Search

Ceratitis (Pterandrus) quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FE85EC42-12F6-4C76-80 C 2- CA 8 A 7 C 4 E 7D5D Fig. 1 Etymology Named in honour of the late Dr. Serge Quilici (Centre de Coop��ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D��veloppement, CIRAD, La R��union) who passed away in 2015. The species name should be treated as a noun in the genitive case. Material examined Holotype TANZANIA: ��, Nyandira, EGOlure trap, 4 May 2013, M. Mwatawala (RMCA coll Nr T 19315). Paratypes (deposited in BMNH, NMK, RMCA, SANC, SUA, and USNM) TANZANIA: same locality as holotype: 2 ����, 4 May 2013 (coll Nr T 19315); 1 ��, 1 Jun. 2013, coll Nr T 19471; 2 ����, 1 Jun. 2013 (coll Nr T 19474); 16 ���� (1 �� barcoded RMCA, AB 42864782, see Table 1), combined lures, 2006, M. Mwatawala; 33 ����, Mgeta Visada, EGOlure trap, 4 May��� 29 Jun. 2013, M. Mwatawala. KENYA: 2 ����, Kirimiri Forest, reared ex fruits Englerophytum natalense, 23 Jan. 2002, coll Nr 1683; 1 ��, Kirimiri Forest, reared ex fruits Englerophytum natalense, 21 Jan. 2003, coll Nr 2380, all R. S. Copeland. Non-type material BOTSWANA: Gaborone. KENYA: Embu-Runyenjes; Kirimiri Forest; Taita Hills, near Ngangao Forest. MALAWI: Bvumbwe Research Station; Kumbali; Zomba. R��UNION ISLAND: St. Pierre. SOUTH AFRICA: Addo; Arnoldton; Baltimore; Bavaria; Bloemfontein; Bonza Bay; Britstown; Burgershall; Cato Manor; Cedara; Citrusdal; Clanwilliam; Doreen Clark Nature Reserve; Duivelskloof; Dukuduku; Durban; East London; Enon Farm, near Richmond; Eshowe; Ferncilff Nature Reserve; Fort Beaufort; Gariepdam; Grahamstown; Haenertsburg; Wyllie���s Poort, Ingwe Motel; Jan Kempdorp; King William���s Town; Kirkwood; Knysna; Komatipoort; Kruger National Park; Kwambonambi; Louis Trichardt; Lynnwood; Malipsdrift; Marble Hall; Nelspruit; Nkandla; Nkwalini; Olifantshoek; Onrus River; Paarl; Pienaarspoort; Pietermaritzburg; Piketberg; Port Elizabeth; Port Shepstone; Porterville; Pretoria; Riebeek Kasteel; Roodeplaat; Rustenburg; Somerset West; Stellenbosch; Tshipise; Tzaneen; Uitenhage; Volksrust; Vryburg; Warner Beach; Wynberg. SWAZILAND: Ngonini Estates. TANZANIA: Amani; Arusha Municipality; Kibundi; Kidiwa; Langali; Lushoto; Mikese; Mlali; Morogoro Municipality; Moshi Municipality; Mgeta Msikitini; Nyandira; Pinde; Tengeru; Visada. ZIMBABWE: Harare; Vumba. Description Male BODY LENGTH. 4.81 (3.68���5.68) mm; wing length: 5.55 (4.48���6.08) mm. HEAD (Fig. 1a). Antenna yellow. First flagellomere in lateral view 2���3 times as long as wide, obtuse apically. Arista short to medium pubescent, ventral proximal rays at most twice width of arista at base. Two frontal setae, thinner than, and subequal in length to, anterior orbital seta; two orbital setae, anterior orbital longer than posterior one; ocellar seta at least 4 times as long as ocellar triangle; postocellar seta black, shorter than lateral vertical seta. Frons convex, not protruding in lateral view, yellow to yellowish-white. Genal seta and setulae black. Face and occiput yellowish-white, the latter somewhat darker dorsally. THORAX (Fig. 1 b���c). Postpronotal lobe white to yellowish-white, without black middle spot around base of postpronotal seta. Scutum ground color greyish to greyish-brown, sometimes with orange tinge; with streaks and darker markings but without distinct spots except pair of separate prescutellar white markings, usually with pale yellowish-white area in between. Setae black. Anepisternum on ventral half darker yellowish-brown to brown; with pale pilosity, one anepisternal seta. Anatergite and katatergite white. Scutellum yellowish-white, usually with two narrow separate dark brown spots basally, sometimes less distinct; apically with three separate black spots, extending anteriorly to level of or just anterior to basal scutellar seta. Subscutellum black. LEGS (Fig. 1d, f). Slender; yellow or yellowish-white except where otherwise noted; setation mixed pale and black. Forefemur with dispersed rows of long black setulae posterodorsally, posteroventrally shorter and pale; ventral spine-like setae black. Midfemur with few dispersed pale setulae ventrally; midtibia thin at base, moderately and gradually broadened; anteriorly black with conspicuous silvery shine when viewed from certain angle on distal 0.66 to 0.75 (black color sometimes inconspicuous in teneral specimens but silvery shine is always present), black color usually not reaching ventral and dorsal margins, especially on basal part; with black feathering dorsally along distal 0.75 and ventrally along distal 0.66, occasionally to distal 0.75. Hindfemur at distal 0.25 with longer setulae dorsally and ventrally. WING (Fig. 1e). Markings yellowish-brown. Anterior apical band, subapical band and discal band present, posterior apical band absent; anterior apical band not touching discal band; subapical band isolated. Cross-vein R-M situated at or just before midlength of cell dm. Brown streaks and spots present in basal cells. ABDOMEN. Ground colour mainly yellow. Tergites 2 and 4 on posterior half with greyish microtrichosity; anterior margin sometimes narrowly brownish colored, especially laterally. Tergite 3 with posterior half patchily brownish, anterior half yellowish-brown, both parts not clearly demarcated; sometimes more extensively brown. Tergite 5 with basal half brownish, sometimes divided medially by paler spot. Female Unknown (see remarks). Distribution Based upon the above listing, C. quilicii sp. nov. is widely distributed throughout southern and eastern Africa with confirmed records from Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. It is also known from R��union Island. Host records The recent recognition that C. rosa s.lat. actually comprises two distinct species (see Remarks below) requires a re-examination of all material previously reported under ��� C. rosa ���, including records on host use. Reared material that could be studied and identified confirmed the following plants as hosts for C. quilicii sp. nov.: Myrtaceae: Psidium cattleianum Sabine, P. guajava L., Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston; Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley, Malus domestica Borkh., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Pyrus communis L., Rubus sp.; Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica L.; Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum magalismontanum Sond., Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D. Penn. Remarks Ceratitis quilicii sp. nov. belongs to the subgenus Pterandrus and in particular to the Pterandrus section A as defined by Barr & Wiegmann (2009). Within this section, it belongs to the Ceratitis FAR complex as defined by Barr & McPheron (2006) and Virgilio et al. (2008). A recent study by Virgilio et al. (2013) recognized five microsatellite genotypic clusters within the complex, two of which correspond with Ceratitis rosa. Further studies including morphometrics, developmental physiology, cuticular hydrocarbons, pheromones and mating incompatibility (De Meyer et al. 2015b and references therein) provided evidence that these two genotypic clusters represent two distinct entities that should be considered separate species. Mwatawala et al. (2015) furthermore presented evidence that the two entities appear to have different environmental requirements, a case that was supported by some of the differences observed by Tanga et al. (2015). These studies also confirmed the earlier proposed hypothesis by Grout & Stoltz (2007) that C. rosa could actually include two separate entities with different ecological requirements. However, a study along an altitudinal transect in central Tanzania (Mwatawala et al. 2015), as well as re-examinations of material housed in natural history collections, have shown that the two species can co-occur in particular areas. This species is largely identical to C. rosa. Only the males can be distinguished by minor differences of the midtibia, C. rosa having a broader midtibia with black coloration reaching the ventral and dorsal margins of the tibia throughout (Fig. 1g), while C. quilicii sp. nov. has a more slender tibia, gradually tapering towards the base, and with the black coloration not reaching the ventral and dorsal margins throughout the full length (Fig. 1f). Females cannot be differentiated currently and, therefore, no female specimens are included in the type series. The description of the female of C. rosa as given in De Meyer & Freidberg (2006) applies to C. quilicii sp. nov. as well. Ceratitis rosa has been referred to as ���R1���, ���the hot type ��� or ���lowland type ��� in previous literature regarding the two species, while C. quilicii sp. nov. has been referred to as ���R2���, ���the cold type ��� or ���highland type ��� (see De Meyer et al. 2015b and Hendrichs et al. 2015, and references therein). The DNA barcodes produced for five specimens of C. quilicii sp. nov. from Tanzania, South Africa and La R��union (see Table 1 for voucher details and accessions) have a mean p-distance = 0.6% (Tamura et al. 2013). As already observed (Virgilio et al. 2008), DNA barcoding does not allow the unambiguous identification of species within the Ceratitis FAR complex. C. quilicii sp. nov. is no exception, as it clusters together with vouchers of C. rosa from Kenya and Mozambique (the morphological identification of these latter was verified and confirmed as C. rosa) (Supplementary file)., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, Mwatawala, Maulid, Copeland, Robert S. & Virgilio, Massimiliano, 2016, Description of new Ceratitis species (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Africa, or how morphological and DNA data are complementary in discovering unknown species and matching sexes, pp. 1-23 in European Journal of Taxonomy 233 on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.233, http://zenodo.org/record/3845923, {"references":["Barr N. B. & Wiegmann B. M. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of Ceratitis fruit flies inferred from nuclear CAD and tango / ARNT gene fragments: Testing monophyly of the subgenera Ceratitis (Ceratitis) and C. (Pterandrus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53: 412 - 424. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.07.008","Barr N. B. & McPheron B. A. 2006. Molecular phylogenetics of the genus Ceratitis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 216 - 230. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.10.013","Virgilio M., Backeljau T., Barr N. & De Meyer M. 2008. Molecular evaluation of nominal species in the Ceratitis fasciventris, C. anonae, C. rosa complex (Diptera: Tephritidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48: 270 - 280. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.04.018","Virgilio M., Delatte H., Quilici S., Backeljau T. & De Meyer M. 2013. Cryptic diversity and gene flow among three African agricultural pests: Ceratitis rosa, Ceratitis fasciventris and Ceratitis anonae (Diptera, Tephritidae). Molecular Ecology 22: 2526 - 2539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / mec. 12278","De Meyer M., Delatte H., Ekesi S., Jordaens K., Kalinova B., Manrakhan A., Mwatawala M., Steck G., Van Cann J., Vancikova L., Brizova R. & Virgilio M. 2015 b. An integrative approach to unravel the Ceratitis FAR (Diptera, Tephritidae) cryptic species complex: a review. ZooKeys 540: 405 - 427. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 540.10046","Mwatawala M., Virgilio M., Joseph J. & De Meyer M. 2015. Niche partitioning among two Ceratitis rosa morphotypes and other Ceratitis pest species (Diptera, Tephritidae) along an altitudinal transect in Central Tanzania. ZooKeys 540: 429 - 442. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 540.6016","Tanga C. M., Manrakhan A., Daneel J. - H., Mohamed S. A., Fathiya K. & Ekesi S. 2015. Comparative analysis of development and survival of two Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera, Tephritidae) populations from Kenya and South Africa. ZooKeys 540: 467 - 487. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 540.9906","Grout T. G. & Stoltz K. C. 2007. Developmental rates at constant temperatures of three economically important Ceratitis spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) from southern Africa. Environmental Entomology 36: 1310 - 1317. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / 0046 - 225 x (2007) 36 [1310: dracto] 2.0. co; 2","De Meyer M. & Freidberg A. 2006. Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Pterandrus) Bezzi (Diptera: Tephritidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 36: 197 - 315.","Hendrichs J., Vera T., de Meyer M. & Clarke A. 2015. Resolving cryptic species complexes of major tephritid pests. ZooKeys 540: 5 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 540.9656","Tamura K., Stecher G., Peterson D., Filipski A. & Kumar S. 2013. MEGA 6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 2725 - 2729. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / mst 197"]}

Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis) pallidula De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A06A2B1F-6C0F-4AB5-80AD-5216E863C6A8 Fig. 2 Etymology After the Latin word ���pallidulus���, meaning somewhat pale (as diminutive of pallidus). The species name should be treated as an adjective. Material examined Holotype TANZANIA: ��, Morogoro, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Horticulture Unit, EGOlure trap, T19570, 15 Jun. 2013, M. Mwatawala & J. Kusolwa (RMCA). Paratypes (deposited in RMCA, SUA, BMNH, SANC, and USNM) TANZANIA: same locality as holotype: 16 ����, 1 Jun. 2013, T19480; 14 ����, 1 Jun. 2013, T19486; 8 ����, 15 Jun. 2013, T19570; 3 ����, 15 Jun. 2013, T19576; 10 ����, 29 Jun. 2013, T19660; 3 ����, 29 Jun. 2013, T19663; 5 ����, 29 Jun. 2013, T19666, all EGOlure trap, M. Mwatawala & J. Kusolwa; 18 ����, 1 Jun. 2013, T19482; 10 ����, 1 Jun. 2013, T19485, both Terpinyl acetate trap, M. Mwatawala & J. Joseph; 34 ���� (4 ���� DNA barcoded, see Table 1), 5���28 Jun. 2011, M. Mwatawala, EGOlure trap. Non-type material BURUNDI: 16 ����, Rumonge, 24 Jul.���11 Nov. 2013, terpinyl acetate trap, B. Nzigidahera (RMCA). ETHIOPIA: 2 ���� (1 �� DNA barcoded, see Table 1), Badano, Oct. 2010, terpinyl acetate trap, M. Mansell (RMCA). MALAWI: 2 ���� (1 �� DNA barcoded, see Table 1), Zomba, 31 Oct. 2010 ��� 7 Mar. 2011, EGOlure trap, M. Hendrickx (RMCA). TANZANIA: 1 ��, Kimani, RtA104, 29 Aug. 1996, A. Freidberg (TAU). Description Male BODY LENGTH. 3.0 (2.72���3.36); wing length: 3.10 (2.80���3.36) mm. HEAD (Fig. 2a). Antenna yellow, first flagellomere in lateral view twice as long as wide; with short acute tip apically. Arista short pubescent, ventral proximal rays at most equal to width of arista at base. Two frontal setae, thinner than, and subequal in length to, anterior orbital seta; two orbital setae, anterior orbital longer than posterior one; ocellar seta about 3 times as long as ocellar triangle; postocellar seta black, shorter than lateral vertical seta. Frons convex, not protruding in lateral view; yellow-white. Genal seta pale, genal setulae mixed yellow and dark. Face and occiput white. THORAX (Fig. 2 b���c). Postpronotal lobe yellowish-white, without black middle spot around base of postpronotal seta. Scutum ground colour shining pale yellow to yellow-orange, with pale pilosity/ microtrichosity; distinct paired black spot situated between dorsocentral and prescutellar acrostichal setae, (almost) touching, but not engulfing prescutellar acrostichal seta, posteriorly with prescutellar white semi-circular or similar marking; indistinct to distinct black spot near mesal end of transverse suture; occasionally additional black medial spot at level of transverse suture; lateral margins of scutum with black spots reduced, only paired spot on posterior lateral corner well developed. Setae black, except scapulars white. Pleura yellow-white. Anepisternum dorsal margin narrowly white, ventral half sometimes darker yellow, one anepisternal seta. Anatergite white, rarely with irregular black spot. Scutellum yellowish-white, apical margin with three large separate black spots, anteriorly extending to level of basal scutellar setae; with two brown to blackish, round submedial spots basally. Subscutellum black, sometimes more yellow submedially on ventral part. LEGS. Slender; yellow; with dispersed pale pilosity. Forefemur with pale ventral spine-like setae. WING (Fig. 2e). Markings yellow to yellowish-brown. Anterior apical band, subapical band and discal band present, posterior apical band absent; anterior apical band touching discal band; subapical band isolated. Cross-vein R-M at about basal third of cell dm. Brown streaks and spots present in basal cells. ABDOMEN (Fig. 2d). Ground colour yellow to orange; setulae and setae dark brown. Tergites 2 and 4 on posterior half to two-thirds with greyish microtrichosity. Female Unknown. Distribution Burundi, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi. Host plants Unknown. Remarks While this species was until recently unknown, it has been found in relatively high numbers (up to 400 flies/trap/week) through trapping activities using enriched ginger oil (EGOlure, Insect Science, Tzaneen South Africa) in central Tanzania (Mwatawala et al. 2013; referred to as ��� C. near cosyra���). The first identification placed this as small specimens of C. cosyra (Walker, 1849) but the morphological differences in mesonotal pattern and genetic differentiation of DNA barcodes (Table 1; Supplementary file) indicated this was not the case. Afterwards, additional specimens were trapped in other countries and it appears to be present throughout a wide range. The species is similar to C. cosyra but can be readily differentiated by the absence of a black spot on the postpronotal lobe and the much smaller size. It also resembles C. quinaria (Bezzi, 1918) and C. silvestrii Bezzi, 1912 in general appearance but can be differentiated from the former by the three apical spots on the scutellum (five spots in C. quinaria) and from both by the presence of a black spot near the prescutellar acrostichal seta (absent in both C. quinaria and C. silvestrii)., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, Mwatawala, Maulid, Copeland, Robert S. & Virgilio, Massimiliano, 2016, Description of new Ceratitis species (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Africa, or how morphological and DNA data are complementary in discovering unknown species and matching sexes, pp. 1-23 in European Journal of Taxonomy 233 on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.233, http://zenodo.org/record/3845923, {"references":["Mwatawala M., Virgilio M., Quilici S., Dominic M. & De Meyer M. 2013. Field evaluation of the relative attractiveness of enriched ginger root oil (EGO) lure and trimedlure for African Ceratitis species (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 137: 392 - 397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.2012.01744. x"]}

Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis) taitaensis De Meyer & Copeland sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1BFD784E-BA50-4D89-899A-707DD7D6A3B6 Fig. 3 Etymology The name is considered as an adjective derived from the geographical name ���Taita��� referring to the Taita Hills, located in southeastern Kenya. The Taita Hills are the northernmost block of the Eastern Arc Mountain chain. Material examined Holotype KENYA: ��, Vuria, reared from fruits of Lepidotrichilia volkensii, 16 May 2012, R.S. Copeland (NMK) (CHIESA coll. Nr 228). Paratypes (deposited in NMK, ICIPE, RMCA, BMNH, and NMNH) KENYA: same locality as holotype: 3 ����, 2 ♀♀, 6 Jun. 2012, CHIESA coll. Nr 170; 2 ����, 6 Jun. 2012, CHIESA coll. Nr 171; 10 ����, 10 ♀♀, 16 May 2012, CHIESA coll. Nr 228 (2 ����, 2 ♀♀ barcoded RMCA, see Supplementary file); 1 ��, 1 ♀, 10 Jul. 2012, CHIESA coll. Nr 261; 33 ����, 37 ♀♀, 22 Aug. 2012, CHIESA coll. Nr 269, all R.S. Copeland, reared from Lepidotrichilia volkensii (G��rke) Leroy. Description Male BODY LENGTH. 5.61 (5.04���6.08) mm; wing length: 6.20 (5.68���6.88) mm. HEAD (Fig. 3a). Antenna yellow. First flagellomere in lateral view twice as long as wide; obtuse apically. Arista short to medium pubescent, ventral proximal rays at most twice width of arista at base. One frontal seta, thinner than, and subequal in length to, anterior orbital seta; two orbital setae, anterior seta longer than posterior one; ocellar seta about 3���4 times as long as ocellar triangle; postocellar seta black, shorter than lateral vertical seta. Frons convex, not protruding in lateral view; yellow to orange, with greyish microtrichosity on posterior half. Gena broader than in other Ceratitis species (maximum diameter of eye versus height of gena 2.5���3.0), genal seta and genal setulae yellow, latter sometimes blackish. THORAX (Fig. 3 b���c). Postpronotal lobe yellowish-white to white; with black middle spot around base of postpronotal seta. Scutum ground colour shining yellow-brown to dark brown, with silvery microtrichosity covering most of dorsum, except circular area posterior to mesal end of transverse suture and in trapezoid area extending posteriorly from dorsocentral setae to anterior margin of scutellum, and narrowly along lateral margins; sublaterally the microtrichosity extends posteriorly to the intralar seta; narrow area along anterior margin, extending posteriorly along midline and posterior of postpronotal lobe, with less dense microtrichosity. Anepisternum yellowish-white, lower margin darker; with pale pilosity, one anepisternal seta. Scutellum yellowish-white, with three yellow-brown spots restricted to apical margin and ventral side; area between spots darker yellowish coloured. Subscutellum entirely brown to black. LEGS. Slender; yellow to yellowish-orange, tarsi sometimes slightly paler than rest of leg; with dispersed pale pilosity. Forefemur with dark brown ventral spine-like setae. Hindfemur at distal 0.25 with dark brown setae dorsally. WING (Fig. 3e). Markings brownish to yellowish-brown. Of typical bands, only anterior apical band distinct, including pterostigma and area posterior of pterostigma to vein R4+5; furthermore with brownish spot covering area surrounding cross-vein R-M (i.e., apical margin of cell br) and basal third of cell r4+5, continued in apical half of cell dm and anterior third of cell m, also broadly fused with anterior apical band; additional small marks in middle of cell cu 1 and basal part of cell m. Cross-vein R-M at or just beyond midlength of cell dm. Brown streaks and spots present in basal cells but poorly developed. ABDOMEN (Fig. 3d). Ground colour yellow to orange-brown. Tergites 2 and 4 on posterior half to twothirds with greyish microtrichosity. Female As male except for the following characters: gena less broad (maximum eye diameter to gena height ratio less than 2.5). Wing with well developed bands as in other Ceratitis species (Fig. 3f): discal band interrupted in cell dm; anterior apical band and discal band separated or only narrowly touching; subapical band narrowly touching anterior part of discal band; posterior apical band isolated. Oviscape orange, with dispersed dark brown to black pilosity. Tergal-oviscapal ratio (= length of abdominal tergites 1���5 versus length of oviscape): 1.5���2. Aculeus (Fig. 3 g���h) flattened, 7���8 times longer than broad, apex bifurcated, and with pair of subapical protuberances. Distribution Kenya. Host plants Reared from fruits of Lepidotrichilia volkensii (G��rke) Leroy (Meliaceae). Remarks Ceratitis whartoni was described by De Meyer & Copeland (2009) from forested areas in the Central Highlands of Kenya (Gatamayu Forest, Nyanduma Forest, Mt. Kenya Forest), all reared from fruits of Lepidotrichilia volkensii (Meliaceae). It was an enigmatic species because of the dimorphic wing pattern, with that of the male largely differing from the standard wing banding found in most other Ceratitis species. A series of specimens reared from the same host plant collected in Taita Hills (approximately 400 km southeast of the nearest site of C. whartoni) are morphologically almost identical, with only slight differences in wing pattern and female aculeus (male wing with dark marking in cell dm occupying more than half of cell in C. whartoni, less than half in C. taitaensis sp. nov.; female wing with discal band complete in C. whartoni, partially interrupted in cell dm in C. taitaensis sp. nov.; aculeus with bifurcated apex more slender in C. taitaensis sp. nov. (less than one-third of entire width) and invagination less deep than in C. whartoni). However, the analysis of the available DNA barcodes of C. whartoni (Table 1; Supplementary file) revealed remarkable genetic differentiation from C. taitaensis sp. nov. (p-distance = 8.5%). It was, therefore, decided to recognize this as a separate species. The Taita Hills are a chain of forested mountain tops surrounded by the flat and dry Tsavo Plains. They form the northernmost mountainous massif of the Eastern Arc Mountains, a chain of ancient crystalline mountains (Burgess et al. 2007) and are considered a major biodiversity hotspot (Meyers et al. 2000). We place this species in the subgenus Ceratalaspis for the same reasons as outlined in De Meyer & Copeland (2009) regarding the placement of C. whartoni., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, Mwatawala, Maulid, Copeland, Robert S. & Virgilio, Massimiliano, 2016, Description of new Ceratitis species (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Africa, or how morphological and DNA data are complementary in discovering unknown species and matching sexes, pp. 1-23 in European Journal of Taxonomy 233 on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.233, http://zenodo.org/record/3845923, {"references":["De Meyer M. & Copeland R. 2009. A new Ceratitis from Kenya (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 5: 21 - 26.","Burgess N. D., Butynski T. M., Cordeiro N. J., Doggart N. H., Fjeldsa J., Howell K. M., Kilahama F. B., Loader S. P., Lovett J. C., Mblinyi B., Menegon M., Moyer D. C., Nashanda E., Perkin A., Rovero F., Stanley W. T. & Stuart S. N. 2007. The biological importance of th Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Biological Conservation 134: 209 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2006.08.015","De Meyer M. 2000. Systematic revision of the subgenus Ceratitis MacLeay s. s. (Diptera, Tephritidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128: 439 - 467. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2000. tb 01523. x"]}

Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis) sawahilensis De Meyer & Virgilio sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F57EF53D-53E8-4EBF-A268-8FB819DBEEB4 Fig. 4 Etymology The name is considered as an adjective derived from a geographical name, the Arabic word ‘sawahil’ being the plural of ‘sahil’, which means border or coast and refers to the Swahili Coast, which was recognized as a historical cultural and geographic entity comprising the localities of Zanzibar and Mkuranga, where the type series was collected. Material examined Holotype TANZANIA: Ƌ, Mkuranga, Mwanambaya, 21 Jan. 2001, Z. Seguni (RMCA). Paratypes TANZANIA: 1 Ƌ, same date and locality as holotype; 1 Ƌ, 1 ♀, Zanzibar, 7 Feb. 2000, Z. Seguni (1 ♀ barcoded, see Table 1; Supplementary file), (RMCA); 1 Ƌ (Fig. 4f), Magombero Forest, 14–15 Sep. 2009, T. Pape & S.A. Marshall (ZMUC). Description Male BODY LENGTH. 5.01 (4.80–5.28); wing length: 5.04 (4.80–5.20) mm. HEAD (Fig. 4a). Antenna yellow-orange, first flagellomere in lateral view 3 times as long as wide, obtuse or with short acute tip dorsoapically. Arista medium pubescent, ventral proximal rays at most 3 times width of arista at base. Two frontal setae, thinner than, and subequal in length to, anterior orbital seta; two orbital setae, anterior orbital longer than posterior one; ocellar seta at least 4 times as long as ocellar triangle; postocellar seta black, shorter than lateral vertical seta. Frons convex, not protruding in lateral view; yellow-white, in between frontal setae more yellowish. Genal seta and genal setulae dark brown to reddish-pale. Face and occiput yellowish-white, latter slightly darker dorsally. THORAX (Fig. 4 b–c). Postpronotal lobe white, without black middle spot around base of postpronotal seta. Scutum ground colour shining yellow-brown to brown, sometimes with more orange tinge, with greyish pilosity and microtrichosity; with slightly darker streaks but no distinct black spots, except paired prescutellar spot extending anteriorly to dorsocentral seta, posteriorly with paired white to yellow prescutellar semi-circular marking, separated by yellowish-white area in between; at mesal end of transverse suture with shining brownish to blackish spot. Setae black. Pleura yellow to brownishyellow. Anepisternum dorsal half white, ventral half yellow; completely covered with pale pilosity, one anepisternal seta. Anatergite and katatergite white. Scutellum yellowish-white to white, sometimes with yellowish tinge; apical margin with three separate black spots, extending to level of basal scutellar setae; with distinct brown-black spots basally, sometimes less pronounced and only darker yellowbrown colour. Subscutellum black. LEGS. Slender; yellow; with dispersed mixed pale and dark pilosity. Forefemur ventral spine-like setae black along distal 0.50, basally more pale. WING (Fig. 4e). Markings yellow to yellow-brown. Anterior apical band, subapical band, discal band and posterior apical band present, latter sometimes only as a trace; anterior apical band touching discal band; subapical band and posterior apical band isolated. Cross-vein R-M situated at or basal to midlength of anterior margin of cell dm. Brown streaks and spots present in basal cells. ABDOMEN (Fig. 4d). Ground colour yellow. Tergites 2 and 4 more greyish along posterior half; tergites 3 and 5 with, respectively, posterior and anterior margin narrowly more darkly yellow. With mixed pale and dark pilosity. Female As male. Oviscape shorter than preabdomen. Aculeus (Fig. 4 g–h) about 8–9 times longer than wide; apical part sinuous, tip blunt and with distinct indentation. Distribution Tanzania. Host plants Unknown. Remarks The relationship of C. sawahilensis sp. nov. to any of the other described Ceratitis species is not easily established. Although there is a slight partial darkening of the abdominal tergites 3 and 5, the male legs are without modifications. The neighbor-joining tree (Supplementary file) does not place it in any resolved cluster. We tentatively place it in the subgenus Ceratalaspis pending further clarifications on its subgeneric position.

Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis) flavipennata De Meyer & Virgilio sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 72C8DD57-0FD1-4B48-96FA-881BFDDBA205 Fig. 5 Etymology After the Latin ‘ flavus’ meaning yellow and ‘ pennatus ’ meaning feathered, and referring to the yellow feathering on the midtibia. The species name should be treated as an adjective. Material examined Holotype KENYA: Ƌ, Karura Forest, 11 Aug. 2006, N. Erbout (RMCA). Paratype KENYA: 1 Ƌ, same locality and data as holotype (barcoded, see Table 1; Supplementary file). Description Male BODY LENGTH. 4.08 (3.92–4.16) mm; wing length: 4.88 (4.80–4.96) mm. HEAD (Fig. 5a). Antenna yellow, first flagellomere in lateral view 3 times as long as wide, obtuse apically. Arista short to medium pubescent, ventral proximal rays at most twice width of arista at base. Two frontal setae, thinner than, and subequal in length to, anterior orbital seta; two orbital setae, anterior orbital longer than posterior one; ocellar seta about 3 times as long as ocellar triangle; postocellar seta black, shorter than lateral vertical seta. Frons convex, not protruding in lateral view; yellow. Genal seta and genal setulae pale to dark orange. Face yellow-white, occiput yellow. THORAX (Fig. 5 b–c). Postpronotal lobe yellow-orange, slightly paler than scutum; without distinct black middle spot around base of postpronotal seta but with darker irregular marking near seta. Scutum ground colour shining orange to orange-brown, with pale pilosity/microtrichosity; with distinct small black spot near mesal end of transverse suture; otherwise no distinct black marking on central part of scutum; paired separate prescutellar semi-circular white markings posterior of prescutellar acrostichal seta. Setae black, except scapulars red brown. Pleura yellow-orange to yellow-brown. Anepisternum dorsal margin narrowly white, ventral third to half more brownish; one anepisternal seta. Anatergite yellow-white, with irregular black marking; katatergite yellow-white. Scutellum yellowish-white, apical margin with three separate black spots, extending anteriorly beyond basal scutellar seta; without distinct black spots basally, at most with slightly darker marking. Subscutellum yellow with three black spots of which the upper margin is confluent, thereby forming single black band. LEGS (Fig. 5e). Slender; yellow to yellow-orange; with dispersed yellow-orange pilosity. Forefemur with orange ventral spine-like setae, posterodorsally and posteriorly with several rows of longer yelloworange setae, producing bushy appearance. Midtibia with yellow-orange feathering dorsally along distal 0.45 and ventrally along distal 0.30. WING (Fig. 5f). Markings yellow to yellow-brown. Anterior apical band, subapical band, posterior apical band and discal band present; anterior apical band not touching discal band; subapical band touching discal band; posterior apical band touching anterior apical band. Cross-vein R-M situated just beyond midlength of cell dm. Brown streaks and spots present in basal cells. ABDOMEN (Fig. 5d). Ground colour yellow to orange, pale and brown setulae. Tergites 2 and 4 along posterior margin slightly more greyish. Female Unknown. Distribution Kenya. Host plants Unknown. Remarks Ceratitis flavipennata sp. nov. resembles Ceratitis neostictica De Meyer, 1998 in the pilosity of the forefemur and feathering on the midtibia. It can be differentiated from the latter by the differences in wing banding (posterior apical band touching anterior apical band in flavipennata sp. nov., separate in neostictica; subapical band touching discal band in flavipennata sp. nov., separate in neostictica) and the pattern of the scutum (extensive black markings in neostictica, largely absent in flavipennata sp. nov.). Like C. neostictica, C. flavipennata sp. nov. is placed in the subgenus Ceratalaspis based on the colouration of the abdominal tergites (predominantly yellow to orange, no distinct black transverse bands). Based on its DNA barcode it does not cluster with any other species within the genus Ceratitis (see Supplementary file).

Ceratitis (Pardalaspis) serrata De Meyer, 1996 Fig. 6 Material examined Holotype DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: ♀, Yangambi, 17 Nov. 1960, J.M. McGough (TAU). Non type material DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Masako, near Kisangani: 16 ����, 21 Mar. 2008; 11 ����, 28 Mar. 2008; 4 ����, 25 Apr. 2008; 5 ����, 4 Apr. 2008; 1 ��, 2 May 2008, all methyl eugenol trap, J.-L. Juakaly (RMCA); 1 ♀, Congo River Expedition, Bomane, 19���24 May 2010, cue lure trap, R. Emeleme & M. Virgilio (RMCA). Description Male HEAD (Fig. 6 a���b). Antenna orange. First flagellomere in lateral view 2���3 times as long as wide, obtuse apically. Arista short pubescent, ventral proximal rays at most equal to width of arista at base. Two frontal setae, thinner than, and equal in length, to anterior orbital seta; two orbital setae, anterior orbital longer than posterior one; ocellar seta 3���4 times as long as ocellar triangle; postocellar seta black, shorter than lateral vertical seta. Frons flattened, slightly protruding in lateral view, completely covered with silvery shine. Genal seta and setulae black. Face orange, occiput yellowish. THORAX (Fig. 6 c���d). Postpronotal lobe greyish to greyish-yellow, without black middle spot around base of postpronotal seta. Scutum ground color greyish-brown, sometimes with golden orange tinge; with streaks and darker markings but without distinct spots except for darkish spot around prescutellar acrostichal seta, and pale prescutellar semi-circular marking along posterior margin near prescutellar acrostichal seta. Setae black; setulae mainly pale; black setulae restricted to area at mesal end of tranverse suture extending posteriorly to prescutellar acrostical and dorsocentral setae. Anepisternum ventral half brownish, dorsal half more greyish, completely covered with black pilosity, except for horizontal stripe below dorsal margin with white pilosity; three anepisternal setae. Anatergite and katatergite brownish. Scutellum dark yellowish, apical margin with three separate black spots, anteriorly extending anteriorly beyond basal scutellar setae; with two large roundish black spots basally. Subscutellum black. LEGS. Slender; yellow-orange, midfemur more brownish; with dispersed and mainly black pilosity. Forefemur with ventral setae black. WING. Markings dark brown. Anterior apical band, subapical band and discal band present, posterior apical band absent; anterior apical band touching discal band; subapical band isolated. Cross-vein R-M situated at midlength of cell dm. Brown streaks and spots present in basal cells. ABDOMEN (Fig. 6e). Ground colour mainly greyish to pale orange; with darker spots on all tergites. With mixed pale and black pilosity. Distribution Congo (Democratic Republic). Host plants Unknown. Remarks Ceratitis serrata was originally described from a female collected in Yangambi in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trapping with methyl eugenol at Masako (near Kisangani and approx. 100 km east of Yangambi) in 2008 collected male specimens that did not match any of the known species within the subgenus Pardalaspis. Virgilio et al. (2011) reported a female specimen of C. serrata from Bomane along the Congo River, further west of Yangambi. DNA barcoding revealed that the COI sequences obtained from the male specimen from Masako (series of 21.III.2008 AccessID 13954, AB33598909) and the female specimen from Bomane (AccessID 15755, AB40159308) differed by a p-distance of only 0.5% (see Table 1; Supplementary file) with a large barcoding gap (corresponding to 7% similarity) separating C. serrata from the second closest match. It was therefore considered that the material from Masako represents the hitherto unknown male of C. serrata. Male specimens of C. serrata can be readily differentiated from other species within the subgenus Pardalaspis by the combination of the following characters: frons completely silvery shining; face uniform orange coloured; anterior margin of scutum same colour as middle part; anepisternum largely covered with black pilosity, base of scutellum with a pair of distinct black spots., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, Mwatawala, Maulid, Copeland, Robert S. & Virgilio, Massimiliano, 2016, Description of new Ceratitis species (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Africa, or how morphological and DNA data are complementary in discovering unknown species and matching sexes, pp. 1-23 in European Journal of Taxonomy 233 on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.233, http://zenodo.org/record/3845923, {"references":["De Meyer M. 1996. Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Pardalaspis) Bezzi, 1918 (Diptera, Tephritidae, Ceratitini). Systematic Entomology 21: 15 - 26. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1996. tb 00596. x","Virgilio M., Backeljau T., Emeleme R., Juakali J. L. & De Meyer M. 2011. A quantitative comparison of frugivorous tephritids (Diptera: Tephritidae) in tropical forests and rural areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bulletin of Entomological Research 101: 591 - 597."]}

Preliminary loci for enrichment across Insecta. Complete listing of all insect loci used to determine initial probe site selection. (DOCX 165Â kb)

Dacus pleuralis Collart, 1935 Among the material examined was a male specimen collected at Ibadan, Nigeria (4-8 Dec. 2003, cue lure traps, leg. G. Goergen), in addition to the male specimen studied earlier (White & Goodger 2009). It shows some morphological deviation from the earlier collected specimen and from the type material as redescribed in White (2006): the xanthines (katatergite and anatergite) are fused, while in the typical D. pleuralis the xanthines are clearly separated. The anterior supra-alar seta is absent or vestigial while well developed in the typical D. pleuralis. These differences, however, appear to be intraspecific variation and do not warrant separate description., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, White, Ian M. & F. M. Goodger, Kim, 2013, Notes on the frugivorous fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) fauna of western Africa, with description of a new Dacus species, pp. 1-17 in European Journal of Taxonomy 50 on page 12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.50, http://zenodo.org/record/3814414, {"references":["White I. M. & Goodger K. F. M. 2009. African Dacus (Diptera: Tephritidae); new species and data, with particular reference to the Tel Aviv University Collection. Zootaxa 2127: 1 - 49.","White I. M. 2006. Taxonomy of the Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Africa and the Middle East. African Entomology Memoir 2: 1 - 156."]}

Dacus (Psilodacus) goergeni sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 47F1AD2E-9183-4C0F-A65B-D9FDBB15DB1D Fig. 4 Etymology Named in honour of the collector, Dr Georg Goergen, who is also the founder and conservator of the entomological collections at the International Institute of Agriculture. Material Holotype ♂, TOGO, Kloto, Jan. 2006, ‘ on Solanum sp.’, leg. G. Goergen (deposited in collection of IITA). Paratypes TOGO: same locality as holotype, 1 ♂, Dec. 2005, ‘on Acacia auriculiformis ’; 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Jan. 2006; 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, Jan. 2006, ‘on Solanum sp.’; 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Jan. 2008; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Feb. 2008. BENIN: Lokossa, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Jan. 2006. All leg. G. Goergen. Paratypes deposited in collections of IITA, NHM and RMCA. Description SIZE. 6.2-7.5 mm, wing length 4.8-6.6 mm. HEAD. Pedicel and 1st flagellomere not longer than ptilinal suture. Face (Fig. 4A): antennal furrow without a dark spot; upper area with a dark marking, tending to an inverted V-shaped dark marking (in some specimens this extends down each side of carina and may be mistaken for facial spots). Frons: frontal setae 0, orbital seta 0. THORAX. Scutum (Fig. 4B) predominantly fuscous, tending to red-brown antero-laterally; postpronotal lobe entirely pale, yellowish; notopleural callus pale posteriorly, anteriorly concolorous with scutum; notopleural xanthine probably isolated from notopleural callus but can appear almost joined (as in wedge form); lateral and medial postsutural vitta absent. Scutellum without any dark patterning (except for basal dark margin, which is very narrow). Anepisternum (Fig. 4C) with a stripe from notopleural callus to (or almost to) katepisternum; stripe very broad (anteriorly extending almost to postpronotal lobe); extended onto katepisternum. Laterotergal xanthine confined to katatergite. THORACIC SETAE. Anterior notopleural seta present; anterior supra-alar seta present. WING (Fig. 4E). Basal cell bc without microtrichia; cell c with an almost complete (> 90%) covering of microtrichia; cell bm without microtrichia. Narrow subbasal raised section of cell br with extensive covering of microtrichia; partly bare in apical half. Crossvein R-M beyond middle of cell dm. Costal band complete; shallow, not or barely extending below vein R 2+3, except in basal section (before crossvein R-M) and at wing apex; expanded into a small spot at apex. Anal streak absent (but with a trace of colour confined to cell bcu). Cells bc and c coloured (not as deep as costal band). Without any crossbanding. LEGS. Forefemur pale, yellowish, sometimes indistinctly darkened apically; midfemur bicoloured (pale basal half to two-thirds, red-brown apically); hindfemur pale, yellow, rarely distinctly darkened apically. ABDOMEN. Predominantly fuscous; shape and patterning, see Fig. 4D. Tergites I-V all fused. Male Tergite III with some very fine hairs (possible vestigial pecten); lacking hindtibia preapical “pad”. Basal costal sections without specialised setae. Female Aculeus pointed, similar to B. stylifer. Host No host records known (some material is indicated as being found on Solanum sp. or Acacia auriculiformis but there is no indication that either of these plants is a host). Distribution Reported from Benin and Togo. Remarks The new species is very similar to Dacus stylifer which is an East African species. It differs in the wing cell c having almost complete coverage of microtrichia in the males (50% in male stylifer); the midfemur bicoloured (pale in typical stylifer); the notopleuron bicoloured and sutural xanthine distinct, unlike typical stylifer. Dacus goergeni sp. nov. is placed in the ill-defined subgenus Psilodacus, based upon a combination of characters, which typify the grouping, including the lack of facial spots: the dark, almost inverted V-shaped, dark marking at the top of the face; lack of anal streak and male pectin; it differs from most Psilodacus spp. in having anterior supra-alar setae. The type specimens were captured in the Guinean Forest Savannah Mosaic and the Eastern Guinean Forest ecoregions. Label information indicates that the specimens were collected in forested areas., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, White, Ian M. & F. M. Goodger, Kim, 2013, Notes on the frugivorous fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) fauna of western Africa, with description of a new Dacus species, pp. 1-17 in European Journal of Taxonomy 50 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.50, http://zenodo.org/record/3814414

Dacus blepharogaster Bezzi, 1917 A male specimen from Sérou, Benin (Dec. 2005, leg. G. Goergen) differs from D. blepharogaster, as described by White (2006) in having some red pattern on the third abdominal tergite. However, since this species belongs to a group that needs proper revision (Dacus (Lophodacus) brevis group as defined by White 2006) and since only one specimen was found in the collections studied, it is not described as a separate species. As the previous species, this is also predominantly an East African species (Kenya, Eritrea and Ethiopia) but was not included in the richness analysis., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, White, Ian M. & F. M. Goodger, Kim, 2013, Notes on the frugivorous fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) fauna of western Africa, with description of a new Dacus species, pp. 1-17 in European Journal of Taxonomy 50 on page 13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.50, http://zenodo.org/record/3814414, {"references":["White I. M. 2006. Taxonomy of the Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Africa and the Middle East. African Entomology Memoir 2: 1 - 156."]}

Dacus mochii Bezzi, 1917 Dacus mochii was described from Eritrea, but the type specimens were lost. White (2006) placed it in synonymy with D. annulatus Becker, based on the similarity of the original description. Subsequently, White & Goodger (2009) reported a specimen from Ethiopia, which was clearly not D. annulatus, but was a good match to the description of D. mochii, which they then removed from synonymy. Amongst the material examined here, there was a male specimen from Kloto, Togo (Mar. 2006, leg. G. Goergen), which is very similar to the D. mochii from Ethiopia, except that it has pallid face spots. Togo is a considerable westward expansion of the known distribution of a species otherwise known only from a restricted area of East Africa. Since it concerns a single specimen whose identity is uncertain, we excluded it from the richness analysis., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, White, Ian M. & F. M. Goodger, Kim, 2013, Notes on the frugivorous fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) fauna of western Africa, with description of a new Dacus species, pp. 1-17 in European Journal of Taxonomy 50 on page 13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.50, http://zenodo.org/record/3814414, {"references":["White I. M. 2006. Taxonomy of the Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Africa and the Middle East. African Entomology Memoir 2: 1 - 156.","White I. M. & Goodger K. F. M. 2009. African Dacus (Diptera: Tephritidae); new species and data, with particular reference to the Tel Aviv University Collection. Zootaxa 2127: 1 - 49."]}

Neoceratitis lycii (Coquillett) Figs 1 c, 2 e, 3 f, 4 c, 5 e, 6 f. Ceratitis lycii Coquillett 1901: 30. Trirhithrum lycii var. minimum Bezzi 1924: 484. New Synonym Trirhithrum lycii: Munro 1925 [South Africa, host record]; Munro 1929 [South Africa, host record, description male] Ceratitis (Trirhithromyia) lycii: Munro 1935 [South Africa, host record, biology] Trirhithromyia lycii: Hardy 1967 [differentiation from efflatouni] Neoceratitis lycii: Korneyev 1994 [new combination] Ceratitis (Trirhithromyia) minima: Munro 1935 [South Africa, differentiation from lycii] Neoceratitis minima: Korneyev 1994 [new combination]; Hancock 2000 [Brandberg fauna]; Hancock et al. 2003 [checklist Namibian fauna] Type material. Syntypes Ceratitis lycii, 2 ��, SOUTH AFRICA, Cape Colony, CP Lounsbury, berries Lycium afrum (USNM, one �� carrying label Type Nr 5791). Holotype Trirhithrum lycii var. minimum, ��, SOUTH AFRICA, Grootfontein, Middelburg Cape, 5.III. 1916, R.O. Wahl, (SANC, type reference Nr 1193). Other material. NAMIBIA: 1 ��, Ameib Farm, 19mi NW Karibib, 31.I- 2.II. 1972 (BMNH); 1 ex (sex unknown, damaged: head and abdomen missing), Aus, 14.IX. 2003, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 23 2 ��, Hentiesbaai, Swakopmund Dist., 8 /II/ 1974, ��� vegetated sand mounds near nest���, ME & BJ Irwin (NMSA via TAUI); 23 1 ��, Klein Aus, Vista 7km SW Aus, 1350m, 13.IX. 2003, A. Freidberg (TAUI); Okahanja, 1 ��, 2-4.II. 1972; 1 ��, 4.II. 1972, Camping place riverside vegetation Malaise trap (both BMNH); 1 ��, 30km N Rosh Pinah, Rt B 13, 1000m, 15.IX. 2003, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 1 ��, Swakopmund, 2-4.IV. 1928, R.E. Turner (BMNH). SOUTH AFRICA: 43 3 ��, Balfour CP, November 1952, H.K. Munro, M 1186 [= reared from fruits of Lycium oxycladum according to Munro���s notebooks] (SANC); 1 ��, East London, October 1946, Gowan C. Clark (SANC); Fish Hoek, C.P., 33 16 ��, 17.I. 1918, P.B. Cloete (SANC); 23 10 ��, April 1927, H.K. Munro, M 223 [= reared from fruits of Lycium campanulatum according to Munro���s notebooks] (SANC); 33, 2.V. 1927, H.K. Munro (SANC); 13 1 ��, April 1937, H.K. Munro (BMNH); 73 13 ��, Fort Beaufort, November 1952, H.K. Munro, M 1185 [= reared from fruits of Lycium oxycladum according to Munro���s notebooks] (SANC); 33 5 ��, Gordon���s Bay, C.P., March 1943, H.K. Murno, M 741 [= reared from fruits of Lycium campanulatum according to Munro���s notebooks] (SANC); 13 2 ��, Grahamstown, April 1936, H.K. Munro M 587 [= reared from fruits of Lycium sp. according to Munro���s notebooks] (SANC); 13, Grootfontein, Middelburg, CP, 11.IX. 1934, B. Smit (SANC); 1 ��, Jacobsdal, 26.III. 1928, H.K. Munro (SANC); Knysna, February 1949, J.McGough 28, 23 2 �� (USNM); 13 1 �� (SANC); 13 1 �� (TAUI); Maritzburg, 1 ��, December 1936, thorny bush, W.E. Marriott, M 625 [= reared from fruits of Lycium acutifolium according to Munro���s notebooks] (SANC); 13 1 ��, September 1937, thorny bush, H.K. Munro, M 641 [= reared from fruits of Lycium acutifolium according to Munro���s notebooks] (SANC); 63 10 ��, Middelburg, CP, April 1936, H.K. Munro, M 585 [= reared from fruits of Lycium sp. according to Munro���s notebooks] (SANC); 13, Mod- der river, 3.5. 1906 (SANC); Mossel Bay, 13, October 1941, R.E. Turner (SANC); 1 ��, April 1933, R.E. Turner (BMNH); 13, Pietermaritzburg, Ashburton, 3.X. 1983, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 1 ��, 20km N Pietersburg, RtN1, 24.XII. 1994, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 13, Port Elisabeth, February 1931, H.K. Munro, M 329 [erroneous reference in Munro���s notebooks] (SANC); 13, Pretoria, 29.I. 1941 (BMNH); 13 2 ��, Simonstown, May 1927, H.K. Munro (SANC); 33 4 ��, St James, C.P., January 1908, C.P. Lounsbury (SANC); 13 1 ��, Uitenhage, February 1931, H.K. Munro, M 330 [= reared from fruits of Lycium sp. according to Munro���s notebooks] (2 �� with more imprecise dates but same M 330 number) (SANC); 73 12 ��, Victoria West 52km Vosburg, Cape, 27.II. 1985, reared ex Lycium cinereum berries, PE Hulley (AMGS); 13, Willowmore, Capland, 20.II. 1902, Dr Brauns (USNM). TANZANIA: 13 1 ��, Moshi, 30 kmE Rt. B1, 17.IX. 1992, ex berry Lycium shawii, pup: 25.IX. 1992; adult: 24.XI��� 10.XII. 1992, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 23 4 ��, Himo Rt B1, 8.IX. 1996, ex fruit Lycium europaeum, pupa: 15.IX. 1996; adult 29.IX- 10.XI. 1996, A. Freidberg (TAUI). Male. Body length: 2.76 (2.20���3.30) mm; wing length: 2.51 (2.00��� 3.75) mm. Head. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere about twice as long as wide; arista short pubescent with hairs shorter than basal width. Frons yellow, dorsal half with greyish to golden microtrichia; setae black. Face yellow-white, gena ventral to eye with darker yellow-brown spot; occiput dorsal third dark brown, ventral half yellow-white. Thorax. Postpronotal lobe black-brown in anterior half, whitish posteriorly to variable extent, extending to or beyond postpronotal seta. Scutum ratio 0.83���0.87; shining black-brown, silver microtrichia in typical pattern (Fig. 1 c), sometimes rather reduced (cf Fig. 1 a); dark pilosity except where silver microtrichia with silvery setulae. Pleura brown, anepisternum white except ventral margin; katatergite and anatergite whitish, posteroventral margin of laterotergite narrowly brown; one black anepisternal seta. Scutellum (Fig. 2 e) swollen with concave margin near basal seta; black brown, subbasally with whitish band, interrupted medially. Legs. Yellow. Wing. With discal, subapical, anterior and posterior apical brown bands (Fig. 3 f); all well developed. Basal brownish part usually well developed but sometimes consisting of partly confluent patches and streaks, partly connected with discal band through dark spots. Subapical band connected with discal and anterior apical bands. Anterior and posterior apical bands connected. R-M ratio 0.80���0.95. Abdomen. Shining black-brown. Tergite 2 and 4 almost completely covered with silvery microtrichia, only narrow anterior margin with brownish microtrichia. Male terminalia (Fig. 4 c) with surstyli short. Female. Body length: 2.94 (2.25���3.70) mm; wing length: 2.82 (2.20���3.20) mm. As male except for the following characters: frons in the middle sometimes with darker yellow-brown markings along lateral margin. Face below and laterally of antennal implant darker yellow to brownish; gena ventral to eye sometimes with brownish spot. Scutellum with subbasal white band sometimes divided into four spots, as in N. efflatouni. Femora sometimes darker yellow-brown, at least in dorsal half, except apically yellow. Anterior margin of tergite 4 broader, silver microtrichia extending to anterior margin only medially. Oviscape slightly shorter than or equal to half the length of abdominal tergites 1���5 jointly, shining black-brown. Aculeus (Fig. 5 e) yellow, flattened; at most four times as long as wide; apically (Fig. 6 f) evenly tapered, simply pointed. Distribution. Namibia, South Africa, and Tanzania. Hosts. Reared from fruits of Lycium acutifolium E. Mey. ex Dunal, L. afrum L. (but see Munro 1929 on the status of this host), L. campanulatum E. Mey. ex C.H. Wr., L. cinereum Thunb., L. europaeum L., L. oxycladum Miers, L. shawii Roem. & Schult., and unidentified Lycium sp. (Solanaceae). Comments. Neoceratitis minima was originally described as a variety of N. lycii but later elevated to species status (Munro 1935). Characters to differentiate both taxa were based mainly on the presence or absence of a black spot ventral to the antennal bases and the coloration of the postpronotal lobe. However, study of long series shows that these characters are variable. The black spot ventral to the antennal bases is a character present mainly in female specimens but missing in most (but not all) males. The coloration of the postpronotal lobe varies widely, even among specimens collected at the same collecting effort (cf. material collected at Fort Beaufort or reared from Lycium cinereum, see material examined). Such variation was also observed in material of N. efflatouni. No distinct differences between minima and lycii could be found and it is, therefore, decided to synonymize them. The specimens from Tanzania fall within the morphological variation observed in the southern African specimens and are considered to be conspecific., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De & Freidberg, Amnon, 2012, Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 24-39 in Zootaxa 3223 on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3223.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/209664, {"references":["Coquillett, D. W. (1901) New Diptera from southern Africa. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, (1902), 24, 27 - 32.","Bezzi, M. (1924) Further notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies, with keys to all the known genera and species [part.]. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 73 - 118.","Munro, H. K. (1925) Biological notes on South African Trypaneidae (Fruit-flies). - I. Union of South Africa Department of Agriculture, Entomology Memoirs, 3, 39 - 67.","Munro, H. K. (1929) Biological notes on South African Trypetidae (Fruit-flies. Diptera) - III. Union of South Africa Department of Agriculture, Entomology Memoirs, 6, 9 - 17.","Munro, H. K. (1935) Biological and systematic notes and records of South African Trypetidae (Fruit-flies, Diptera) with descriptions of new species. Union of South Africa Department of Agriculture, Entomology Memoirs, 9, 18 - 59.","Hardy, D. E. (1967) Studies of fruitflies associated with mistletoe in Australia and Pakistan with notes and descriptions on genera related to Perilampsis Bezzi. Diptera: Tephritidae. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 17, 127 - 149.","Korneyev, V. A. (1994) Neoceratitis Hendel, a new senior synonym of Trirhithromyia Hendel (Diptera, Tephritidae). Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, 1, 59 - 62.","Hancock, D. L. (2000) Tephritidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea). Cimbebasia Memoir, 9, 239 - 248."]}

Neoceratitis cyanescens (Bezzi) Figs 2 c, 3 c, 4 b, 5 c, 6 c. Pardalaspis cyanescens Bezzi, 1923: 529. Perilampsis bourbonica Munro, 1954: 546. Junior synonym, by Hancock 1984 Pardalaspis cyanescens Bezzi, 1924: 102 [preoccupied Bezzi 1923] Pardalaspis cyanescens: Munro 1953 [Madagascan fauna] Trirhithromyia cyanescens: Hancock 1984 [Madagascan fauna]; White & Elson-Harris 1994 [economic significance] Neoceratitis cyanescens: Quilici & Jeuffrault 2001 [Mascarenes, host plants] Type material. Holotype Pardalaspis cyanescens: ��, MADAGASCAR, R��gion de l���Androy, Ambovombe, 1901, J. Decorse (MNHNP). Holotype Perilampsis bourbonica: ♂, REUNION, Abadie (SANC; not examined). Other material examined. COMORO ISLANDS: 1 ��, Anjouan, Dzialaoutsounga, 25.VIII. 2004, A. Barbet & M. Attie (RMCA); 1 ��, Moh��li, Fomboni Stat. INRAPE, 31.VIII. 2004, s/tomate, A. Barbet & M. Attie (RMCA). MADAGASCAR: 63 7 ��, Amboasary 220m, Ambovombe, Madagascar Sud-Ouest, June 1957, A. Robinson (SANC); 13, Ambohitra, 800m Joffreville, 9���12.IV. 1991, A. Freidberg & F. Kaplan (TAUI); 13 1 ��, 35km S Ambositra, Rt7, 27.IV. 1991, A. Freidberg & F. Kaplan (TAUI); 2 ��, Ampefy, Chute d.I.Lily, 26.III. 1958, F. Keiser (NHMB); 13, 20km E Antananarivo, 3.IV. 1991, A. Freidberg & F. Kaplan (TAUI); 1 ��, Berenty, sisal factory, 24 �� 50.8 ���S 46 �� 17.5 ���E, 22.X. 2007, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 13 1 ��, Fort Dauphin, R. Paulian (SANC); 10km W Fort Dauphin, 26 �� 0.77 ���S 46 �� 54.9 ���E, 20.X.2007, 23 2 �� L. Gahanama (TAUI); 13 1 ��, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 1 ��, 21.X. 2007, L. Friedman (TAUI); 1 ��, Mailaka, January 1952, N.L. Krauss (SANC); 23 3 ��, Montagne d���Ambre, Les Roussettes, Madagascar Nord, 1100m, September���December 1958, Andria Robinson (SANC); 23, Moramanga, 20.XII. 1957, F. Keiser (NHMB); 13, Sandrangato (SANC); 123 6 ��, Tananarive, Tsimbazaza, ��lev 12.XII. 1958, ��clos December 1958 - January 1959, ���dans les fruits de Sevabe solan��e���, R. Paulian (SANC); 13, Tsimbazaza, ��l��vage 24.II. 1949, ��clos 5.IV. 1949 ���obtenu d�����l��vage des fruits de Solanum auriculatum���, A. Robinson (SANC); 1 ��, Tul��ar city, SW Madagascar, 22.III. 1982, Barkemeyer (NMSA). MAURITIUS: unknown locality, 33 3 ��, October 1958, ex tomato Richeterre (SANC); 23 3 ��, ���Reunion���; July 1951, J.R. Williams, M 1222 (= reared from fruits of tomato imported from Mauritius according to Munro���s notebooks), 1 specimen additional label ���attacking tomatoes��� (SANC). REUNION, Bretagne, 103 8 �� 1 unsexed [damaged], 13.VII. 1951, on tomato, J.R. Williams (BMNH); 13, Hell-Bourg ���nach Ilet �� Vidot���, 21 �� 47 ���S 55 �� 30 ��� 46 ������E, 920m, riverbank, 2.III. 1999, Kassebeer & Hilger (MHNG); 23 1 ��, La Montagne, 24.X. 1972, J. Etienne, ex S. auriculatum (SANC); 1 ��, Bassin Martin, St Pierre, 1.XI. 1991, 288m, (TAUI); 13 1 ��, St Denis, IX. 1977, J. Etienne (MHNG); 1 ��, St Denis, Rivi��re St Denis, 5m, 20 �� 52.38 ���S 55 �� 26.42 ���E, Bachbett, 23.II. 1999, Kassebeer & Hilger (MHNG); 1 ��, St Pierre, Bassin Plat Cirad-flohr, 21 �� 19.22 ���S 55 �� 29.26 ���E, 50m, 27.II. 1999, Zitr., Kassebeer & Hilger (MHNG); 13, St Rose, Bois Blanc, 21 �� 12 ��� 9 ������S 55 �� 49 ��� 1 ������E, 150m, 8.III. 1999, ���Zitrus���, Kassebeer & Hilger (MHNG). Male. Body length: 4.18 (3.20���4.80) mm; wing length: 4.15 (3.00��� 4.70) mm. Head. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere about three times as long as wide; arista pubescent with hairs at most equal to basal width. Frons yellow, between dorsal frontal seta and ventral orbital seta usually with pair of darker spots; dorsal half with golden microtrichia; setae black. Face yellow-white, ventral eye margin with darker yellow to brown spot; occiput dorsal third yellowish to yellow-brown, ventral half yellow-white. Thorax. Postpronotal lobe whitish, at most anterior margin slightly brownish. Scutum ratio 0.90���0.99; scutum shining black-brown, silver microtrichia in typical pattern (cf Fig. 1 c) except more extensive than in other species; dark pilosity except where silver microtrichia with silvery setulae. Pleura brown, anepisternum with white band occupying posterodorsal part, extending to postpronotal lobe, its ventral margin extending to posteroventral fourth of anepisternum; katatergite and anatergite whitish, posteroventral third to half of katatergite and posteroventral fourth of anatergite brown; one black anepisternal seta. Scutellum (Fig. 2 c) swollen with straight margin near basal seta, white, basal margin and apical half black-brown. Legs. Yellow, fore femur at least with yellow-brown streak posterodorsally, sometime more extensively darkened; mid and hind femora largely yellow-brown except apically yellow. Wing. With discal, subapical, anterior apical and posterior apical brown bands (Fig. 3 c), all well developed. Basal brownish part partially confluent with subbasal brown spots and streaks. Subapical band isolated. R-M ratio 0.73���0.75. Abdomen. Shining yellow to reddish, occasionally more brownish. Tergite 2 along posterior 1 / 2 and tergite 4 along posterior �� to �� with transverse band of silvery microtrichia, anterior half with brownish microtrichia. Male terminalia (Fig. 4 b) with lateral surstylus elongated. Female. Body length: 4.65 (3.90 ���5.00) mm; wing length: 4.59 (4.00���5.00) mm. As male except for the following characters: arista pubescence slightly longer, up to almost twice the width of the arista. Femora more yellowish, usually at most with irregular yellow-brown streaks, rarely as darkened as in male. Oviscape half as long as abdominal tergites 1-5 jointly, shining yellow to reddish. Aculeus (Fig. 5 c) brown; six times as long as wide; apically evenly tapered; apex (Fig. 6 c) with subapical steps. Distribution. Comoro Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius and R��union. The BMNH collection holds a series (33 7 ��) labelled ��� Cambodia and Vietnam���. No exact locality or localities are given. The specimen labels further indicate ��� 1967-1968, L. Canesche���. The origin of this series is unknown (I.M. White & N. Wyatt, personal communication) but it probably concerns mislabeling or an interception. There is no other indication that this species actually occurs in this region. Hosts. Reared from fruits of Solanum mauritianum Scop. (as S. auriculatum Aiton., and ���Sevabe solan��e. See Material examined), and Lycopersicum esculentum L. (Solanaceae). Also reported from Capsicum annuum L., C. frutescens L., Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtner, S. macrocarpon L., S. melongena L., S. nigrum L. and S. torvum Sw. (Solanaceae) (see White & Elson-Harris 1994 and Quilici & Jeuffrault 2001). In addition, it was reported to pierce fruits of Solanum macranthum M. Martens & Galeotti in R��union but no larval development was observed (Quilici & Jeuffrault 2001). Comments. Neoceratitis cyanescens is the only species within this genus that is considered of economic significance. It attacks a wide variety of commercially grown Solanaceae. Its wild host or hosts are not known. It is also the only species of Neoceratitis for which host associations are known that has not been associated with Lycium., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De & Freidberg, Amnon, 2012, Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 24-39 in Zootaxa 3223 on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3223.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/209664, {"references":["Bezzi, M. (1923) Trypaneides d'Afrique (Dipt.) de la collection du Museum National de Paris [part]. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 29, 523 - 530.","Munro, H. K. (1954) Note sur les Trypetides de Madagascar et description de nouvelles especes cecidogenes (Diptera). Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Ser. E. (1953), 4, 543 - 552.","Hancock, D. L. (1984) Ceratitinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from the Malagasy subregion. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 47, 277 - 301.","Bezzi, M. (1924) Further notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies, with keys to all the known genera and species [part.]. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 73 - 118.","Munro, H. K. (1953) Records of some Trypetidae (Diptera) collected on the Bernard Carp Expedition to Barotseland, 1952, with a new species from Kenya. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 16, 217 - 226.","White, I. M. & Elson-Harris, M. M. (1994) Fruit flies of economic significance: their identification and bionomics. 2 nd ed. International Institute of Entomology, London, 601 pp.","Quilici, S. & Jeuffrault, E. (Eds) (2001) Plantes-hotes des mouches des fruits: Maurice, Reunion, Seychelles. Graphica, La Reunion, 227 pp."]}

Neoceratitis flavoscutellata Merz & Dawah Figs 1 b, 2 d, 3 e, 4 d, 5 f, 6 e. Neoceratitis flavoscutellata Merz & Dawah, 2005: 988. Type material. Holotype, ♂, SAUDI ARABIA, Abha, Madenate Ameer Sultan, 25.II- 25.V. 2002, H.A. Dawah (MHNG). Paratypes: same date and locality as holotype, 13 2 �� (MHNG); 13 1 �� (RMCA); 33 3 �� (TAUI). Male. Body length: 3.87 (3.70 ���4.00) mm; wing length: 3.92 (3.60���4.20) mm. Head. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere more brownish and about three times as long as wide; arista pubescent with hairs at most equal to basal width. Frons dorsal half reddish to brown, ventral half white; setae black. Face yellow-white, ventral to antennal implant with brown spots in antennal grooves, sometimes extended into reddish transverse band; ventral eye margin with darker yellow to brown spot; occiput dorsal third yellow-brown, ventral half yellow-white. Thorax. Postpronotal lobe white, anterior margin narrowly brown. Scutum ratio 1���1.10; shining black-brown, silver microtrichia in typical pattern except not extending to scutellar margin or scapular setae medially (Fig. 1 b); dark pilosity except where silver microtrichia with silvery setulae. Pleura brown, anepisternum with white band occupying posterodorsal part, extending to postpronotal lobe, its ventral margin extending to posteroventral corner; katatergite and anatergite whitish, posteroventral margin of laterotergite narrowly brown; one black anepisternal seta. Scutellum (Fig. 2 d) swollen with straight margin near basal seta and apically partially flattened; white, laterally at base brown ventrally. Legs. Yellow, femora largely brownish. Wing. With discal, subapical, anterior apical and posterior apical brown bands (Fig. 3 e), all well developed. Basal brownish part forming distinct band and largely separated from discal band. Subapical band isolated. R-M ratio 0.60���0.75. Abdomen. Shining orange-brown to brown. Tergite 2 and 4 largely yellow-white, except anterolateral corners, anterior margin of tergite 2, and anterior third of tergite 4 more extensively brown; tergite 5 yellow medially. Male terminalia (Fig. 4 d) with surstyli short. Phallus glans as illustrated by Merz & Dawah (2005: Fig. 6). Female. Body length: 4.12 (3.90���4.40) mm; wing length: 4.02 (3.60���4.40) mm. As male except for the following characters: oviscape about 3 / 5 the length of tergites 1-5 jointly, shining orange to brownish. Aculeus (Fig. 5 f) brown; at least ten times as long as wide; apically (Fig. 6 e) evenly tapered, simply pointed. Distribution. Saudi Arabia. Hosts. Unknown. Comments. Neoceratitis flavoscutellata fits the general description of Neoceratitis except for the following character states: the shape of the scutellum (more flattened, as in Perilampsis and Carpophthoromyia species), the face in lateral view slightly more concave, and the microtrichia pattern on the scutum that is restricted to near the scapular setae and the scutellum. In all other aspects it resembles the other species within this genus and inclusion in this genus seems justified., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De & Freidberg, Amnon, 2012, Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 24-39 in Zootaxa 3223 on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3223.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/209664, {"references":["Merz, B. & Dawah, H. A. (2005) Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) from Saudi Arabia, with descriptions of a new genus and six new species. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 112, 983 - 1028."]}

Neoceratitis Hendel, 1927: 61. Type species: Ceratitis asiatica Becker, 1908 by original designation. Neoceratitis. Hardy 1967 [mistletoe infesting species]; Hancock 1987 [key to Zimbabwean species]; Freidberg & Kugler 1989 [Israel fauna]; Korneyev 1994 [synonymy, key]; Hancock & Drew 1994 [relationship with other Ceratitidina]; Norrbom et al. 1999 [world catalogue]. Trirhithromyia Hendel, 1931: 2 (proposed as subgenus of Ceratitis). Type species: Ceratitis efflatouni Hendel, 1931 by monotypy. Synonymy: Korneyev 1994. Heoceratitis Hendel, 1927: 20. Error. Diagnosis. Neoceratitis can be separated from morphologically similar genera by the combination of the following diagnostic characters: arista pubescent; scutum with dark brown to black ground colour, with central silver-grey microtrichia forming a characteristic pattern with anterior and posterior extensions and shining round patch at mesal end of transverse suture; scutellum convex or partially flattened, with variable black and white pattern; wing with dark brown banded pattern consisting of an anterior apical band, a posterior apical band (see also description below), a discal band, and a subapical band (sensu banding in Ceratitis, cf White et al. 1999, figure 33.3 c), basal area brownish and subbasally continued as series of darker spots and streaks as observed in other ceratitidine genera. Female aculeus usually simply pointed, at most tip with subapical steps. Description. Head. First flagellomere twice to three times as long as pedicel; yellow to brownish; rounded apically. Arista short to moderately long pubescent along entire length. Frons yellow, sometimes with darker markings. Face entirely white, or white with darkish markings; in lateral view largely straight to concave. Chaetotaxy: major setae black and acuminate; two orbitals, anterior orbital thicker and longer than posterior orbital; two frontals, anterior frontal slightly shorter than posterior frontal; one pair of ocellars, as long as or longer than anterior orbital; medial vertical at least twice as long as posterior orbital, lateral vertical equal to posterior orbital seta; postocellar black, shorter than lateral vertical; postoculars slender and short, black. Genal setulae usually well developed, black. Genal seta black. Other setae and setulae short and black or whitish-yellow. Thorax. Postpronotal lobe white, or white with anterior part black-brown. Scutum wider than long or as long as wide; shining black-brown; with short dark setulae; centrally with large area with silver-grey setulae and microtrichia; microtrichia pattern (Fig 1 c) anteriorly extending to scapular setae, along pair of submedial lines, in medial part only extending to halfway between transverse suture and scapular setae; posteriorly extending to scutellum in medial part for width equal to distance between prescutellar acrostichal setae, sublaterally usually almost extending to intra-alar seta; microtrichia lacking near medial end of transverse suture where round shining black spot present; sometimes microtrichose pattern reduced or different (Fig. 1 a���b). Scutellum usually rounded and swollen, rarely somewhat flattened; white or with black apical marking(s) that can extend to anterior margin (Fig. 2). Subscutellum entirely brown. Anepisternum variable, either largely brown or brown with posterodorsal area white, white area usually touching postpronotal lobe and dorsal margin, ventrally extending obliquely to posteroventral corner or almost so. Katatergite and anatergite variable, usually partly or wholly white to yellow, sometimes brownish. Chaetotaxy: setae on scutum normal in shape and usually black; two scapulars, one postpronotal, two notopleurals, one presutural supra-alar, one dorsocentral, one postsutural supra-alar, one postalar, one intra-alar, one prescutellar acrostichal, one basal and one apical scutellar, one anepisternal, one anepimeral, and one katepisternal. Legs. Yellow; femora sometimes darkened. Setae black, setulae yellow to black. Midtibial spur black. Wing. Vein R 4 + 5 dorsally sparsely setulose on basal two-thirds. Vein M reaching costa posterior to wing apex. Cell bcu with posterodistal lobe sinuous. Wing banding brown and similar to pattern observed in Ceratitis species (Fig. 3), with discal, anterior apical, posterior apical and subapical bands present, although latter two appear to be completely merged with each other in one species. Subapical band isolated or connected to discal and/or anterior apical band. Basal area of wing largely brownish, but not forming distinct band; continued subbasally with brownish streaks and spots. Abdomen. Ground colour usually brown to black, rarely reddish; with black setulae, usually with longer setae along posterior margin of tergites. Tergites 2 and 4 often with paler transverse band and pale setulae. Male terminalia, surstyli (Fig. 4), lateral surstylus usually with anterior lobe short; prensisetae in lateral view largely obscured by lateral surstylus. Female terminalia, oviscape black to brown, shorter than length of abdominal tergites 1-5 combined; with short, dispersed blackish setulae. Aculeus elongated or short (Fig. 5) flattened; aculeus tip usually simply pointed or with weakly developed subapical steps (Fig. 6). Key to the species of the genus Neoceratitis 1 Scutum: microtrichose area not extending to scutellar margin (Fig. 1 b); scutellum partly flattened, white (except at basolateral margins; Fig. 2 d); female aculeus at least ten times longer than wide (Fig. 5 f)....................... N. flavoscutellata - Scutum: microtrichose area extending to scutellar margin (Fig. 1 a,c); scutellum swollen, with distinct black and white pattern, at least area between apical scutellar setae black (Fig. 2 a ���c,e); female aculeus at most six times longer than wide (Fig. 5 a ���e)..................................................................................................... 2 2 Scutellum: medial part white, otherwise black (Fig. 2 b ���c)..................................................... 3 - Scutellum: medial part black, along anterior margin with two or four white spots (Fig. 2 a, e)......................... 4 3 Scutellum: white medial part extending to lateral margins near basal scutellar setae (Fig. 2 c); large species (wing length more than 4mm); wing: posterior apical band narrower than subapical band (Fig. 3 c); female aculeus tip with subapical steps (Fig. 6 c)...................................................................................... N. cyanescens - Scutellum: white medial part not extending to lateral margins, completely surrounded by black margin (Fig. 2 b); small species (wing length less than 4mm); wing: posterior apical band as wide as subapical band (Fig. 3 b); female aculeus tip without subapical steps (simply pointed) (Fig. 6 b)............................................................. N. asiatica 4 Wing: anterior and posterior apical bands fused throughout their full length; crossvein R-M beyond middle of discal cell (Fig. 3 d)........................................................................................ N. efflatouni - Wing: anterior and posterior apical bands separate except proximally where both merge; crossvein R-M at or proximal to middle of discal cell (Fig. 3 a,f).............................................................................. 5 5 Thorax: anepisternal seta black; wing: brownish base largely confluent with discal band through extensive spots and streaks; posterior apical band narrower than subapical band; base of subapical band gradually curved (Fig. 3 f)............. N. lycii - Thorax: anepisternal seta white; wing: brownish base separated from discal band in basal part of cell cu and apical part of cell bm by hyaline region; posterior apical band as broad as subapical band; base of subapical band sinuous (Fig. 3 a).. N. albiseta, Published as part of Meyer, Marc De & Freidberg, Amnon, 2012, Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 24-39 in Zootaxa 3223 on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3223.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/209664, {"references":["Hendel, F. G. (1927) 49. Trypetidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region. Vol. 5. Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 221.","Becker, T. (1908) Zur Kenntnis der Dipteren von Central-Asien. I. Cyclorrhapha schizophora holometopa und Orthorrhapha brachycera. Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago Muzeya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauik, (1907), 12, 253 - 317.","Hardy, D. E. (1967) Studies of fruitflies associated with mistletoe in Australia and Pakistan with notes and descriptions on genera related to Perilampsis Bezzi. Diptera: Tephritidae. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 17, 127 - 149.","Hancock, D. L. (1987) Notes on some African Ceratitinae (Diptera: Tephritidae), with special reference to the Zimbabwean fauna. Transactions of the Zimbabwe Scientific Association, 63, 16 - 34.","Freidberg, A. & Kugler, J. (1989) Fauna Palaestina. Insecta IV. Diptera: Tephritidae. Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities, Jerusalem, 212 pp.","Korneyev, V. A. (1994) Neoceratitis Hendel, a new senior synonym of Trirhithromyia Hendel (Diptera, Tephritidae). Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, 1, 59 - 62.","Hancock, D. L. & Drew, R. A. I. (1994) Notes on Anoplomus Bezzi and related genera (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitinae) in southeast Asia and Africa. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 42, 869 - 883.","Hendel, F. G. (1931) Nachtrag zu den palaearktischen Trypetiden (Neue aegyptische Arten, von Prof. Efflatoun Bey gesammelt). Bulletin Societe Royal Entomologique d'Egypte (N. S.), 15, 1 - 13."]}

Neoceratitis albiseta sp. nov. Figs 1 a, 2 a, 3 a, 5 a, 6 a. Type material. Holotype ��, MADAGASCAR, Port Dauphin, Taolanaro, 18-23.IV. 1991, A. Freidberg & F. Kaplan (TAUI). Female. Body length: 2.80 mm; wing length: 2.65 mm. Head. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere about twice as long as wide; arista short pubescent with hairs shorter than basal width. Frons dark yellow. Face yellow-white, gena ventral to eye darker yellow; occiput dorsal fourth dark brown, ventral half yellow-white. Thorax. Postpronotal lobe black-brown in anterior half, posteriorly with whitish crescent, extending to seta. Scutum ratio 0.9; shining black-brown, silver microtrichia in typical pattern except more reduced than in other species (Fig. 1 a); dark pilosity except where silver microtrichosity with silvery setulae. Pleura brown, anepisternum white except ventral margin; katatergite and anatergite whitish, posteroventral margin of laterotergite narrowly brown; one white anepisternal seta. Scutellum (Fig. 2 a) swollen with concave margin near basal seta; black brown, subbasally with whitish band, interrupted medially. Legs. Mostly yellow; mid and hind femora yellowish-brown. Wing. With discal, subapical, anterior apical and posterior apical brown bands (Fig. 3 a); all well developed. Basal brownish part largely consisting of partly confluent patches and streaks, separated from discal band in basal part of cell cu and apical part of cell bm; otherwise partly confluent through dark spots. Subapical band connected with discal and anterior apical bands. Anterior and posterior apical bands connected. R-M ratio 0.95. Abdomen. Shining black-brown. Tergites 2 and 4 almost completely covered with silvery microtrichia, only narrow anterior margin with brownish microtrichia except tergite 4 where silvery microtrichia extends to anterior margin. Oviscape about half as long as abdominal tergites 1-5 jointly, shining black-brown. Aculeus (Fig. 5 a) orange, flattened; four times as long as wide; apically evenly tapered (Fig. 6 a), simply pointed. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Madagascar. Hosts. Unknown. This species was swept from Lycium sp. (Solanaceae). Comments. This species fits the generic description in most characters and largely resembles C. lycii. The microtrichia pattern is not as extensive as in most other species. The white transverse band on the scutellum is only interrupted in the median part and shows no constrictions sublaterally as is usually the case in C. lycii specimens. The main distinctive character is the presence of a white anepisternal seta which is unique within the genus (black in all other species). There are also a number of small differences in the wing banding (see Figs 3 a and 3 f) with the brownish base separated from the discal band in basal part of cell cu and apical part of cell bm by an hyaline region (largely confluent in C. lycii), the posterior apical band being as broad as the subapical band (narrower in C. lycii) and the base of the subapical band sinuous in shape (gradually curved in C. lycii)., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De & Freidberg, Amnon, 2012, Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 24-39 in Zootaxa 3223 on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3223.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/209664

Neoceratitis asiatica (Becker) Figs 2 b, 3 b, 4 a, 5 b, 6 b. Ceratitis asiatica Becker, 1908: 291. Neoceratitis asiatica: Hendel 1927 [new combination; redescription]; Woo et al. 1963 [life history]; Korneyev 1994 [Turkmenistan]; Hancock & Drew 1994 [recognition]. Type material. Syntype, 13, ���Mitt. Asien��� = CHINA (according to Norrbom et al. 1999): Kurlyk, Baingol East Tsaidam���, 31.V. [18] 95, Rob Kozlov, Becker���s ref number 51915 (MNHU); (female syntype not studied). Other material. CHINA: Xinjang Province, Hami, 13, presented by X.J. Wang (BMNH); 27.VI.1955, 13 (MHNG); 13 1 ��, Ma Shijun, Xia Kailin & Chen Yonglin (IZAS). KAZAKHSTAN: 13, Charyn Valley W Chundza, 43 �� 37 ���N 79 �� 21 ���E, 29���31.V. 2001, 650m, M. Hauser (MHNG). KYRGIZIA: 1 ��, Int [=Interior] Tien Shan, Saz, nr [=near] Dzhaman-Davan riv., 1700m, 29.VIII. 1998, Milko (MHNG). Male. Body length: 3.39 (2.80���3.80) mm; wing length: 3.57 (3.00��� 3.90) mm. Head. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere about twice as long as wide; arista short pubescent with hairs shorter than basal width. Frons yellow, dorsal half with golden microtrichia; setae black. Face yellow-white, occiput dorsal third yellowish, ventral half yellow-white. Thorax. Postpronotal lobe black-brown, posteriorly with whitish crescent; crescent not extending to postpronotal seta. Scutum ratio 0.90���0.98; shining black-brown, silver microtrichia in typical pattern (cf Fig. 1 c); dark pilosity except where silver microthrichosity with silvery setulae. Pleura dark brown, anatergite usually with whitish spot confined to dorsal half, rarely missing; one black anepisternal seta. Scutellum (Fig. 2 b) swollen with straight margin near basal seta; black-brown, with white medial spot on disc, white spot neither extending to setae nor to basal margin of scutellum. Legs. Yellow. Wing. With discal, subapical, anterior and posterior apical brown bands (Fig. 3 b), all well developed. Basal brownish part largely confluent with subbasal brown spots and streaks. Subapical band isolated or narrowly touching discal band, not touching anterior apical band. R-M ratio 0.60���0.66. Abdomen. Shining black-brown. Tergite 2 along posterior 2 / 5 and tergite 4 along posterior 1 / 3 with transverse band of silvery microtrichia; anterior part of these tergites with brown microtrichia, laterally reduced. Male terminalia (Fig. 4 a) with surstyli short. Female. Body length: 3.80 mm; wing length: 3.85 (3.80���3.90) mm. As male except following characters: near antennal implant rarely with darker brown spots; femora brown. Oviscape about half as long as abdominal tergites 1���5 jointly, shining black-brown. Aculeus (Fig. 5 b) five times as long as wide; apically (Fig. 6 b) tapered, simply pointed. Distribution. China, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgizia. Also reported from Turkmenistan (Korneyev 1994). Hosts. Woo et al. (1963) record the berries of Lycium turcomanicum Turcz. ex Miers. as a host in Tibet., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De & Freidberg, Amnon, 2012, Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 24-39 in Zootaxa 3223 on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3223.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/209664, {"references":["Becker, T. (1908) Zur Kenntnis der Dipteren von Central-Asien. I. Cyclorrhapha schizophora holometopa und Orthorrhapha brachycera. Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago Muzeya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauik, (1907), 12, 253 - 317.","Hendel, F. G. (1927) 49. Trypetidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region. Vol. 5. Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 221.","Woo, F. - C., Whang, Y. - C., Mang, C. C. & Liang, T. K. (1963) Studies on the life history and the control of Lycium fruit fly, Neoceratitis asiatica (Becker) (Diptera, Trypetidae). Acta Phytophylactica Sinica, 2, 387 - 398.","Korneyev, V. A. (1994) Neoceratitis Hendel, a new senior synonym of Trirhithromyia Hendel (Diptera, Tephritidae). Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, 1, 59 - 62.","Hancock, D. L. & Drew, R. A. I. (1994) Notes on Anoplomus Bezzi and related genera (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitinae) in southeast Asia and Africa. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 42, 869 - 883."]}

Neoceratitis efflatouni (Hendel) Figs 3 d, 4 e, 5 d, 6 d. Ceratitis (Trirhithromyia) efflatouni Hendel, 1931: 3. Ceratitis (Trirhithromyia) efflatouni: Munro 1935 [differentiation from lycii] Trirhithromyia efflatouni: Hardy 1967 [differentiation from lycii]; Freidberg & Kugler 1989 [Israel fauna] Neoceratitis efflatouni: Merz & Dawah 2005 [Saudi Arabia fauna]. Type material. Holotype ♂, SUDAN, Mersa Halaib, 21.I. 1929, Efflatoun Bey (whereabouts unclear. Possibly in the collections of the Entomological Society of Egypt according to Norrbom et al. 1999). Other material. EGYPT: 1 ��, Gabal Elba, W. Cansisrob, 20.I. 1933, Priesner (USNM). ISRAEL, Herzliyya, 13, 24.IX. 1975; 13, 23.IX. 1975, both ex fruit of Lycium barbarum [= synonym of L. schweinfurthii] 15.X. 1975; 53 6 ��, 28.IX. 1975, ex fruit of Lycium barbarum 15-19.X. 1975; 43 4 ��, 12.X. 1975, ex fruit Lycium barbarum 30.X- 4.XI. 1975, all A. Freidberg (TAUI); 13, Ne���ot Semadar, 5km E, 20.IX. 1995, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 1 ��, Shezaf N.R., Nahal Shahaq, 20.III. 1999, I. Yarom, Malaise trap (TAUI); Tel Aviv, 13 6 ��, 7.XI. 1976, ex fruit of Lycium schweinfurthii 3.XII. 1976 & 26.VIII- 3.IX. 1977, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 33 1 ��, 15.XI. 1976, ex fruit of Lycium schweinfurthii 13.XII. 1976, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 23 14 ��, 7.XI. 1977, ex fruit of Lycium schweinfurthii 3-11.XII. 1977, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 163 19 ��, 7.XI. 1977, ex fruit of Lycium schweinfurthii 10.IV- 15.IX. 1978, A. Freidbeg (TAUI); 7.XI. 1977, ex fruit of Lycium schweinfurthi [sic] 27.VIII. 78, A. Freidberg, 23 2 �� (BMNH); 13 1 �� (MHNG); 33 3 �� (TAUI); Tel Aviv Country Club, 83 14 ��, 20.XI. 1994, ex Lycium schweinfurtii; adult IV- IX. 1995, N. Dorchin (TAUI); 33 6 ��, 10.XII. 1999, ex Lycium, A. Freidberg (TAUI); 23 4 ��, 19.X. 2003, ex Lycium schweinfurthii fruit 9.XI. 2003; 503 42 ��, 11.X. 2010, ex Lycium schweinfurthii berry, pupa: 12-20 X. 2010; adult: 28.X- 5.XI. 2010 (all TAUI). SAUDI ARABIA: 13, Hedjaz, Gadda, Feb. 1927, Kasim (USNM); 13, Abha, Madenate Ameer Sultan, 25.II- 25.V. 2002, H.A. Dawah (MHNG). UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: 1 ��, Sharjah Desert Park, 1-25.II. 2006, # 3686 in light trap, van Harten (MHNG). Male. Body length: 2.62 (2.40���3.10) mm; wing length: 2.49 (2.25���2.90) mm. Head. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere about twice as long as wide; arista short pubescent with hairs shorter than basal width. Frons yellow to dark yellow, in middle with darker yellow-brown to brown transverse band, more greyish dorsal to band; setae black. Face yellow-white, ventral and lateral to antennal implant brownish; gena ventral to eye with brownish spot; occiput dorsal third dark brown, ventral half yellow-white. Rarely brownish markings on face and frons less conspicuous. Thorax. Postpronotal lobe black-brown, posteriorly with whitish crescent, extending to postpronotal seta or almost so, rarely more extensively white. Scutum ratio 0.86���0.87; shining black-brown, silver microtrichia in typical pattern (cf. Fig. 1 c); dark pilosity except where silver microtrichia with silvery setulae. Pleura brown, anepisternum white except dorsal and ventral margins; greater ampulla, katatergite and anatergite whitish, posteroventral margin of laterotergite narrowly brown, one black anepisternal seta. Scutellum swollen with concave margin near basal seta; black brown, subbasally with four semicircular whitish spots (two medial, two lateral, cf. Fig. 2 e), medial spots rarely fused. Legs. Yellow; mid femur basoventrally more brownish; fore and hind femur yellow-brown except apically yellow. Wing. With discal, subapical, and anterior apical brown bands (Fig. 3 d); separate posterior apical band missing, rather this band completely merged with anterior apical band, the latter being very broad at wing apex, extending posteriorly to vein M. Basal brownish part partially confluent with subbasal brown spots and streaks, subapical band broadly touching discal and anterior apical bands. R-M ratio 1.17���1.22. Abdomen. Shining black-brown. Tergite 2 along posterior 2 / 5 with transverse band of silvery microtrichia, medially extending to anterior margin; tergite 4 along posterior �� to �� with transverse band of silvery microtrichia, anterior part with brownish microtrichia. Male terminalia (Fig. 4 e) with surstyli short. Phallus glans as illustrated by Freidberg and Kugler (1989: Fig. 216). Female. Body length: 2.91 (2.60���3.20) mm; wing length: 2.83 (2.70���3.10) mm. As male except following characters: mid femur sometimes more extensively yellow-brown. Oviscape about half as long as abdominal tergites 1���5 jointly, shining black-brown. Aculeus (Fig. 5 d) brown; 4 to 5 times as long as wide; apically (Fig. 6 d) tapered evenly, simply pointed. Distribution. Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates. Hosts. Reared from fruits of Lycium schweinfurthii Dammer (also under synonym L. barbarum, cf material examined) (Solanaceae)., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De & Freidberg, Amnon, 2012, Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 24-39 in Zootaxa 3223 on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3223.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/209664, {"references":["Hendel, F. G. (1931) Nachtrag zu den palaearktischen Trypetiden (Neue aegyptische Arten, von Prof. Efflatoun Bey gesammelt). Bulletin Societe Royal Entomologique d'Egypte (N. S.), 15, 1 - 13.","Munro, H. K. (1935) Biological and systematic notes and records of South African Trypetidae (Fruit-flies, Diptera) with descriptions of new species. Union of South Africa Department of Agriculture, Entomology Memoirs, 9, 18 - 59.","Hardy, D. E. (1967) Studies of fruitflies associated with mistletoe in Australia and Pakistan with notes and descriptions on genera related to Perilampsis Bezzi. Diptera: Tephritidae. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 17, 127 - 149.","Freidberg, A. & Kugler, J. (1989) Fauna Palaestina. Insecta IV. Diptera: Tephritidae. Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities, Jerusalem, 212 pp.","Merz, B. & Dawah, H. A. (2005) Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) from Saudi Arabia, with descriptions of a new genus and six new species. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 112, 983 - 1028."]}

Meyer, Marc De (2009): Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Perilampsis Bezzi (Diptera, Tephritidae). Journal of Natural History 43 (39-40): 2425-2463, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903207868, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903207868

C. pseudotritea Bezzi, 1918 (Fig. 9, 20, 24, 35) Carpophthoromyia pseudotritea Bezzi, 1918: 225. Carpophthoromyia pseudotritea: Cogan & Munro 1980. Ceratitis tritea: Bezzi 1913, Enderlein 1920 (misident.), Cogan & Munro 1980 (p.p. misident.) Diagnosis Arista distinctly plumose; frons with longitudinal brown band for entire length; distance between posterior frontal and anterior orbital distinctly shorter than distance between anterior and posterior orbital; three frontals; scutum without transverse band; postpronotum white; scutellum with three apical brown spots, only visible in ventral view; anterior margin of wing with one indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1; S��band and inverted V��band separate. Description Head. Antennal segments dark yellow to brown. Arista distinctly plumose; longest rays longer than width of first flagellomere. Frons white to yellow, longitudinal yellowbrown band for entire length from ocellar triangle to antennal base, equal to width between anterior orbitals. Three frontals placed on oblique line, with anterior frontal at least 3 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals, posterior one shorter than anterior one but well developed. Distance between posterior frontal and anterior orbital distinctly shorter than distance between anterior and posterior orbital. Face white to yellow, gena darker brown. Thorax. Scutum shining black��brown, along transverse suture often yellow��brown, sometimes with faint yellow fascia; black setulae, without transverse bands of silvery setulae. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum with white to yellow band with lower margin reaching to lower fourth of posterior margin; with pale setulae, lower fourth black setulae sometimes more extensively so along posterior margin, two anepisternals. Katatergite and anatergite both white. Scutellum white, ventrally with 3 brown apical spots, not visible in dorsal view. Subscutellum black. Legs brown, tibia, tarsal segments and extreme apex of front femur yellow, at most basal margin of tibiae slightly darkened. Wing (Fig. 9). Hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, reaching vein R 4 + 5, sometimes continuing slightly beyond vein. S��band and inverted Vband not fused; rarely V��band less strongly developed near subapical tooth, almost divided in two parts. S��band with small subapical tooth. Crossvein DM��Cu straight or slightly sinuous. R��M ratio 1.40. Abdomen. Shining black��brown, tergite 4 with median yellow spot and/or silvery microtrichosity posteriorly; with black setulae. Spermatheca ovoid in apical part, base slender. Female terminalia, oviscape shorter than abdomen; shining black��brown. Aculeus orange, flattened, about 5 times longer than wide (Fig. 20); tip simply pointed (Fig. 24). Male terminalia (Fig. 35), epandrium rounded in posterior view; posterior lobe of lateral surstylus elongated and almost straight; medial surstylus at apex pointed. Body length: 4.87 (4.00��6.00)mm; wing length 4.93 (4.00�� 5.89)mm Material examined Type material: Lectotype �� (herewith designated): GHANA, Aburi, 10.V. 1911, L. Armstrong, ���on fallen calabash��� (BMNH). Paralectotype: 1 ��, same locality as lectotype, 8.V. 1911, L. Armstrong, ���on fallen calabash��� (BMNH). NIGERIA: 1 ��, Agege, 17.IV. 1914, W.A. Lamborn (BMNH). Other material: BENIN: 1 ��, Attogon, 3.III. 2000, ���sweep netting���, G. Goergen (IITA); 1 ��, Lana, 16.XI. 1997, ���sweep netting forest���, G. Goergen (IITA). CAMEROON: Befang, Rt N11, 60km N Bamenda, 500m, 24.XI.1987, 2����, ��. Kaplan; 3 ���� 1 ��, A. Freidberg (both TAU); 5 ���� 5 ����, nr Douala, 23.V�� 17.VI. 1936, Van Zwaluwenburg & McGough (USNM); 1 ��, Lolodorf, L. Conradt (BMNH); 1 ��, rtN9, 20km E Sangmelina, 7.XI. 1987, A. Freidberg (TAU); 2 ����, nr Yaound��, 29.V�� 8.VI. 1936, Van Zwaluwenburg & McGough (USNM). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC?: 1 ��, ���S.O. Kamerun ���, Uam Gebiet, nr Bosum, 2.V. 1914, G. Tessmann (MNHU). CONGO (D.R.): Eala, 1 ��, 16.IV. 1936; 1 ��, 24.IV. 1936; 1 ��, 25.IV. 1936; 1 ��, May 1936, all J. Ghesqui��re (KBIN); 1 ��, Equateur, Bokuma, July 1952, R.P. Lootens (KMMA); 1 ��, Flandria, 10.IX. 1935, J. Ghesqui��re (KBIN); 1 ��, Haut��Lopori, May��June. 1927, J. Ghesqui��re (KMMA); 1 ��, Kanda��Kanda, 1930, Hissette (KMMA); Kasai, Ngombe, 1 ��, 16.XI. 1921, H. Schouteden (KMMA); 1 �� 17.XI. 1921, H. Schouteden (KBIN); 1 ��, Kivu, Bassin Liadi, Lutunguru, Ratendele, ���for. mont.���, 17.II. 1950, G. Marlier (KMMA); 1 ��, Kivu, Kissenyi, 1924, Van Saceghem (KMMA) 1 ��, Kunungu, 8.IV. 1921, H. Schouteden (KMMA); 1 ��, Likete, 16.VI. 1936, J. Ghesqui��re (KBIN); 1 ��, Luebo, Kamalembi, 17.IX. 1921, H. Schouteden (KBIN); 1 �� 1 ��, Lulonga, Lokolenge, June 1927, J. Ghesqui��re (KMMA); Parc National de Garamba, mission H. De Saeger, 1 �� II/fc/3, 16.VII. 1951, H. De Saeger (2102); 1 ��, II/hd/9, 21.VIII. 1951, H. De Saeger (2297); 1 ��, II/fd/9, 16.VII. 1952, H. De Saeger (3805), all (KMMA); 1 ��, Uele, Buta, February 1938, J. Vrydagh (KMMA); 1 ��, Tshikapa, 21.XI. 1921, H. Schouteden (KMMA). EQUATORIAL GUINEA: 1 ��, Uelleburg, VI�� VIII. 1908, G. Tessmann (MNHU). IVORY COAST: 1 ��, Banco Nat. Park, N. Abidjan, S. side 05�� 22 ���N 04��03���W, 23��27.IV. 1989, ���edges of wide track in forest���, J. Londt (NMSA); 1 ��, Man, Bethani, 7 �� 24 ���N 7 �� 33 ���W, 8.II. 1998; 1 ��, SWW Man, Idessa, 7 �� 21 ���N 7 �� 36 ���W, 10.II. 1998, both C. Kassebeer & S. Hilger (TAU). LIBERIA: 1 ��, 20mi S Voinjama, 13.VIII. 1966, E.S. Ross & K. Lorenzen (CAS). NIGERIA: Ilaro Forest, 1 ��, 21.IV. 1974, J. Riley (BMNH); 1 ��, 5.I. 1974, M.A. Cornes (BMNH); 2 ����, Forest Mamu, 6.V. 1961, J. Riley (BMNH); 1 ��, Ibadan, 16.VI. 1922 (BMNH); 1 ��, Ilesha, 3.II. 1911, T.F.G. Mayer (BMNH); Olokemeji, 1 ��, December 1912; 2 ����, 6.V. 1936, ���swept���, Van Zwaluwenburg & McGough (USNM); 4 ����, ���Bridwell collection��� (USNM). TOGO: 1 ��, Sodo, 2�� 21.I. 1982, G.J. Steck (TAU). UGANDA: 1 ��, N.W. Madi, W. Nile, Metu Hills, 5.VI. 1954, van Someren (BMNH); 1 ��, Masaka, Katera Forest, IX. 1955, van Someren (BMNH); 1 ��, Budongo Forest, 7��8.II. 1938, F.W. Edwards (BMNH). Distribution Ghana, Cameroon, Central African Republic?, Congo (D.R.), Equatorial Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo, Uganda. Hostplant Material identified as C. tritea, but belonging to this species (according to the original description by Bezzi (1918)), from Olokomeji by Silvestri, was reared from fruits of Pyrenacantha vogeliana Baill. (Icacinaceae) Comments Specimens originally identified as C. pseudotritea proved to belong to a complex of different species. They are all characterized by the presence of a brown medial band running from the ocellar triangle downwards to the antennal base, a character state absent in other Carpophthoromyia. The species can only be differentiated from each other by slight differences in the position of the frontal and orbital setae, the width of the medial band, and the male and female genitalia. However, since the material for most of the sibling species is limited, and for two of the species the male sex is unknown, the intraspecific variation with regard to these characteristics is still largely unknown. Caution has to be taken in order to identify the species concerned correctly. The genitalia of those known sexes are hereby illustrated. One specimen in the MNHU collection is labelled as originating from SE Cameroon. However, the other specifications on the label ���Uam Gebiet��� [Uam river territory] and ���Bosum���, are situated in the Central African Republic., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 21-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Bezzi, M. (1918) Notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies of the family Trypaneidae, other than Dacus (s. l.), with descriptions of new genera and species (Dipt.) - I. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 8, 215 - 251.","Bezzi, M. (1913) Altre Ceratitis africane allevate dal Prof. F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura in Portici, 7, 19 - 26.","Enderlein, G. (1920) Zur Kenntnis tropischer Frucht-Bohrfliegen. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik, Geografie und Biologie der Tiere, 43, 336 - 360."]}

C. procera (Enderlein, 1920) (Fig. 4) Ceratitis procera Enderlein, 1920: 345. Carpophthoromyia procera: Bezzi 1924 b, Cogan & Munro 1980. Diagnosis Arista medium pilose; frons with upper part darker, three frontals; scutum with two broad transverse bands; postpronotum white; scutellum completely white; fore femur reddish brown; anterior margin of wing with two hyaline indentations, in cell c and sc; S��band and inverted V��band separate. Description Head. Antennal segments yellow to orange. Arista medium long pilose, longest rays usually slightly more than half the width of first flagellomere but never equal to width. Frons yellow, upper third (area in between orbitals to upper margin ocellar triangle) brown. Three frontals placed on oblique line, with anterior frontal 1.5��2 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Face white, gena dark brown. Thorax. Scutum shining black��brown; black setulae, except for two broad transverse bands with silvery setulae; one anteriorly of transverse suture, continuing posteriorly along lateral margins to base of postsutural supraalars or slightly beyond, second one near dorsocentrals; third smaller region with silvery setulae between postpronotal lobes. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum with white band with lower margin reaching posteroventral corner or almost so; with pale setulae, lower fourth with black setulae, two anepisternals. Anatergite and katatergite white. Scutellum completely white. Subscutellum black��brown. Legs reddish brown, tibia and tarsal segments yellow. Wing (Fig. 4). Hyaline indentation in cell c, with black patches and streaks. Hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, reaching R 4 + 5. S��band and inverted V��band completely separate. S��band with small trace of subapical tooth, rarely (one specimen: Lolodorf locality in MNHU collection) tooth extending to inverted Vband. Crossvein DM��Cu slightly sinuous. R��M ratio 1.35��1.70. Abdomen. Shining brown, posterior half of tergites 2��4 more yellow��orange, sometimes tergites 1��2 largely or completely orange; with black setulae, tergites 2��4 with silvery setulae and microtrichosity along yellow��orange band; tergite 5 more reddish brown. Spermatheca ovoid in apical part, base slender. Female terminalia, oviscape at least as long as abdominal tergites; shining brown, with black setulae. Aculeus orange, cylindrical, about 10 times longer than wide; aculeus tip darker orange and slightly downcurved. Body length: 7.86 (7.20��8.64)mm; wing length 7.80 (6.40��8.40)mm Material examined Type material: Lectotype �� (herewith designated): [EQUATORIAL GUINEA], ���Span. Guinea // Uellebg. Benitogbt.���, 15��31.I. 1907, G. Tessmann (MNHU). Paralectotypes: CAMEROON: 1 ��, Lolodorf, L. Conradt (MNHU); 1 ��, ���Johann��Albrechtsh��he���, 23.III. 1896, L. Conradt (BMNH). Other material (erroneously labeled as type; cf. comments below): EQUATORIAL GUINEA, 1 ��, Nkolentangan, November 1907 �� May 1908, G. Tessmann (MNHU). Distribution Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea Comments Both procera and scutellata are very closely related and difficult to differentiate, the main character being the colour of the fore femur. Based on this, both are still considered here as separate species.The specimen from Nkolentangan is labelled as type but does not belong to the type series. The original description mentions 1m and 1 f from Uelleburg (male is at MNHU); 1m from Lolodorf (also MNHU), and 1m from Johann��Albrechtsh��he. The latter is probably erroneously sexed and is the female paratype at the BMNH (all specifications in publication correspond with label data)., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Enderlein, G. (1920) Zur Kenntnis tropischer Frucht-Bohrfliegen. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik, Geografie und Biologie der Tiere, 43, 336 - 360.","Bezzi, M. (1924 b) Further notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies, with keys to all the known genera and species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 73 - 118."]}

C. vittata (Fabricius, 1794) (Figs. 8, 22, 26, 27) Musca vittata Fabricius, 1794: 355. Dictya vittata: Fabricius 1805. Trypeta vittata: Wiedemann 1830. Carpophthoromyia vittata: Austen 1910 (p.p.), Bezzi 1918 (p.p.), Bezzi 1924 a (p.p.), Bezzi 1924 b, Cogan & Munro 1980 (p.p.). Carpophthoromyia amoena Enderlein, 1920: 356. syn.n. Carpophthoromyia amoena: Munro 1935, Cogan & Munro 1980, Copeland et al. 2005. Carpophthoromyia dimidiata: Copeland et al. 2005 (misident.). Diagnosis Arista with medium long setulae; three frontals; scutum with one transverse band; postpronotum white; scutellum completely yellow or with small apical spot, ventrally not passing beyond apical setae; no hyaline wing indentations; S��band and inverted V��band fused basally near vein A 1 +CuA 2, subapically separate. Description Head. Antennal segments reddish brown. Arista with medium long rays, longest ones slightly more than half the width of first flagellomere. Frons yellow, upper third (area in between orbitals to upper margin ocellar triangle) sometimes brown, occasionally frons completely reddish brown. Three frontals placed on oblique line, with anterior frontal 2.5 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Face white to yellow, upper margin near antennal base and sometimes gena darker brown. Thorax. Scutum shining black��brown; black setulae, except for one broad transverse band with silvery setulae anteriorly of transverse suture, median part of transverse band broader. Postpronotum white to yellow. Anepisternum with white to yellow band with lower margin reaching posteroventral corner or almost so; with pale setulae, lower margin to lower third with black setulae, two anepisternals. Katatergite black, anatergite largely white, sometimes both white. Scutellum white to yellow, ventrally with brown apical spot, not passing beyond apical scutellars and not visible in dorsal view, sometimes divided medially and/or hardly discernible. Subscutellum black. Legs dark brown to reddish brown, tibia and tarsal segments yellow, at most basal margin of tibia slightly darkened. Wing (Fig. 8). Anterior margin without hyaline indentations in cells c or sc. S��band and inverted V��band fused basally near vein A 1 +Cu 2; separate subapically between veins R 4 + 5 and M. S��band with subapical tooth. Crossvein DM��Cu strongly sinuous. R��M ratio 1.12��1.45. Abdomen. Shining black��brown; with black setulae, tergite 2 with brown patches and/ or silvery setulae along posterior half. Spermatheca cylindrical. Female terminalia: oviscape as long as abdomen; shining black brown, with black setulae. Aculeus yellow to orange, cylindrical, about 10 to 20 times longer than wide (Fig. 22); aculeus tip darker orange and slightly downcurved (Figs. 26��27). Body length: 6.01 (5.20���6.80)mm; wing length 6.27 (5.20���7.12)mm Material examined Type material:. Holotype C. amoena ��: CAMEROON, Buea, Marquardsen (MNHU). (Type material of C. vittata lost; previously in ZMK). Other material: CAMEROON: 1 ��, Ekok, 24mi E Tekmo, 650m, 11��12.X. 1966, E.S. Ross & K. Lorenzen (CAS, via TAU). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: La Mabok��, 1 ��, 6��10.XI. 1967, L. Tsacas; 1 ��, 3.IX. 1970, L. Matile; 1 ��, 13.IX. 1970, L. Matile (all MNHN). CONGO (D.R.): 1 ��, Ituri, Kasenyi, Lac Albert, 17.XII. 1953, J. Verbeke (KMMA via TAU); Lukolela, left bank, 1 ��, 20.XI. 1930; 1 ��, 17.I. 1931, both J.P. Chapin (BMNH); Lukolela plantation, November 1934, J. Ghesqui��re (KBIN); 1 ��, Lulonga: Bokata, 18.III. 1928, E. Mestdagh (KBIN, via TAU); 1 ��, Lulonga: Lokolenge, June 1927 (KMMA); 1 ��; Stanleyville, January 1924, J. Ghesqui��re (KMMA); 2 ���� 1 sex unknown, Yangambi, 5.VII. 1952, K. Schedl, ���S. 44 �� 5 ��� (KMMA). GHANA: 1 ��, Accra, IV. 1922, ���in laboratory���, J.W. Scott Macfie (BMNH); Appam, 1 ��, 14.X. 1911; 1 ��, 15.X. 1911, both W. van Eeden (BMNH); 1 ��, Bobiri, 23mi SE Kumasi, 21.XI. 1959, N.O. Jago (BMNH); 1 ��, Weshiang, R. Dainsu, 10mi NW Acrra, 24.XI. 1912, H.F. Hamilton (BMNH); 1 �� 1 ��, ���Guinea��� Mus. Westerm.���(ZMK). KENYA: Kakamega Forest, 1 ��, 18.XII. 1970, 5200ft, A.E. Stubbs (BMNH); 1 ��, 8��9.XI. 1983, I. Yarom (TAU); 1 ��, 14.I. 1996, I. Yarom & A. Freidberg (TAU); 3 ���� 1 ��, 2.VI. 2000, USDA collection number 712; 3 ���� 1 ��, I. VIII. 2001, USDA collection number 1431, both reared ex fruits Drypetes gerrardii, R.S. Copeland (KMMA). NIGERIA, 1 ��, Ile��Ife, W. State, 10.IV. 1972, J.T. Medler (BMNH); 1 ��, Olokomeji, Ibadan. Bridwell collection (USNM). TANZANIA: 1 ��, Ukerewe Island, Father Conrad (NMK). Unknown locality (probably Ivory Coast, C. Girard pers. comm.): 1 ��, ���ms 30 �� 4��71 ���; 1 ��, ���lisi��re, Ficus cap. 12 �� 5��71 ��� (both MNHN). Distribution Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (D.R.), Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania; perhaps also Ivory Coast. The record from Zimbabwe (Hancock 1987) refers to C. dimidiata. Host plants As with C. dimidiata, C. vittata is also reared from Drypetes gerrardii in Kenya. Comments The identity of this species is rather confusing. The species was originally described by Fabricius (1794) who only provided a short description. This was based on a female specimen which is now lost (Verner Michelsen, pers. comm.). A shorter version of the description was repeated in Fabricius (1805). Wiedemann (1830) gives a redescription (under Trypeta vittata) apparently based on the original type. From both the original description and especially the redescription it is apparent that the type had a yellow scutellum and that the hyaline area between the S��band and the inverted V��band was complete. Wiedemann (1830) only mentions an incision (���einen braunen Einschnitt���) in the hyaline band. Loew (1861) describes the male sex of Trypeta vittata based on a specimen from Senegal. However, the diagnostic characters he provides correspond with Carpophthoromyia dimidiata and not C. vittata: apical part of the scutellum broadly brown, and the S��band and inverted V�� band connected, thereby interrupting the hyaline area between both bands. The illustration of the wing (Loew 1861: Tab. II, fig. 3) also clearly shows the connection. Unfortunately, subsequent authors like Austen (1910) and Enderlein (1920) followed the concept of Loew (1861) for recognition of C. vittata. This led Enderlein (1920) to describe C. amoena for those specimens with largely yellow scutellum and no connection between S��band and inverted V��band, characters present in true C. vittata sensu Fabricius (1794) as far as can be judged from the descriptions by Fabricius and Wiedemann. Consequently, C. amoena is considered a junior synonym of C. vittata. Bezzi (1923: 524) already pointed out that there might be some confusion regarding the identity of C. vittata, based on a specimen he studied from Mozambique. A year later (Bezzi 1924 a) he added to the confusion by describing C. dimidiata, based on material from Natal, South Africa. He differentiates this new species from C. amoena by the presence of a connection between the S��Band and inverted V��band in the former, and from C. vittata by (among other, variable, characters) the scutellum being largely brown apically. Hence, C. dimidiata corresponds with C. vittata sensu Loew (1861) and Enderlein (1920). Nevertheless, the material at hand still shows some variability with regard to extension of the hyaline break and the apical scutellar spot, with especially the material from Kenya showing transitional stages between typical C. vittata and C. dimidiata. We consider the material from western Kenya (like Kakamega Forest) belonging to C. vittata while material from Central (east of the Gregory Rift Valley) and eastern Kenya belonging to C. dimidiata., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1794) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tome 4, C. G. Proft, Hafniae, [6] + 472 + [5] pp.","Fabricius, J. C. (1805) Systema antliatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Reichard, Brunsvigae. 1 + 373 + 30 pp.","Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaeische zweiflugelige Insekten. Vol. 2. Schulz, Hamm, xii + 684 pp.","Austen, E. E. (1910) A new genus and two new species of African fruit-flies. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1, 71 - 77.","Bezzi, M. (1918) Notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies of the family Trypaneidae, other than Dacus (s. l.), with descriptions of new genera and species (Dipt.) - I. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 8, 215 - 251.","Bezzi, M. (1924 a) South African Trypaneid Diptera in the collection of the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 19, 449 - 577.","Bezzi, M. (1924 b) Further notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies, with keys to all the known genera and species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 73 - 118.","Enderlein, G. (1920) Zur Kenntnis tropischer Frucht-Bohrfliegen. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik, Geografie und Biologie der Tiere, 43, 336 - 360.","Munro, H. K. (1935) Biological and systematic notes and records on South African Trypetidae (Fruit-flies, Diptera) with descriptions of new species. Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa, 9, 19 - 59","Copeland, R. S., Okeka, W., Freidberg, A., Merz, B., White, I. M., De Meyer, M., Luke, Q. (2005) Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History, 94, 247 - 278.","Loew, H. (1861) Ueber die afrikanischen Trypetina. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 253 - 306.","Bezzi, M. (1923) Trypaneides d'Afrique (Dipt.) de la collection du Museum National de Paris [part]. Bulletin du Museum national de l'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 1923, 523 - 530."]}

C. tessmanni (Enderlein, 1920) (Figs. 6, 19, 25) Ceratitis tessmanni Enderlein, 1920: 345. Carpophthoromyia tessmanni: Bezzi 1924 b, Cogan & Munro 1980. Diagnosis Arista distinctly plumose; two frontals (sometimes third poorly developed); scutum with one transverse band; usually transverse suture with yellow fascia; postpronotum white; scutellum with three apical brown spots, only visible in ventral view; anterior margin of wing with one indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1; Sband and inverted V��band separate. Description Head. Antennal segments orange. Arista distinctly plumose, longest rays longer than width of first flagellomere. Frons yellow. Two frontals, sometimes third, poorly developed, anterior one; placed on oblique line with anterior frontal 3 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Face white to yellow, sometimes gena darker yellow. Thorax. Scutum shining black��brown, along transverse suture sometimes more yellow; black setulae, except for one broad transverse band with silvery setulae anteriorly of transverse suture; sometimes silvery setulae extended anteriorly along centre of presutural area; transverse suture with yellow fascia. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum largely white to yellow, only lower fourth dark yellow to yellow��brown; with pale setulae, ventral fourth posteriorly with black setulae; two anepisternals. Anatergite and katatergite white. Scutellum white, ventrally with 3 brown apical spots, not visible in dorsal view. Subscutellum black. Legs yellow; in female femora red��brown. Wing. (Fig. 6). Basal part with streaks and patches (especially near base of cell dm). One hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1; reaching halfway R 4 + 5 and M. S��band and inverted V��band not fused. S��band with subapical tooth, sometimes small. Inverted V��band partly separated anteriorly in male. Crossvein DM��Cu straight. R��M ratio 1.30��1.39. Abdomen. Shining black��brown, with black setulae. Tergite 2 posteriorly more orange, tergite 4 with median yellow spot posteriorly and with white setulae and microtrichosity on spot. Spermatheca ovoid in apical part, base slender. Female terminalia, oviscape about as long as abdominal tergites; shining black��brown, with black setulae. Aculeus yellow to orange, flattened; about 8 times longer than wide (Fig. 19), aculeus tip simply pointed (Fig. 25), straight. Body length: 4.86 (4.32��5.44)mm; wing length 5.04 (4.72��5.68)mm Material examined Type material: Lectotype (herewith designated) ��: [EQUATORIAL GUINEA], Uelleburg, May��August 1908, S. Tessmann (MNHU). Paralectotypes: same date and locality as lectotype, 2 ���� 1 �� (MNHU); 1 �� (BMNH). Other material: CAMEROON: 1 ��, nr Yaound��, 29.V�� 8.VI. 1936, ���from foliage���, Van Zwaluwenburg & McGough (USNM). CONGO (D.R.): 1 ��, Bambesa, 13.V. 1937, J. Vrydagh (KBIN); 2 ����, Kunungu, 5.IV. 1921, H. Schouteden (KMMA); 1 ��, Simba Lokolenge (Lulonga), V. 1927, J. Ghesqui��re (KMMA). Distribution Cameroon, Congo (D.R.), Equatorial Guinea. Comments Sexual dimorphism is rare among the Carpophthoromyia species. In some cases, such as in C. tessmanni, C. litterata and C. scutellata, there is a difference in colouration of the legs with the female having darker femora. The original type series consisted of 5 males and 3 females from Uelleburg (of which 2 males and 2 females are in MNHU and 1 male in BMNH) and one female from Nkolentangan. The whereabouts of the latter and 2 males and 1 female from Uelleburg are unknown., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Enderlein, G. (1920) Zur Kenntnis tropischer Frucht-Bohrfliegen. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik, Geografie und Biologie der Tiere, 43, 336 - 360.","Bezzi, M. (1924 b) Further notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies, with keys to all the known genera and species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 73 - 118."]}

C. schoutedeni sp.n. (Figs. 11, 17, 32, 37) Diagnosis Arista distinctly plumose; two frontals; scutum without transverse bands; postpronotum white; scutellum with three apical spots, not visible in dorsal view; anterior margin of wing with one indentation in cell c; S��band and inverted V��band separate. Description Head. Antennal segments orange. Arista distinctly plumose, longest rays longer than width of first flagellomere. Frons white to yellow. Two frontals placed on oblique line, with anterior frontal 1.5 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Face white to yellow. Thorax. Scutum shining black��brown, along transverse suture more yellow��brown; pale setulae. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum with white band, lower margin reaching posteroventral corner; with pale setulae, posterior margin in male with few longer black setulae; one anepisternal. Anatergite and katatergite white. Scutellum white, ventrally with 3 brown apical spots, not visible in dorsal view. Subscutellum black. Legs yellow; fore femur yellow, mid and hind femora brown, basally darker yellow. Wing (Fig. 11). One hyaline indentation in cell c, with single dark spot; very deep, reaching cells bm or bcu. S��band and inverted V��band not fused. S��band with subapical tooth. Crossvein DM��Cu slightly sinuous. R��M ratio 1.20��1.24. Abdomen. Shining black��brown, tergites 1��2 largely yellow with brown patches, tergites 3��5 with median yellow spot; with mixed black and pale setulae, tergite 4 along posterior half with silvery microtrichosity. Spermatheca ovoid in apical part, base slender (Fig. 37). Female terminalia, oviscape about as long as abdominal tergites, cylindrical; shining black��brown, with black setulae. Aculeus yellow to orange, flattened (Fig. 17), about 20 times longer than wide; aculeus tip triangular, serrate; below serrated tip with small lateral notches (Fig. 32). Body length: 4.32 (4.24��4.40)mm; wing length 5.08 (4.96��5.41)mm Type material Holotype ��: CONGO (D.R.), Basongo, 15��31.VII. 1921, H. Schouteden (KMMA). Paratype: 1 ��, same date and locality as holotype, H. Schouteden (KMMA). Distribution Congo (D.R.) Etymology Named after Dr H. Schouteden, former director of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, Belgium; and collector of the type material of this newly described species. Comments This species belongs to the C. tritea group, comprising also C. tritea and C. interrupta. The main difference is the shape of the aculeus tip with the two subapical constrictions., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780

C. dimidiata Bezzi, 1924 (Figs. 7, 36) Carpophthoromyia dimidiata Bezzi, 1924 a: 474. Carpophthoromyia dimidiata: Munro 1926, Munro 1935, Cogan & Munro 1980, Hancock 1987, Hancock 2003. Trypeta vittata: Loew 1861 (misident.). Carpophthoromyia vittata: Austen 1910 (p.p.), Enderlein 1920, Bezzi 1918 (p.p.), Bezzi 1923, Bezzi 1924 b (p.p.) (misident.), Munro 1935 (misident.), Cogan & Munro 1980 (p.p.), Hancock 1987 (misident.), Hancock 2003 (misident.). Diagnosis Arista with medium long rays; three frontals; scutum with one transverse band; postpronotum white; scutellum with distinct apical spot, ventrally reaching halfway between apical and basal scutellar setae; no hyaline wing indentations; S��band and inverted V��band fused basally near vein A 1 +Cu 2 and subapically between veins R 4 + 5 and M. Description Head. Antennal segments reddish brown, sometimes darker brown; arista with medium long rays, longest ones slightly more than half the width of first flagellomere. Frons white to yellow, upper third (area in between orbitals to upper margin ocellar triangle) brown. Three frontals placed on oblique line, with anterior frontal 2.5 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Area of antennal base with brown patches. Face white, parafacial area and gena darker brown. Thorax. Scutum shining orange��brown to black��brown; black setulae, except for one broad transverse band with silvery setulae anteriorly of transverse suture. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum with white band with lower margin usually reaching to halfway posterior margin of anepisternum, sometimes reaching lower; with pale setulae, lower third with black setulae, two anepisternals. Anatergite white, occasionally black; katatergite black, only dorsally slightly white. Scutellum white, ventrally with brown apical spot reaching halfway between basal and apical scutellar, variable in dorsal view, usually apical spots as broad as in ventral view, sometimes reduced but still visible and reaching beyond base of apical scutellars. Subscutellum black. Legs orange��brown to black��brown, tibia and tarsal segments yellow, at most basal margin of tibiae slightly darkened. Wing (Fig. 7). Anterior margin without hyaline indentations in cells c or sc. S��band and inverted V��band fused basally near vein A 1 +Cu 2 and subapically between veins R 4 + 5 and M. Crossvein DM��Cu strongly sinuous. R��M ratio 1.17���1.32. Abdomen. Shining black��brown; with black setulae, tergite 2 reddish brown and with silvery setulae along posterior half; sometimes tergites 4 and/or 5 partly more reddish brown. Spermatheca cylindrical (Fig. 36). Female terminalia, oviscape at least as long as abdominal tergites; shining black brown, with black setulae. Aculeus yellow to orange, cylindrical, about 15 to 20 times longer than wide; aculeus tip darker orange and slightly downcurved. Body length: 5.84 (4.64���6.40) mm; wing length 6.12 (5.12���7.04) mm Material examined Type material: Holotype ��: SOUTH AFRICA, Natal, Durban (SAM). Other material: KENYA: Karura Forest, 2 ����, June 1936, van Someren (NMK); 1 ��, 9���13.XII. 1970, 5500ft, A.E. Stubbs (BMNH); 1 ��, Mt Marsabit, 1500ft, February 1946, T.H.E. Jackson (NMK); Nairobi, 1 ��, I. 1921, van Someren (BMNH); VIII. 1937, ���ex Drypetes 70 ���, van Someren (3 ���� 10 ����, NMK); (1 �� 1 ��, MNHG); (1 ��, BMNH); Ngong, 1 ��, June 1936, bred ex Rawsonia, van Someren (NMK); 1 ��, II. 1941; 4 ���� 3 ����, I. 1943, both van Someren (BMNH); 13 ���� 17 ����, Ngong Rd forest, 6.IV. 2001, ex fruits Drypetes gerrardii, USDA collection number 1146, R.S. Copeland (KMMA); 1 ��, Rabai, August 1937, van Someren, caught on bait (NMK); 1 ��, Sokoke Forest, 8mi S of Malindi, April 1969, M.P. Clifton (NMK). MALAWI: 1 ��, Cholo, R.C. Wood (BMNH); 1 ��, Mt Mulanji, nr Likabula, 26���27.X. 1983, A. Freidberg (TAU). MOZAMBIQUE: Delagoa Bay, 1 �� 1 ��; Monteiro (NMHU); 1 ��, ��� 86 ��� 20 ���, Monteiro (BMNH); Vila Bocage 300, Shire R., 25.XI. 1916, R.C. Wood (BMNH); 1 ��, Vall��e du Pungou��, Gu��ng��re, 1906, G. Vasse (MNHN). SENE�� GAL [?, cf comments below]: 1 ��, ��� Senegal Mion.���, 2475 (NMHU). SOUTH AFRICA: 3 ���� 3 ����, Dhlinza forest, Eshowe, Zululand, 5���6.IV. 1960, B. & P. Stuckenberg (NMSA); Durban, February 1932, 1 �� (MNHN); 1 �� (NMSA); 6.VII��� 16.VIII.1932, 1�� (MNHN); 1 �� (NMSA); February 1933, 1 �� (MNHN); 1 �� (NMSA); 15���23.VI.1933, 1�� 1 sex unknown (BMNH); 1 �� (MNHN); 1 �� 1 �� (NMSA); 1 �� 2 ���� (SAM); August 1935, (1 �� 2 ����, NMSA) all ���bait trap���, W.E. Marriott; 1 �� �� East London, 17.VIII. 1925, H.K. Munro (SAM); 2 ����, Gwalaweni forest, Ingwavuma distr., Lebombo, Zululand, February 1957, B. Stuckenberg (NMSA); 1 �� Malvern, Natal, III. 1897, G.A.K. Marshall (BMNH); 1 ��, Ngoya forest, Mtunzini distr., 19���21.III. 1968, Potgieter & Goode (NMSA); 1 ��, Pietermaritzburg, town bush, B. & P. Stuckenberg (NMSA); Port St. John, 1 ��, September 1916; 1 ��, October 1916, both H.H. Swinny (NMSA); Port St. John, Pondoland, 1 ��, 15��� 31.VIII. 1923; 1 ��, IX. 1923; 7 ���� 3 ����, XII. 1923, all R.E. Turner (BMNH); 2 ���� 1 ��, Port St Johns, 20���25.XI. 1961, B. & P. Stuckenberg (NMSA); 1 �� 1 ��, Utumvuna nat. Reserve, Natal, 15.VII. 1983, ���attracted to jam in river gully (wooded)���, J. Manning (NMSA). TAN�� ZANIA: 1 ��, Mikese, protein bait trap in mango orchard (SUA��KMMA project T 1250 sample), Resta (KMMA); 1 ��, E. Usambara, Amani, Sigi, 445m, 16.VIII. 2003, A. Freidberg (TAU). Distribution South Africa, Kenya, Mozambique, Malawi, Senegal [?, see below], Tanzania. The records from Zimbabwe by Hancock (1987) for C. vittata (Gota Gota, Hurungwe district, and Chipinda Pools, Gonarezhou National Park) and C. dimidiata (Mt Selinda) both refer to C. dimidiata, given the characters shown in the illustration (Hancock, 1987: fig. 16). These records were repeated in Hancock (2003). Host plants Recent rearings, within the USDA and USAID projects run by Texas A&M University, obtained this species in Kenya from Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae). Other material from Kenya in the NMK mentions the same genus as host plant, but also Rawsonia Harv.&Sonder (Flacourtiaceae). Munro (1926) mentions that the fly was found on leaves of Sideroxylon inerme L. (Sapotaceae) but that it was not reared from it. Comments This species was confused with Carpophthoromyia vittata and C. amoena in older literature (cf. discussion under C. vittata). Typical C. dimidiata shows a distinct connection between the S��band and the inverted V��band in the wing, a large apical spot on the scutellum reaching in dorsal view at least to halfway between apical and basal scutellar, and anepisternum with white band with lower margin reaching to halfway the posterior margin of the anepisternum. There is, however, considerable variation with regard to the two latter character states (apical spot more reduced and white band on anepisternum reaching lower). Typical C. dimidiata is mainly found in southern Africa while atypical specimens are from more northern regions, but there is no complete change along a geographical gradient since atypical forms were also found among material from Durban. Two specimens from the Kenyan coastal region (Sokoke Forest and Rabai) have a white scutellum in dorsal view, but are tentatively placed here because of the wing pattern. One specimen in the MNHU collection is labelled ��� Senegal ��� and referred to as such by Loew (1861) when he described the male sex of C. vittata (see below, under comments of C. vittata). However, this should be considered unlikely given that the species seems to be restricted to southern to eastern Africa. More material will allow future definition of the exact status of both taxa., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 9-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Bezzi, M. (1924 a) South African Trypaneid Diptera in the collection of the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 19, 449 - 577.","Munro, H. K. (1926) Biological notes on the South African Trypaneidae (Trypetidae: fruit-flies). II. Memoirs Division of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa, 5, 17 - 43.","Munro, H. K. (1935) Biological and systematic notes and records on South African Trypetidae (Fruit-flies, Diptera) with descriptions of new species. Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa, 9, 19 - 59","Loew, H. (1861) Ueber die afrikanischen Trypetina. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 253 - 306.","Austen, E. E. (1910) A new genus and two new species of African fruit-flies. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1, 71 - 77.","Enderlein, G. (1920) Zur Kenntnis tropischer Frucht-Bohrfliegen. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik, Geografie und Biologie der Tiere, 43, 336 - 360.","Bezzi, M. (1918) Notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies of the family Trypaneidae, other than Dacus (s. l.), with descriptions of new genera and species (Dipt.) - I. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 8, 215 - 251.","Bezzi, M. (1923) Trypaneides d'Afrique (Dipt.) de la collection du Museum National de Paris [part]. Bulletin du Museum national de l'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 1923, 523 - 530.","Bezzi, M. (1924 b) Further notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies, with keys to all the known genera and species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 73 - 118."]}

C. nigribasis (Enderlein, 1920) Ceratitis nigribasis Enderlein, 1920: 346. Carpophthoromyia nigribasis: Bezzi 1924 b, Cogan & Munro 1980. Diagnosis Arista medium long pilose; three frontals; scutum with one transverse band; postpronotum white to yellow; scutellum completely pale (at most small brownish patch between apical scutellars); anterior margin of wing with one indentation, at sc; S��band and inverted V��band separate. Description Head. Antennal segments red��brown. Arista medium long pilose, longest rays about half width of first flagellomere. Frons dark yellow. Apparently three frontals (broken and frons largely greased in type, bases of frontals not clear; non��type specimens three frontals on oblique line, with anterior frontal 2 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal); two orbitals. Face white to yellow, gena brown. Thorax. Scutum shining brown; with apparently black setulae in holotype rubbed off; in non��type material black setulae, except for one transverse band with silvery setulae, anteriorly of transverse suture. Postpronotum white to yellow. Anepisternum with white to yellow band with lower margin reaching posteroventral corner; setulae in holotype rubbed off, in non��type specimens white to yellow band reaching lower fourth of posterior margin, pale setulae, along lower fourth few black setulae; two anepisternals. Katatergite and anatergite white to yellow. Scutellum completely white to yellow, in non��type specimens ventrally with small brownish patch between apical scutellars. Subscutellum black��brown. Legs black��brown, tibiae and tarsal segments yellow. Wing. Similar to pattern observed in C. pseudotritea (see Fig. 9). Hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, reaching R 4 + 5. S��band and inverted Vband separate (in non��type material touching basally in cell cu 2); S��band with subapical tooth. Crossvein DM��Cu slightly sinuous (in non��type material more strongly so). R��M ratio 1.33��1.65. Abdomen. Shining brown, tergite 2 along posterior half to two��thirds yellow to yellow��orange, tergites 4 and 5 posteriorly more orange��brown; with black setulae, apparently tergite 2 silvery setulae and microtrichosity along yellow��orange band. Female terminalia, oviscape shining black��brown; about as long as abdominal tergites; cylindrical. Aculeus not dissected, hidden in holotype. Body length: 6.40 (6.24��6.50)mm; wing length 6.80 (6.60��6.90)mm Material examined Type material: Holotype ��: [EQUATORIAL GUINEA], Uelleburg, June��August. 1908, S. Tessmann (MNHU). Other material (tentatively placed here): GHANA, 2 ���� 2 ����, Tafo, 19.VI. 1957, V.F. Eastop (BMNH). Distribution Equatorial Guinea, Ghana Comments The holotype of C. nigribasis is in poor condition and a number of important characteristics, such as setulae of thorax, are missing or obscured. Given the fragile nature, the aculeus was not dissected. The species is, however, different from all other taxa with a hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, by the largely white scutellum (other representatives in this group usually have three apical spots). The above description is based on the holotype and supplemented by a series of specimens from Ghana except for some small differences as indicated above. Because of the unique combination (white scutellum and single indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1) they are considered, for the time being, conspecific with the type, despite the small differences in wing��venation. Further material is, however, needed in order to establish the exact identity of this material., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Enderlein, G. (1920) Zur Kenntnis tropischer Frucht-Bohrfliegen. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik, Geografie und Biologie der Tiere, 43, 336 - 360.","Bezzi, M. (1924 b) Further notes on the Ethiopian fruit-flies, with keys to all the known genera and species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 73 - 118."]}

C. flavofasciata sp.n. (Figs. 13, 28) Diagnosis Arista distinctly plumose; frons with longitudinal brown band for entire length; two or three frontals; distance between posterior frontal and anterior orbital shorter than distance between anterior and posterior orbital; scutum without transverse band, along transverse suture with distinct yellow��white fascia; postpronotum white; scutellum with three apical brown spots, only visible in ventral view; anterior margin of wing with one indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1; S��band and inverted V��band separate Description Head. Antennal segments orange. Arista distinctly plumose; longest rays longer than width of first flagellomere. Frons white, longitudinal brown band for entire length from ocellar triangle to antennal base, equal to width of distance between anterior orbitals. Two or three frontals placed on oblique line, with anterior frontal at least 3 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal in the case of three frontals; two orbitals. Distance between posterior frontal and anterior orbital is shorter than distance between anterior and posterior orbital. Face white, gena darker brown. Thorax. Scutum shining black��brown, along transverse suture with distinct yellowwhite fascia; black setulae, without transverse bands of silvery setulae. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum with white to yellow band with lower margin reaching to lower fifth of posterior margin; with pale setulae, lower fifth with black setulae, two anepisternals. Katatergite and anatergite both white. Scutellum white, ventrally with 3 brown apical spots, not visible in dorsal view. Subscutellum black. Legs brown, tibia and tarsal segments yellow. Wing. Pattern similar to that of C. pseudotritea (see fig. 9). Hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, reaching to vein R 4 + 5. S��band and inverted Vband not fused. S��band with small subapical tooth. Crossvein DM��Cu straight. R��M ratio 1.14. Abdomen. Shining black��brown, tergite 2 and 4 along posterior half with yellow band; with black setulae, tergite 2 and 4 along postior band with white setulae and microtrichosity. Spermatheca ovoid in apical part, base slender. Female terminalia, oviscape shorter than abdomen; shining black��brown. Aculeus orange, flattened (Fig. 13), not cylindrical, about 5 times longer than wide; tip blunt, rounded with small teeth (Fig. 28). Body length: 5.44mm; wing length 5.68mm Etymology Referring to the distinct yellow��white fasciae on the transverse suture. Distribution Cameroon Comments This species also belong to the pseudotritea complex with longitudinal band on frons. Only the female is known. It can be distinctly separated by the rounded aculeus tip, unlike any other species of this genus. The main non��sexual difference is the presence of distinct yellow fasciae along the transverse suture., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780

Clinotaenia angusticeps (Bezzi, 1923) comb.nov. Carpophthoromyia angusticeps Bezzi, 1923: 525. Carpophthoromyia angusticeps Bezzi, 1924: 97. Preocc. Bezzi 1923. Study of the female holotype in the collection of the MNHN, showed that this species does not belong to Carpophthoromyia. Despite the vague resemblance of wing banding with some representatives of Carpophthoromyia, it lacks the other characteristic features such as the white flattened scutellum (swollen and completely black in C. angusticeps), transverse bands on mesonotum (shining black��brown with dispersed black setulae in C. angusticeps) and the rounded or slightly flattened female aculeus (very broad and blade like in C. angusticeps). Especially the shape of the aculeus tip indicated that this is a gastrozonine. It fits within the generic concept of Clinotaenia as described by Hancock (1999) to which also C. superba (Bezzi) was recently transferred from Carpophthoromyia by the same author (Hancock, 1999). It differs from the latter by the shape of the female aculeus (trilobed in superba, pointed in angusticeps) and the base of the wing being completely brown (hyaline with brown patches in superba). Study of unidentified material that was previously sorted to Carpophthoromyia revealed two male specimens that are identical with the female holotype. Material examined Holotype ��: CHAD, Dar Banda, Ndell��, 1904, A. Chevalier, Mission Chari��Tchad (MNHN). Other material examined: BURUNDI: 1 ��, Rumonge, April 1948, �� sur plage sablonneuse et broussailles pr��s du Lac ��, F. Fran��ois (KBIN). CONGO (D.R.): 1 ��, Parc National de Garamba, Mt Embe, 19.IV. 1952, H. De Saeger 3341 (KMMA). Distribution Burundi, Chad, Congo (D.R.)., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Bezzi, M. (1923) Trypaneides d'Afrique (Dipt.) de la collection du Museum National de Paris [part]. Bulletin du Museum national de l'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 1923, 523 - 530.","Hancock, D. L. (1999) Grass-breeding fruit flies and their allies of Africa and Asia (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae). Journal of Natural History, 33, 911 - 948."]}

C. scutellata (Walker, 1853) Diagnosis Arista short to medium pilose; frons completely yellow, three frontals; scutum with two broad transverse bands; postpronotum white; scutellum completely white; fore femur at least partly yellow; anterior margin of wing with two hyaline indentations, in cell c and sc; S��band and inverted V��band separate. Description Head. Antennal segments yellow to orange. Arista short to medium long pilose, longest rays about half width of first flagellomere. Frons usually completely yellow. Three frontals placed on slight oblique line, with anterior frontal at most 1.5 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Face white, gena dark yellow. Thorax. Scutum shining black��brown; black setulae, except for two broad transverse bands with silvery setulae; one anteriorly of transverse suture, continuing posteriorly along lateral margins to base of postsutural supraalars or slightly beyond, second one near dorsocentrals; third smaller region of silvery setulae between postpronotal lobes; sometimes bands partly fused. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum with white band with lower margin reaching lower fourth of posterior margin; with pale setulae, lower fourth with black setulae, two anepisternals. Anatergite and katatergite white. Scutellum completely white. Subscutellum black��brown. Legs completely yellow in male; female with femora brownish, except fore femur yellow anteriorly. Wing. Pattern similar to that of C. procera (see fig. 4). Hyaline indentation in cell c, with black patches and streaks. Hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, reaching R 4 + 5. S��band and inverted V��band completely separate. S��band with small trace of subapical tooth, or tooth completely absent. Crossvein DM��Cu straight or slightly sinuous. R��M ratio 1.33��1.67. Abdomen. Shining brown, posterior half of tergites 2��4 more yellow��orange, sometimes tergites 1��2 largely or completely orange; with black setulae, tergites 2��4 with silvery setulae and microtrichosity along yellow��orange band; tergite 5 more reddish brown. Spermatheca ovoid in apical part, base slender. Female terminalia, oviscape at least as long as abdominal tergites; shining brown, with black setulae. Aculeus orange, cylindrical, about 25 times longer than wide; aculeus tip darker orange and slightly downcurved. Body length: 7.29 (6.40��8.48)mm; wing length 7.08 (6.40��7.80)mm Material examined Type material: Lectotype (designated by inference of holotype by D.E. Hardy, 1966: 663) ��: SENEGAL? ��� Senegal?���, ex coll. Saunders (BMNH). Other material: CAMEROON: 3 ���� 2 ����, Yaound��, 24.VII. 1936, ex Guttiferae (smaller fruit), J.M. McGough (USNM). CONGO (D.R.): 1 ��, Epulu, 2.X. 1957, 950m, Ross & Leech (CAS). IVORY COAST: 1 ��, Bandama, 18.V. 1971 ���pi��ge lum.��� ��� 21��224 ��� (MNHN); 1 �� 1 ��, Korhogo, 25.IV. 2000, Nu lure trap, H. N���Klo (KMMA). SIERRA LEONE: 1 ��, ���Hinterland of Sierra Leone���, 1898, Lt. Boyd Horsbrugh (BMNH). Unknown Country: 1 ��, no locality given, ���Marigot sal����� 3.III. 1971 (MNHN). Unknown country: 1 ��, no locality given, 21.III. 1944, ���A�� 1192 ��� (USNM). Distribution Senegal?; Cameroon, Congo (D.R.), Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone Comments The holotype is in poor condition, with large part of the thorax damaged and features obscured. The body is covered with remains of mould and one wing is missing. However the legs are completely yellow with femora same color as rest of the legs; the type is much smaller than other material seen and the indentation in cell Sc is not as deep as in other specimens. The above description is based upon the holotype and supplemented with characters observed in the non��type material. Some of the specimens studied do not have a country of origin indicated on the specimen labels., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Walker, F. (1853) Diptera (Part IV), p 253 - 414. In Insecta Saundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., F. R. S., F. L. S., & c Vo l. 1. John Van Voorst, London. 474 pp."]}

C. radulata sp.n. (Figs. 14, 29) Diagnosis Arista distinctly plumose; frons with longitudinal brown band for entire length; three frontals; distance between posterior frontal and anterior orbital shorter than distance between anterior and posterior orbital; three frontals; scutum without transverse band; postpronotum white; scutellum with three apical brown spots, only visible in ventral view; anterior margin of wing with one indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1; S��band and inverted V��band separate. Description Head. Antennal segments brown. Arista distinctly plumose; longest rays longer than width of first flagellomere. Frons white to yellow, longitudinal brown band for entire length from ocellar triangle to antennal base, equal to width of distance between anterior orbitals. Three frontals placed on oblique line, with anterior frontal at least 3 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Distance between posterior frontal and anterior orbital is shorter than distance between anterior and posterior orbital. Face white, gena darker brown. Thorax. Scutum shining black��brown, along transverse suture yellow��brown; black setulae, without transverse bands of silvery setulae. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum with white to yellow band with lower margin reaching to lower fourth of posterior margin; with pale setulae, lower fourth with black setulae, two anepisternals. Katatergite and anatergite both white. Scutellum white, ventrally with 3 brown apical spots, not visible in dorsal view. Subscutellum black. Legs brown, tibia and tarsal segments yellow. Wing. Pattern similar to that of C. pseudotritea (see fig. 9). Hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, reaching well beyond vein R 4 + 5, to halfway between R 4 + 5 and M. S��band and inverted V��band not fused. S��band with small subapical tooth. Crossvein DM��Cu straight. R��M ratio 1.15. Abdomen. Shining black��brown; with black setulae. Spermatheca ovoid in apical part, base slender. Female terminalia, oviscape shorter than abdomen; shining black��brown. Aculeus orange, flattened (Fig. 14), about 5 times longer than wide; tip truncate with small protuberances (Fig. 29). Male unknown Body length: 5.20mm; wing length 5.20mm Etymology After the Latin radula, meaning a scraper and referring to the shape of the aculeus tip. Distribution Cameroon Comments External morphology corresponds to that of pseudotritea except for the very different aculeus with spatulate tip. The main non��sexual difference is the wider longitudinal band on frons but this seems to be variable in pseudotritea s.s.., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780

C. speciosa Hancock, 1984 (Fig. 5) Carpophthoromoyia [sic] speciosa Hancock, 1984: 291. Diagnosis Arista short to medium pilose; three frontals; scutum with two broad transverse bands; postpronotum white to yellow; scutellum with three separate or merged brown spots; anterior margin of wing with one indentation, near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1; S��band and inverted V��band fused basally and subapically; Madagascar species. Description Head. Antennal segments red��brown. Arista with short pubescent to medium long pilose, longest rays at most half the width of first flagellomere. Frons yellow, upper third (area in between orbitals to upper margin ocellar triangle) brown; near antennal base with brown patches, sometimes brown patches more pronounced and extending along frontals. Three frontals placed on slight oblique line, with anterior frontal 1.5��2 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Face white to yellow, parafacial area and gena darker brown. Thorax. Scutum shining black��brown; black setulae, except for two broad transverse bands with silvery setulae, one anteriorly of transverse suture continuing posteriorly along lateral margin to postsutural supraalars, second at dorsocentrals. Postpronotum white to yellow. Anepisternum with white to yellow band; reaching lower fifth of posterior margin; pale setulae, along lower fifth few black setulae, two anepisternals. Katatergite and anatergite white to yellow. Scutellum white to yellow, apical third with three black separate or merged spots. Subscutellum black. Legs reddish brown; tibiae and tarsal segments yellow. Wing (Fig. 5). Basal part with some paler streaks but not clear hyaline indentation. Hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1 reaching R 4 + 5. Sband and inverted V��band fused basally and subapically, creating a hyaline spot that runs obliquely from cu 2, over posterior part of dm and narrowly into r 4 + 5. No subapical tooth. Crossvein DM��Cu almost straight. R��M ratio 1.57��1.59. Abdomen. Shining black��brown; tergites 2 and 4 yellow to orange along posterior third to half; black setulae, tergites 2 and 4 with silvery setulae and microtrichosity along yellow��orange band; Tergite 5 more reddish brown along apical two��thirds. Spermatheca cylindrical. Female terminalia, oviscape orange��red to red��brown, as long as abdominal tergites; aculeus orange��red, stout, about 15 times longer than wide, cylindrical, tip simply pointed, slightly downcurved. Body length: 5.82 (5.04��6.24)mm; wing length 6.25 (5.44��6.72)mm Material examined Type material: Holotype ��: MADAGASCAR, Sandrangato, Institut Scientifique Madagascar (PPRI). Paratypes: MADAGASCAR, 1 �� 1 ��, Madagascar Sud, Sept��Lacs, 100m, Dct Tul��ar, 13��16.II. 1958, B. Stuckenberg (NMSA) Other material: MADAGASCAR: Bekily, 1 ��, October 1936; 1 ��, January 1937; 1 ��, April 1937, all A. Seyrig (MNHN); 1 ��, Tul. Sakaraha 13.III. 1958; 1 ��, D.��S., Mtge d���Ambre, 23.V. 1958; 1 ��, Tam. Perinet, 26.IX. 1958, all F. Keiser (NHMB); 1 ��, Oriental Forest Dist., Tanovana, betw. Tanatave & Tananarive, I��V. 1987, C. Lamberton (USNM); 1 ��, Toliara Province, 16km E Sakaraha, Zimbitse Nature Reserve, 22 �� 53 ���S 44 �� 42 ���E, hand netted in tropical forest on sand, 98 ��MAD�� 16, M.E. Irwin & E.I. Schlinger (CAS). Distribution Madagascar Comments This is the only species of this genus reported from the Indian Ocean islands, and apparently restricted to Madagascar., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Hancock, D. L. (1984) Ceratitinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from the Malagasy subregion. Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 47, 277 - 301."]}

Key to the species of the genus Carpophthoromyia 1. Anterior margin of wing completely dark brown coloured; no hyaline indentations in or near cell c or near apical part of vein R 1 (Figs. 7, 8)................................................ 2 ­ Anterior margin of wing with hyaline spots or indentations in cell c and/or near apical part of vein R 1 (Figs. 1 –6, 9– 12).................................................................................. 3 2. Wing with inverted V­band and S­band linked in middle of cell r 4 + 5 (Fig. 7); apical brown scutellar spot extending beyond apical scutellar setae ......................... dimidiata ­ Wing with inverted V­band and S­band not touching in middle of cell r 4 + 5, at most, Sband with subapical tooth (Fig. 8); apical scutellar spot absent, or reduced to small ventroapical spot not extending beyond apical scutellar setae............................ vittata 3. Anterior margin of wing with hyaline triangular indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, extending posteriorly to vein R 4 + 5 or beyond, cell c with or without hyaline patches (Figs. 1 –6, 9)......................................................................... 4 ­ Anterior margin of wing without hyaline triangular indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1;cell c largely hyaline, extending posteriorly at least to cell bm (Figs. 10–12)......................................................................................................... 15 4. Scutellum white or yellow­white, with at most a single black apical spot not extending beyond apical scutellar setae....................................................................................... 5 ­ Scutellum partly white or yellow­white, with three separate or joined dark apical spots, touching base of apical and basal scutellar setae............................................... 7 5. Anterior wing margin with cell c completely brown coloured, no hyaline areas.......... ......................................................................................................................... nigribasis ­ Anterior wing margin with cell c hyaline with brown patches.................................. 6 6. Fore femur reddish brown in both sexes........................................................... procera ­ Fore femur completely yellow in male, brown with anterior part at least partly yellow in female......................................................................................................... scutellata 7. In dorsal view scutellar spots visible, occupying at least apical fourth (up to apical half) of scutellum......................................................................................................... 8 ­ In dorsal view scutellum white, scutellar spots not visible and restricted to ventral sur­ face............................................................................................................................. 10 8. Inverted V­band not touching S­band (Fig. 1)....................................... debeckeri sp.n. ­ Inverted V­band touching S­band in cell R 4 + 5 (Figs. 2, 3, 5)....................................... 9 9. Inverted V­band and S­band largely fused in cell dm (Figs. 2,3)..................... litterata ­ Inverted V­band and S­band clearly separated in cell dm, at most touching in basal part of cell cu 2 near vein A 1 +Cu 2 (Fig. 5)................................................................ speciosa 10. Frons with longitudinal brown band running from ocellar triangle to antennal base 11 ­ Frons without such longitudinal band........................................................... tessmanni 11. Two frontal setae; scutum with transverse band of silvery setulae along transverse suture ......................................................................................................... virgata sp.n. ­ Three frontal setae, scutum completely covered with dark setulae, no silvery transverse band.................................................................................................................. 12 12. Distinct yellow fasciae present on transverse suture........................ flavofasciata sp.n. ­ Without distinct yellow fasciae present on transverse suture, at most a slightly paler region.......................................................................................................................... 13 13. Distance between posterior frontal and anterior orbital setae longer or equal to distance between anterior and posterior orbital setae. Male, epandrium heart­shaped in posterior view; posterior lobe of lateral surstylus elongated and distinctly curved; medial surstylus at apex rounded (Fig. 34)........................................................... dividua sp.n. ­ Distance between posterior frontal and anterior orbital setae shorter than distance between anterior and posterior orbital setae. Male terminalia (if male sex known), epandrium rounded in posterior view; posterior lobe of lateral surstylus elongated and almost straight; medial surstylus at apex pointed (fig. 35)........................................ 14 14. Female aculeus simply pointed, without protuberances (Fig. 24) .............. pseudotritea ­ Female aculeus flattened with protuberances (male unknown) (Fig. 29) radulata sp.n. 15. Postpronotal lobe completely white coloured, contrasting distinctly with dark coloration of scutum.................................................................................... schoutedeni sp.n. ­ Postpronotal lobe pale brown coloured, only slightly paler than ground colour of scutum........................................................................................................................ 16 16. Wing with inverted V­band divided in two parts (Fig. 10).................. interrupta sp.n. ­ Wing with inverted V­band continuous, not interrupted (Fig. 12)....................... tritea

C. litterata (Munro, 1933) (Figs. 2, 3) Trirhithrum litteratum Munro, 1933: 33. Trirhithrum litteratum: Cogan & Munro 1980. Carpophthoromyia litterata: Hancock 1987. Diagnosis Arista short pubescent to medium pilose; three frontals; scutum with two broad transverse bands; postpronotum white; scutellum with three separate or merged brown spots, visible in dorsal view; anterior margin of wing with two indentations, in cell c and sc; Sband and inverted V��band largely fused along cells cu 2 and dm. Description Head. Antennal segments yellow. Arista short pubescent to medium long pilose, longest rays one��third to half width of first flagellomere. Frons yellow. Three frontals placed almost on straight line, with anterior frontal at most 1.5 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Face white, gena yellow. Thorax. Scutum shining brown to orange��brown; black setulae, except for two broad transverse bands with silvery setulae: one anteriorly of transverse suture continuing posteriorly along lateral margin to postsutural supraalars, second partly incomplete band between dorsocentrals. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum with white to yellow band with lower margin reaching to lower third or halfway posterior margin; with pale setulae, lower fourth to third posteriorly with black setulae, two anepisternals. Katatergite and anatergite white. Scutellum white, apical third with three separate brown spots, occasionally partly merged. Subscutellum brown to yellow��brown Legs yellow, femora darker yellow��brown in female. Wing (Figs. 2��3). Hyaline indentation in cell c, with dark brown spots and streaks. Additional hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, reaching R 4 + 5. S��band with subapical tooth. S��band and inverted V��band largely fused along cells cu 2 and dm, dm and anterior part of r 4 + 5 in male; in female partly separated in cu 2 and dm. Crossvein DM��Cu straight or slightly sinuous. R��M ratio 1.86���1.88. Abdomen. Shining brown, tergite 1 yellow��orange along anterior half; tergites 2 and 4 along posterior half to two��thirds yellow to yellow��orange, sometimes tergite 2 largely and tergite 5 in median part posteriorly yellow��orange; with black setulae, tergites 2 and 4 with silvery setulae and microtrichosity along yellow��orange band. Spermatheca ovoid in apical part, base slender. Female terminalia, oviscape shining yellow��orange; longer than abdominal tergites. Aculeus orange, cylindrical, about 25 times longer than wide; tip simply pointed, slightly downcurved. Body length: 7.20 (6.80���7.60)mm; wing length 7.64 (7.44���7.92)mm Material examined Type material: lectotype (herewith designated) M: SOUTH AFRICA, Durban, March 1932, W.E. Marriott, bait trap (PPRI). Paralectotypes: same locality as lectotype, 1 ��, February 1932, W.E. Marriott, bait trap (PPRI); 1 �� 1 ��, Durban, April 1932, W.E. Marriott, bait trap (BMNH). Other material: SOUTH AFRICA, Durban 1 ��, Durban, January 1935, bait trap; 1 ��, March 1937, ���M 631 ���, both W.E. Marriott (KMMA). Material tentatively identified as litterata: KENYA, 1 ��, Tiwi Mombasa, April 1964, R. Carcasson (NMK). Distribution South Africa, Kenya? Host plants The code ���M 631 ��� on one of the specimens in the KMMA collection refers to material reared from fruits of Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae) according to Munro���s logbook. Comments The original description lists a male and female type and 21 male and 13 female paratypes. The male is hereby designated as lectotype while the remaining series are considered as paralectotypes. The specimen from Kenya in the NMK collection is heavily damaged with the wings only partly remaining. It���s general pattern (especially fusion of Sband and inverted V��band) seems to indicate that it concerns C. litterata. It differs from the typical representatives in that the femora distinctly darker than the remainder of the legs. The specimen is tentatively placed here but more material is needed to confirm the presence of this species beyond South Africa., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780, {"references":["Munro, H. K. (1933) Records of South African fruit-flies (Trypetidae, Diptera) with descriptions of new species. Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa (1932), 8, 25 - 45."]}

C. debeckeri sp. n. (Fig. 1) Diagnosis Arista short pubescent; two frontals; scutum with two broad transverse bands; postpronotum white; scutellum white with three brown merged spots along apical half; anterior margin of wing with hyaline indentations in cell c and sc; S��band and inverted V��band separate. Description Head. Antennal segments yellow to orange. Arista short pubescent, longest rays less than half width of first flagellomere. Frons white to yellow, upper part darker. Two frontals placed on almost straight line, with anterior frontal at most 1.5 times as far from the inner eye margin than posterior frontal; two orbitals. Face white. Thorax. Scutum shining orange��brown; black setulae, except for two broad transverse bands with silvery setulae; one anteriorly of transverse suture, continuing posteriorly along lateral margins to base of postsutural supraalars or almost so, second one near dorsocentrals. Postpronotum white. Anepisternum with white band with lower margin reaching posteroventral corner or almost so; with pale setulae, two anepisternals. Anatergite and katatergite white. Scutellum white, apical half with three brown spots, largely merged with area in between spots yellow��brown. Subscutellum orange��brown. Legs yellow to yellow��orange. Wing (Fig. 1). Hyaline indentation in cell c, with few black patches and streaks; also basal part of cells dm and cu 2 partly hyaline. Hyaline indentation near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1 reaching R 4 + 5. S��band and inverted V��band completely separate. S��band without subapical tooth. Crossvein DM��Cu straight. R��M ratio 1.18���1.37. Abdomen. Shining orange��brown, posterior margin to half of tergites 2���4 more white to yellow, tergite 5 orange; with black setulae, tergites 2���4 with silvery setulae and microtrichosity along white to yellow band. Spermatheca cylindrical. Female terminalia, oviscape about as long as abdominal tergites; shining orange, with black setulae. Aculeus orange, cylindrical, about 15 times longer than wide; aculeus tip slightly downcurved. Body length: 6.4 (6.0��� 6.8) mm; wing length 7.36 (7.04���7.68) mm. Material examined Holotype ��: MALAWI, Chitipa district, Jembya Reserve, 18km SSE Chisenga, 10 ��08���S 33 �� 27 ���E, 1,870m, 11���20.I. 1989, J. Rawlins & S. Thompson (CMNH). Paratypes: 2 �� 1 ��, same locality and data as holotype. All type material is deposited in the CMNH except for two paratypes in the KMMA. Etymology Named in honour of Mr J. Debecker, recently retired technician at the Royal Museum for Central Africa, and for many years in charge of the Diptera collection at this institution. Distribution Malawi. Comments This new species is similar to other representatives with two transverse bands on the scutum, hyaline markings both in cell c and near junction of vein C with apical part of vein R 1, and a stout rounded aculeus. It resembles C. procera and C. scutellata except for the presence of distinct apical spots on the scutellum. From C. litterata it can be differentiated by the wing banding. It differs from all the above species by the presence of only two frontals., Published as part of Meyer, Marc De, 2006, Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1235 on pages 7-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172780