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Traditional scholarship on pre-and postconquest Central Mexico describes an institution of elite warriors commonly called eagle or jaguar "knights." These works heavily rely on a small set of Spanish chronicles in which the authors (primarily religious officials) crafted ideas of indigenous military orders to make indigenous culture comprehensible for their Spanish readers. Eagle and jaguar military orders do not exist in Nahuatl texts. Instead, Nahuas invoked rhetoric about eagles and jaguars not to refer to warrior orders, but to metonymically refer to warfare, rulership, or socially respected qualities attainable by all members of the social strata. Spanish religious officials not only were aware of this practice, but also fused the notion of acting "with eagle-ness, with jaguar-ness" into Christian sermons, ceremonies, and iconography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2023, the Institute of Archaeology conducted an archaeological excavation at the Gradišče Castle near Margečan. Located on an elevated position on Cukovec Hill above the Bednja River, the castle features an elongated oval layout with a square tower on its eastern side. The excavations involved digging a 1-metre-wide trench extending from the northern to the southern wall in the western part of the castle, along with a smaller rectangular trench in the central area. Portions of the northern and southern walls were uncovered, and fragments of prehistoric (Bronze Age) and late medieval ceramics were found in the layers, which confirmed previous conjectures about the site but did not enable a more precise dating of the castle. Unfortunately, the remains of the interior structures were not uncovered during this latest research, leaving unresolved questions about the exact dating and period of use of this castle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Romanian-French military relations were enhanced during this period too by many actions and events that referred both to the present and to the most fruitful periods of the collaboration between the two armies. The friendship associations established during the interwar period, both in France and Romania, contributed greatly to the development of relations between the Romanians and the French, between the two armies. During the period 1930-1936 there are also other manifestations of the gratitude of the Romanian authorities towards the French soldiers who contributed to the good relations between the two armies. We can mention an incomplete list, of course, of those who were decorated with orders and medals for such merits. Among those decorated were the names of participants in the 1916-1918 campaign in the French Military Mission in Romania, led by General Berthelot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse written records associated with the establishment of bonds between military orders as territorial lords and Muslims as settlers in the Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia. These records are usually known as cartas de población or population charters and were issued in the context of the settlement of populations in a given area. Methods derived from historical semantics are applied to these texts, and the analysis explores the ways in which the existing asymmetrical power relationships were reflected not only in the contents of the charters but also in the grammar and expressions used to formulate them.

The Monarchia Lusytana, written by the monks of Alcobaça between 1597 and 1729, is an assumedly religious work that adopts a chronistic nature by recounting the history of the kingdom of Portugal from the formation of the Condado Portucalense to the beginning of the reign of King João I. As I am developing research in the field of the historiography of the Military Orders, it seemed appropriate to delve into the theme of the Crusades and the Military Orders in the Monarchia Lusytana, a work from the scriptorium of the monastery of Alcobaça, with a long tradition of documentary and codicological production. The aim of this work is to ascertain how the Military Orders and the Crusade are approached and what impact they had on the history of Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse written records associated with the establishment of bonds between military orders as territorial lords and Muslims as settlers in the Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia. These records are usually known as cartas de población or population charters and were issued in the context of the settlement of populations in a given area. Methods derived from historical semantics are applied to these texts, and the analysis explores the ways in which the existing asymmetrical power relationships were reflected not only in the contents of the charters but also in the grammar and expressions used to formulate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historiography of the crusade and reconquest in the Iberian Peninsula, and Portugal in particular, dates from the beginning of the twentieth century. Since the 1920s, it has been assumed that the reconquest was an output of the crusade in the Iberian West due to the so-called "Bull of Crusade" given to Portugal. The "idea of the Crusade" in Portugal was enhanced by Carl Erdmann in the 1930s and 1940s. This interpretation has been endorsed by the very context in which the Kingdom of Portugal emerged and developed throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. From the 1980s onwards, the launching of systematic research on the military orders also reinforced this perspective. The deep affinity between the military orders and the crusades in the context of the reconquest is reflected in this historiography. These concepts—military orders, crusade, reconquest—have been studied without distinction being made between them, adding to the complexity of this analysis. Considering the historiographical achievements regarding the crusade, it is pertinent to rethink the associations between reconquest, crusade and military orders. Reading certain historical narratives is crucial for this analysis, although the written records do not fully deplete the subject. To reinforce the relevance of this approach, we will also consider royal and pontifical diplomas. Tracing the terminology used in these documents and identifying how these historical realities were referred to are the two main goals of this paper. For that purpose, three key moments of the Portuguese reconquest have been chosen: the conquests of Lisbon (1147), Silves (1189), and Alcácer do Sal (1217). These have one feature in common: the presence of crusaders travelling to the Holy Land, which supports the terminological analysis of those discourses. Different perspectives are embodied in these conquest narratives when compared with royal and papal diplomas on the same issue and of a similar chronology. Historiography on Reconquest, crusade, and the military orders is often conditioned by ideology, occasionally revealing a tendency to repeat ideas without debating them. This paper's analysis is based on the aforementioned written records and is undertaken in order to verify when the word crusade/crusader appeared in Portugal, to assess to what extent the war of conquest in Portuguese territory followed the example of the holy war and to evaluate the commitment of the crown and the Holy See in this complex process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyses of medieval crusade have highlighted the ways in which participants expressed multifaceted martial, ecclesiastical, regional and gendered expressions of identity. Much of contemporaries’ consideration and display of ‘crusading identity’ took place far away from the battlefield. This paper examines an element of crusading identity manifest in the Kingdom of Scotland – a region that produced numerous crusaders and benefactors of the Military Orders, and yet has seldom featured as a centre-point for crusade studies. This article focuses on crusaders’ practice of settling disputes and displaying their magnanimity within their community, ahead of their departure. Using Earl Patrick II of Dunbar (d 1248) and Robert de Brus (d 1295) as case studies, the article argues that their preparations for holy war are indicative of a strong awareness of the subtleties of wider Latin Christian crusading culture among Scotland’s nobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Norba: Revista de Historia is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An important development for the highly centralized military orders in the 12th century was the formation of provinces. By the middle of the 13h century, hundreds of preceptories had been established across Europe and the Holy Land, and the leadership of the orders had to maintain close contact with them. It was done predominantly through the general chapter, modeled after the organization of the Cistercian order. It was the most important decisionmaking body of the military orders, including the Knights Hospitaller, where the leaders of the provinces (priors, provincial masters) could represent their administrative units in the province. This study examines the institution of the general chapter of the Knights Hospitaller, its purpose of counterbalancing the power of the Grand Master, and the transformation of this decision-making body in the late Middle Ages. In the period between the 12th and 16th centuries, the general chapter of the Knights Hospitaller convened at irregular times, mostly to appoint the leaders of the order, levy taxes, and discuss disciplinary issues. By the 15th century, two important changes had been introduced. First, from the middle of the century, convening the general chapter was included in the regulations of the order, second, it became obvious that these meetings became grounds of the constant political conflicts within the order. The influence of certain tongues (lingua) changed significantly over time, and the new power balance was represented at these meetings. In light of this information, the "affiliation" of the Hungarian-Slavonian priory can also be reassessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the importance of the Luso-Castilian border in the context of medieval Hispania and its complexity as a political construction, the objective of this reflection is to assess its impact at the level of manorial groups, either secular or ecclesiastical. The way how these social groups had interpreted the frontier is a central issue for this study. Fidalgos and miles Christi, usually called knights in simple terms, had traced similar tendencies for understandable reasons. Fidalgos and miles Christi were part of the medieval elites that boosted the peninsular exchanges, developing frequent trajectories over borders in medieval Hispania. The aristocracy and the friars of the Military Orders, in particular, those from the international Orders, had a very fluid conception of the frontier, to which family and institutional interests were superimposed. The noblemen found in the border crossing a natural mechanism to circumvent some political problems, arising from conflicts with monarchs, or to materialize strategies of power of some lineages with patrimonies constituted long before the creation of the kingdom of Portugal itself. In turn, the friars of the Military Orders were sometimes members of these families, imbued with non-border behaviors, which were reinforced when they professed in multinational institutions, not overlapping with the delimitations of the political and diplomatic border.

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The article offers information on the digital anniversary panel of the Working Group on Military History e.V. as part of the symposium "Order and Violence" on March 25, 2021 in Potsdam, Germany. It mentions military history has been pursuing (AKM) the goal of research funding and exchange in the field of a cross-epoch and gender and political history. It also mentions association has been awarding since the Wilhelm Deist Prize, named after the military historian and member of the AKM.

The purpose of this article is to outline the phenomenon of battle rhetoric in medieval historical writing within the context of the crusading movement. It explores several examples of this narrative convention which involve members of the military orders, specifically the Templars and Hospitallers, from two contemporary historical narratives: the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi and the Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum. In doing so, it will display the dynamic nature of battle rhetoric in this period and argue that the unique characteristics of the military orders made them ideal subjects for material that sought to engage with contemporary ideas of spirituality, virtue and the practice of violence. Furthermore, this article argues that the battle rhetoric of the Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum, examined in comparison with other contemporary crusade orations, provides evidence that this text was produced in a monastic, specifically Cistercian, environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Together with the high late medieval nobility, we find middle and lower nobles without titles who support high noblemen in the defence of their interests and are under their authority. this article focuses almost exclusively on the participation of this middle and lower Castilian nobility in three fields. the first one, in the military activities against the Nasrid kingdom and in the aragón Crown; the second, the nobility presence in the military Orders and the third one, in the governance of cities and towns. their participation in these three aspects was essential for the objectives of the monarchy, the high nobility and their own.

Las encomiendas de las órdenes militares castellanas constituían, junto con los bienes propios de la dignidad maestral, un extenso y rico conjunto patrimonial que estas milicias fueron adquiriendo de los reyes de Castilla y León en gratitud a los servicios prestados en la Reconquista. Con la incorporación perpetua de los Maestrazgos de las órdenes en la Corona de Castilla en 1523 se puso en manos de esta institución el derecho a dispensar las mercedes de las encomiendas, así como los títulos conferidos a estas milicias: los estatutos de caballero y comendador. Por ello, tras la incorporación, las encomiendas, dignidad del comendador, y los hábitos militares, como ya señaló la historiografía portuguesa para sus milicias (N. Monteiro y F. Olival) se integraron entre los mecanismos de remuneración de servicios de la Monarquía Católica. Desde esta perspectiva, este trabajo pretende, siguiendo las líneas marcadas por la historiografía lusa, el estudio de la concesión de encomiendas y hábitos de las tres órdenes militares de Castilla a miembros de los Consejos de Órdenes y Castilla en el reinado de Felipe III, intentando insertar estas mercedes dentro de la “economía de la merced” estableciendo, además, redes de parentelas y clientelas entorno a estas mercedes. The commanderies of the Castilian military orders constituted an extensive and rich heritage set that these militias acquired from the kings of Castile and Leon in gratitude to the services rendered in the Reconquest. With the perpetual incorporation of the orders in the Crown of Castile, the right to dispense the commanderies was placed in the catholic monarchy, as well as the titles conferred to these militias: the statutes of knight and commander. For that reason, after the incorporation, the commanderies -dignity of the commander, and the military habits, as already indicated by the Portuguese historiography for their institutions (N. Monteiro and F. Olival)- were integrated between the mechanisms of remuneration of services to the Catholic Monarchy . From this perspective, this paper intends the study of the granting of encomiendas and habits of the three military orders of Castile to members of the Councils of Orders and Castile in the reign of Felipe III, trying to insert these mercedes within the "economía de la merced" establishment, in addition to the networks of relatives and clienteles around these mercedes.

La Orden Militar de San Juan envió grandes cantidades de dinero desde España hasta el Mediterráneo Oriental durante la Edad Media. No fueron grandes sumas durante los siglos XII y XIII. Sin embargo, aumentaron mucho en los siglos XIV y XV. Los hospitalarios aragoneses, catalanes y navarros fueron los que más dinero pagaban. En cambio, los hospitalarios castellanos y portugueses dieron menos. La Orden de San Juan envió no sólo dinero sino también caballos, trigo y armas. Los reyes españoles a veces no permitieron que los hospitalarios enviaran las transferencias desde la Península Ibérica al Oriente Latino. The Military Order of Saint John sent large amounts of money from Spain to the Eastern Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. They did not amount to large sums during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. However, they increased greatly in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Aragonese, Catalonian and Navarrese Hospitallers were the ones that paid the most money. In contrast, the Castilian and Portuguese Hospitallers gave less. The Order of St. John sent not only money but also horses, wheat and arms.

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Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article raises the question whether Israel is a stable or an unstable democracy. Its conclusion – based on a theoretical analysis that relates to variables such as the legitimacy of the regime, its effectiveness, the degree of general consensus it enjoys in society at large and amongst the elites, its party system and polarisation, its socioeconomic structure, the centrality of security issues, its constitutional structure and electoral system, and the international environment – is that it is unstable. The article's approach is comparative and relates Israel to historical case studies, like post-World War I Weimar Germany, Italy, Britain and the US; post-World War II Germany, France, Italy, and Spain; the newly democratic states of Eastern Europe; and the Third World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has seen a growing trend towards the use of proxies in the Middle East and North Africa following the outbreak of the Arab Spring. In this context, the issue of Turkey's approach to proxy war in these regions has received considerable attention since 2016. Thereby, the purpose of this article is to investigate the essential characteristics of Turkish proxy war strategy in Syria and Libya. As such, this study intends to trace the development of Turkish proxy war strategy by making use of the conceptual frameworks proposed by Groh (2019), O'Brien (2012) and Art (1998). The most obvious finding to emerge from the analysis is that Turkey changed its indirect intervention strategy from donated assistance to proxy warfare in Syria and Libya when it saw a greater need to influence the result of the conflicts. In the case of Syria, this study has shown that the control-through-centralisation approach towards the Armed Syrian Opposition has enabled Turkey to carry out an effective proxy war strategy from 2016 onwards. In Libya, the results of this investigation have shown that theTurkish Army has pursued a proxy war strategy since Ankara and the Government of National Accord (GNA) signed an agreement on security and military cooperation in December 2019. The article concludes that Turkey has centralised many revolutionary groups under an Islamist-nationalistic vision and partnered them with its own military in order to expand its influence in the Middle East and North Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For almost 400 years the Knights of St John of Jerusalem – the Knights Hospitaller – maintained a priory in Kilmainham, Co. Dublin, as their principal residence in Ireland. Nothing survives of it above ground. The priory's early history and topography are mainly shrouded in mystery, but a fourteenth-century registrum illuminates the workings of its community and the character of its members, and provides valuable evidence relating to the appearance of its architecture and layout when it was at the peak of its prosperity. Yet the registrum has never been subjected to detailed scrutiny. Recent research on the Hospitallers in Ireland on the one hand, and on the organisation of domestic space in medieval contexts in Ireland on the other, has prompted this comprehensive appraisal of the evidence in Kilmainham's registrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper we focus our attention on the study of a territory governed by the Order of Saint John in Andalusia at the end of the Middle Ages: Alcolea del Río, in the province of Seville (Spain). This town, due to its proximity to Guadalquivir river, was able to take advantage of this resource in order to improve its economic and demographic development, by constructing and using different groups of water mills. We study them in this paper. The development experienced by Alcolea during the 15th century was the cause of an important achievement at the beginning of the Early Modern period: its independence from Lora del Río in 1504.