices required to do so? Some lessons are drawn from this experience: even when the military relevance of drone technology is widely acknowledged and even officially recognized, procurement strategies and practices have not been able to shift from their focus on incumbent suppliers and conventional systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population living in cities around the world will increase in the next decades. Conventional military forces will deploy more in constrained areas where their high-tech capabilities are not an advantage. This research provides an analytical framework for understanding the main challenges of urban warfare for conventional forces. The analysis identifies the military organizational dimension, dual-use technologies as game changers, and the role of civilian population in urban environments as key factors. The conclusions provide some policy recommendations concerning training and communication strategies. The prospects of urban warfare will be defined by a combination of cognitive and kinetic actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on the complex security situation in the Sahel region, identifying the causes and drivers of conflicts. The main hypothesis underlying the article is that the security situation in the Sahel region is influenced by several different causes and conflict drivers which have cumulative effects, making conflict resolution extremely difficult. The first part of the article identifies the causes and drivers of conflict and classifies them into four main categories. In the second part, the article shows how the causes and drivers are interwoven, creating multiple spillover effects, making the Sahel region one of the most problematic regions in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Principle of distinction, one of the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law dictates, that participants in hostilities at all times distinguish between civilian objects and military objectives, as well as between civilians and combatants. This article addresses the adequacy of the protection offered by the principle in the cyber domain. Great reliance of militaries on civilian cyberinfrastructure expands the range of military objectives to the systems which key civilian activities depend on. There are many unknowns in fulfilling even the simple conditions for the combatant status, as well as in regulation of civilian direct participation in hostilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic information operations (IO) have normally been viewed as an issue above the military level. Nevertheless, they are critical both in shaping the larger operational environment and in providing a strategic initiative short of war. As such, they are crucial for military strategists. Also, in most Western countries, the focus has been on defensive measures against opponents' IO efforts. Such a defensive mindset is unlikely to succeed. Some long-term patterns and lessons learned in IO provide a useful template for both defensive and offensive IO campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1914, the British Army was organized and trained in compliance with Field Service Regulations (FSR). Douglas Haig stated that 'a steady adherence" to their 'principles," had enabled success on the Western Front. Despite its impact on the British Army from 1902, however, FSR has been widely disregarded or misrepresented, partly due to a misconceived belief that Haig embodied these principles. Haig played no part in establishing FSR and did not, from 1909, reform his command and tactical principles in line with it. If Haig had adhered to the principles he extolled in 1918, the British Army of 1916 would have been in better shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil wars are complex in ways that challenge effective resolution. Civil war actors tend to be dynamic in nature and often splinter then coalesce over time potentially evolving into multiple dyads pitted against their government. Previous work has demonstrated that when multiple rebel factions emerge, civil wars tend to be longer in duration as satisfying multiple factions tends to be more challenging. However, governments may choose to pursue dyadic agreements hoping to end the conflict either through subsequent dyadic negotiations or through more targeted military tactics focusing intently on the remaining faction(s). This study suggests that which dyads will be excluded from the peace is predictable, but also seeks to better understand what happens to those excluded factions that hedge their bets to continue the fight. Propositions are tested on all civil war peace agreements between 1945-2013. Key findings indicate the importance of political power-sharing provision and third-party assistance in bringing excluded groups into the fold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classic and modern theories of rebel warfare emphasize the role of resource endowments. We demonstrate that intelligence gathering, made possible by these endowments, plays a critical role in determining specifics of how rebels launch complex attacks against better equipped government forces. We test implications of a theoretical model using highly detailed data about Afghan rebel attacks, insurgent‐led spy networks, and counterinsurgent operations. Leveraging quasi‐random variation in opium suitability, we find that improved rebel capacity is associated with (1) increased insurgent operations; (2) improved battlefield tactics through technological innovation, increased complexity, and attack clustering; and (3) increased effectiveness against security forces, especially harder targets. These results show that access to capital, coupled with intelligence gathering, meaningfully impacts how and where rebels fight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent events have made it much more likely that the United States (U.S.) and its allies could wage an unconventional warfare campaign in a future international armed conflict. Should this occur, the conflict will--between many of the States involved--be governed by the most controversial portions of Additional Protocol I, including Article 44's rules limiting the need for partisans to wear uniforms. While the U.S. is not a Party to Additional Protocol I, U.S. practitioners cannot ignore the Protocol. By understanding how the Protocol applies to Parties, the U.S. will see many benefits, including increased protections for friendly partisans, and incur necessary costs, including limits on its ability to try enemy fighters. Failure to understand the protocol, however, will undermine the combatant immunity enjoyed by the U.S. Armed Forces and their allies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article advances a research program in military dissent, contributing to growing scholarly interest in the subject. It first outlines a variety of “tactics of dissent,” discriminating among them according to the pathway through which they shape political leaders’ decisions and the related audiences and objectives of the method. These sets of tactics are domestic politics, bureaucratic, coercive, and organizational. The article illustrates these tactics with examples from across advanced democracies, developing democracies and autocracies, and with lengthier treatments of Brazil, Egypt, and the U.S. In so doing, the article helps bridge subfield divides in the study of civil-military relations, arguing that neglecting these tactics truncates variation in the character and intensity of dissent within and across regime types. In addition, it outlines several questions to guide future research, including efforts to better understand the metrics and drivers of dissent, the efficacy of these tactics in undermining civilian initiatives and their larger consequences for democracy and civil-military relations.

The Military Revolution debate has dominated histories of early modern warfare for over sixty years. This essay searches for new analytical avenues by charting the nature, causes, and implications of variations in Mughal warfare in early modern South Asia. It argues that a range of factors--including environmental conditions, military pragmatism, financial considerations, and distance from the imperial heartland--caused Mughal war-making to become heterogeneous over time and across space. This produced variations in strategy, tactics, and deployment of technologies. These variations affected the broader processes of Mughal war-making and empire-building. This line of investigation bears potential to influence the writing of comparative military histories and the study of early modern warfare while looking beyond the Military Revolution framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2014 annexation of Crimea from Ukraine and subsequent 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia have thrust Ukraine and European security into an intense and formidable challenge. The Western response, marked by a resolute sanctions regime targeting Russian officials and entities, has not only met but exceeded initial expectations, serving as a powerful testament to a steadfast stance against Russian aggression. As the full-scale invasion enters its third year, characterized by unconventional and asymmetrical tactics, delving into the historical roots of this crisis is imperative, acknowledging the enduring influence of the Soviet Union on the geopolitical landscape. This paper embarks on a rigorous exploration of the multifaceted factors propelling Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Geopolitical power dynamics, historical grievances, competitions of national conscience, economic dependencies, and security concerns are scrutinized intensely to unravel the intricate motivations behind the conflict. The study offers an exhaustive analysis of global ramifications, encompassing geopolitical realignments and shifts in alliances. The war in Ukraine has not only damaged global food and energy supply chains but has also rendered international trade fragile and complicated, reshaping the global landscape significantly. The Russian invasion, transcending the bounds of a mere territorial conflict, reshapes the global order. Simultaneously, Putin’s strategic miscalculation, fueled by perceived success in Crimea, led to an underestimation of Ukrainian resilience. Subsequent events in eastern Ukraine underscored the limits of Putin’s strategic calculations, showcasing the indomitable spirit of a people united in defense of their homeland. Ukraine’s extraordinary resilience, evident through citizen mobilization and strategic defense initiatives, shatters the perception of invincibility. The nation’ ability to transform challenges into opportunities underscores its unwavering commitment to long-term security and territorial integrity. Even with uncertain perspectives of Western support Ukrainian leadership continued to provide all the efforts to win this war. By harnessing collective strength, Ukraine sends a strong message about its determination to safeguard sovereignty, protect citizens’ interests, and emerge stronger in the face of adversity. By harnessing collective strength, Ukraine sends a resounding message about its determination to safeguard sovereignty, protect citizens; national interests, and emerge stronger in the face of adversity. Indeed, while Russia employs military tactics, Ukraine fights with the indomitable spirit of its citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are we likely to see anthropomorphisms in military artificial intelligence (AI) human-machine interactions (HMIs)? And what are the potential consequences of this phenomena? Since its inception, AI has been conceptualised in anthropomorphic terms, employing biomimicry to digitally map the human brain as analogies to human reasoning. Hybrid teams of human soldiers and autonomous agents controlled by AI are expected to play an increasingly more significant role in future military operations. The article argues that anthropomorphism will play a critical role in future human-machine interactions in tactical operations. The article identifies some potential epistemological, normative, and ethical consequences of humanising algorithms for the conduct of war. It also considers the possible impact of the AI-anthropomorphism phenomenon on the inversion of AI anthropomorphism and the dehumanisation of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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New technologies are constantly emerging in the modern world and changing the way we live our everyday lives. Although technology has many useful applications, there are various ways it can potentially be abused. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are one of the most rapidly developing technologies, with potentially far-reaching consequences. A new focus on UAV applications has fueled rising concerns with regards to security, specifically around networked UAVs. UAVs may be managed from a remote place with relative ease. Essential operations involving the use of military tactics and weapons involve employing them in a variety of situations, such as reconnaissance, surveillance, and offensive, defensive, and civilian capacities. Message insertion, message manipulation, jamming, and GPS spoofing are the most commonly used cyber-attacks against these systems. Ensuring the security of electronics and communications in systems that employ several UAVs is of utmost importance to guarantee their safety and dependability in military and civilian activities. Many technological methods have been developed over the past decade for securing UAVs from cyber-attacks. This paper attempts to summaries the problems that can arise with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cyber-attacks, and the countermeasures used to protect against them. This is the first paper that details all of the past cyber-attacks on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe consequences of military activities on marine biodiversity and conservation have come to limelight as a result of the Ukraine-Russian conflicts in the Black Sea region. The battle has had both immediate and collateral environmental effects on the Black Sea, a hotspot for numerous and uncommon aquatic species. Oil spills, the discharge of toxic substances, and habitat deterioration are only a few of the direct effects that have harmed marine environments and destroyed crucial breeding sites. The fragile balance of the marine life in the area is further threatened by indirect effects caused by fishing practices, increased marine traffic, and advances in coastal infrastructure brought on by conflicts. This ongoing conflict has infringed upon international agreements, including the Basel, Stockholm, and London Conventions, through military activities in the Black Sea, resulting in the violation of regulations governing hazardous waste movement and posing a threat to the biodiversity of the region. This review discusses the breaches and analyzes the harms caused in the marine ecosystem and resources and proposes suggestions as to combine military tactics with conservation and restoration activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cape Khoe-San experienced a significant change in weapons technology when Europeans began colonising the Cape in the seventeenth century. Khoe-San first adapted their military tactics to counter the firearms used by Dutch settlers in conflicts over land possession. With colonisation, many Khoe-San found themselves being incorporated into the colony as hunting and military, both formal and informal, assistants. Deemed sufficiently colonised by the Europeans, there was now an effort to arm Khoe-San with guns. The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw great developments in firearm technology. In tracking these developments alongside historical accounts of Khoe-San with firearms, it is noticed that by the first half of the nineteenth century, Khoe-San fighting for the colony were being supplied with the most ideal firearms for colonial warfare in the Cape. This was a marked contrast to the policies of the seventeenth century which sought to keep firearms out of indigenous hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now that European defence budgets are (finally) on the rise, Europe's military circles are faced with one issue that has not been addressed at EU level: how do they want to fight? The US-led NATO alliance rightfully coordinates all doctrinal work in Europe at the moment, but the time to discuss how soldiers and weapons function in larger operations is coming, considering the US's gradual withdrawal amid increasing turmoil in the neighbourhood. Having these field concepts in place would demonstrate the determination and cohesiveness of the Europe of today while shaping the military procurement of tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often asserted that the Thai public, particularly members of the urban middle class in Bangkok, are inherently conservative, leading them to support mass protests preceding recent military coups. What is often overlooked is that support for these movements has not been consistent, with polls suggesting that at many points, the Bangkok public has opposed these protests. This prompts the question: why has the broader public supported anti-democratic conservative moments at key moments, but not others? This article argues that Thai conservative movements have received support when they engage in populism, in contrast to when these movements revert to more traditional, authoritarian mobilization tactics. This points to the possible existence of an alternative strand of Thai conservatism, one this article tentatively terms populist conservatism. Paying attention to this vague, yet powerful symbol of "the People" offers a more plausible explanation for the successes and failures of modern Thai conservative movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite countless studies on victory in armed conflict, scholars disagree about the exact meaning of this term. This article, using primary sources in Hebrew and Arabic, aims to define victory and to discern between types of successful outcomes in war. We analyze three case studies of military collision between Israel and Hamas through a model featuring four levels: tactical, operational, strategic, and systemic. The study shows that in all three clashes (2008, 2012, 2014), the outcomes are difficult to evaluate because the boundaries between the definitions are foggy. It also concludes that neither side has achieved a strategic victory that breaks the status quo that has held since June 2007—though Hamas's leaders have claimed strategic victory due to the group's survival. Israel, without advanced planning, has relied on tactical wins for its strategic policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date evaluations of tactical air supremacy during the Normandy campaign of 1944 have tended to analyse the erosion of German fighting ability due to the destruction to the transportation system, especially bridges and railways, by Allied air and the Resistance. Attacks on depots have been considered but not in the context of assessing the effectiveness of Allied intelligence gathering on depots. This study presents that analysis. Using archival sources in combination with geoarchaeological records, we hypothesise how a crisis in German logistics could have produced an earlier collapse of German capability, had Allied intelligence been more accurate in reporting German supply activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a collection of book reviews and short notices from the Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association. The first review discusses the book "The Spirituality of Countess Matilda of Tuscany" by Penelope Nash, which explores the life and power of Matilda of Tuscany, a prominent figure in medieval Europe. The reviewer praises Nash's previous work on Matilda and highlights her new study's focus on Matilda's soul and her ability to balance power and piety. The second review discusses the book "Anglo-Danish Empire: A Companion to the Reign of King Cnut the Great" edited by Richard North, Erin Goeres, and Alison Finlay. The reviewer notes that the volume originated from a conference on Æthelred II and Cnut the Great and praises the book's comprehensive content and scholarly approach. [Extracted from the article]

What explains the militarization of public safety? Despite its failures, police militarization remains a popular policy. Existing scholarship has mainly focused on the police adopting military weapons and tactics but has neglected a silent but consequential type: the appointment of military members as police chiefs. Whereas the conventional wisdom points to partisanship and violence as key drivers, I argue that the militarization of police leaders responds to political motives. Based on a novel data set on 5,580 appointments in Mexico and repeated event history analysis, I find evidence of a top-down militarization sequence. Mayors are more likely to appoint military chiefs when upper levels of government and peers embrace a militarized security strategy. I further illustrate how coercive pressures and strategic incentives drive this sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]