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The article provides brief information about the life and working activities of the first head of the Department of Radiation Hygiene of the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Training, academician, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Major General of the medical service F. G. Krotkov in the field of military hygiene during its formation in the Soviet health care, in the pre-war years and during the great Patriotic War. The direction of the scientific work of F. G. Krotkov at the Department of hygiene of the Military Medical Academy and contribution to the basis of the Aviation Scientific Research Institute of Sanitary in the WorkerPeasant Red Army and the Special Food Research Institute of the Red Army and its role in improving the combat capability of the Army and Navy as the head of the sanitary Department of the Main military-sanitary Directorate of the Red Army. It also reflects the activities of Professor F. G. Krotkov on the development of radiation hygiene as the head of the country’s first specialized Department in the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Training. The paper provides information on perpetuate the name of Professor Krotkov on his small Home in S. Mosolovo, the Ryazan oblast and in Moscow city, where he worked for many years.

Purpose: To assess the behaviour of the elderly with regard to hygiene procedures for and maintenance of removable dentures.Materials and Methods: 243 elderly people were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, which was applied in the coverage area of Family Health Strategy in Urlandia district in the city of Santa Maria, Brazil.Results: The majority of those interviewed were 60 to 69 years old, with a prevalence of women and incomplete primary school education. In general, the dentures had been worn for more than 10 years and 43.7% of them had been made by a dental prosthetic technician. More than half the study population had not received instructions on hygiene and maintenance of the dentures.Conclusion: This population was not aware of the importance of hygiene and maintenance of the removable dentures. It is worrying that a considerable number of elderly have sought dental prosthetic care from technicians who were not trained to promote and maintain health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Military installations are at increased risk for the transmission of infectious disease. Personnel who live and train on military installations live and train near one another facilitating disease transmission. An understanding of historical sanitation and hygiene can inform modern practices. This is especially pertinent considering the continuing rise of variants of infectious diseases, such as the recent pandemic of the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In this article, we review the rise and decline of infectious disease at the United States Military Academy (USMA) during the period spanning 1890 through 1910, and the public health interventions used to combat disease spread.Materials and Methods: Primary data regarding cadet illness were acquired from the historical archives of the USMA. These included annual reports, clinical admission records, casualty ledgers, and sanitation reports. Unpublished documents from the medical history of USMA provide periodic trends of health among cadets because of infectious disease.Results: Between 1890 and 1910, the USMA at West Point was confronted with cases of influenza, measles, mumps, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhus, and malaria. In response, a series of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were instituted to curb the spread of infectious disease. These interventions most likely proved effective in suppressing the transmission of communicable diseases. The most common and arguably the most effective NPI was the physical separation of the sick from the well.Conclusions: The USMA experience mirrored what was occurring in the larger U.S. Army in the early 20th century and may serve as a model for the application of NPIs in response to modern infectious diseases resulting from novel or unknown etiologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military health service of the Kingdom of Poland was organized on the basis of a specifically prepared document, namely Przepisy służby zdrowia wyięte z ogólnego urządzenia Administracyi i Rachuby wewnętrznej dla Woyska Polskiego wszelkiej broni zatwierdzonego przez Komitet Woyskowy. In its content, no aspect of activity was neglected, ranging from equipping hospitals to crucial issues of education and professional preparation of medical staff. The attempts to equate the medical staff with the officers were initiated though not completed. For the first time a permanent institution of medium medical staff was introduced. These were field surgeons, for whom also a special school was founded in Warsaw. The text elaborates these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health concerns for military women who serve in austere environments include feminine hygiene, risk of infection, and limited knowledge of gynecologic conditions, symptoms, and prevention. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Women's Health Promotion Program (WHPP) for Austere Environments that was implemented in the military community setting of a large operational military unit on a southeastern U.S. military base. The WHPP is a pilot-tested program designed to educate women to recognize and prepare for environments that require alteration of feminine hygiene behaviors, with the goal of maintaining genitourinary health. Evaluation of the WHPP was designed according to the RE-AIM framework, which measures the Reach, Efficacy/effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance of a health promotion program. The WHPP was offered to 49 military units (none of which declined) and presented to 443 military women in those units. One year after the implementation of the WHPP, the rates of urinary tract infections, vaginal candidiasis infections, and menstrual disorders decreased among the units that participated in the WHPP. These findings lay the foundation for an Army-wide adoption of this WHPP that could enhance readiness in military women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the faecal carriage of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria (CPE) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteria among soldiers at admission in a French military hospital after aeromedical evacuation from overseas. During a period of 1 year, 83 rectal swabs collected in French soldiers at admission were screened for multidrug-resistant enterobacteria with a chromogenic medium. ESBL detection was performed with the double-disc synergy test in the absence or presence of cloxacillin. The genotypic characterisation of resistance mechanisms, sequence typing and phylotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing with bacterial DNA extracted from isolates. No CPE was detected. Eleven ESBL Escherichia coli isolates belonging to four phylogenetic groups were detected, including ten CTX-M-15 and one CTX-M-14. The overall gut colonisation with ESBL-producing bacteria (13.25 %) was 6-fold higher than that reported in soldiers in the suburbs of Paris in 2009. ESBL faecal carriage was particularly high (34.48 %) in soldiers repatriated from Afghanistan (risk ratio = 18.62; p = 0.0001). This study highlights the importance of systematic additional contact precautions and CPE/ESBL screening in soldiers repatriated from overseas in French hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In educational levels there are three levels of education, undergraduate, postgraduate and specialist training. Moreover, the medical care also reports three levels of care that are general practice, general hospitals and specialized hospitals. The education-campus health facility binomial is, today, the axis of good medical education and no help or educational support which can replace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the history of the Italian Unification in the period from 1840 to 1870, with a focus on historical sources relating to the medical and public health history of United Italy. Topics discussed include military health care, public health care on the local and national levels, and Italian government documents on this topic.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of eye injuries sustained by military personnel in Chinese army.Methods: Eleven military evacuation hospitals located in different regions were selected for this study. We reviewed all the medical records of eye injuries sustained by military personnel between January 2005 and December 2009. Patients'information was collected. All data were put into database and analyzed statistically.Results: Totally there were 415 inpatients with eye injuries (442 eyes) and their mean age was 24.40 years. Eye injury accounts for 13.51% of all eye diseases in this study. From 2006 to 2009, the number of eye injury increased gradually. Among them, 175 (42.17%) were injured in leisure time, and 145 (34.94%) in working time. Twenty-two (5.30%) patients had an eye surgery or history of eye disease before injury. In all, 246 patients (59.28%) were sent to evacuation hospital within 24 hours and 64 (56.64%) underwent surgeries in 24 hours after injury. There were 389 patients (93.73%) hospitalized for 1 time. Visual acuities of 187 eyes (42.31%) were grade 1 (larger than or equal to 20/40) after injury. When discharge, 349 eyes (78.96%) obtained a visual acuity of grade 1.Conclusion: Eye injury has a very frequent incidence in Chinese army and much more attention should be paid to prevent it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: Aim of this study was to describe the main characteristics of food-borne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) in the French armed forces from 1999 to 2009. Methods: FBDOs are reported to the military epidemiological surveillance system, which concerns all active military personnel. Investigation reports published from 1999 to 2009 were reviewed. Results: Among the 180 FBDOs reported, 48.3% occurred overseas. The mean reporting rate was 2.4 outbreaks p.100,000 in France and 26.7 p.100,000 overseas, reaching to 39.3 p.100,000 in Africa. Digestive symptoms were predominant among cases. Laboratory analyses on cases were positive in 29.4% of FBDOs. The most frequently isolated agents were shigella (15.4%). Laboratory analyses on food samples were positive in 18.9% of outbreaks, the most frequently isolated agent being Clostridium perfringens (15.7%). Only 7 FBDOs were documented by concordant analyses in both patients and food samples. Conclusions: The reporting rate was much higher among military deployed overseas, which can be the consequence of a lack of hygiene due to operational imperatives and the consumption of local food which does not meet safety standards. In operational settings, laboratory evidence may be difficult to obtain and a timely epidemiological investigation in some cases proves valuable to identify the likely vehicle of infection and to guide targeted intervention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]