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Uvod: Pomemben vidik spolnega in reproduktivnega zdravja predstavlja zaščita pred neželeno nosečnostjo in spolno prenosljivimi boleznimi. Načrtovanje družine je povezano s številnimi koristmi za zdravje, vključno z zmanjšanjem neželenih nosečnosti, izboljšanjem zdravja dojenčkov in znižanjem z nosečnostjo povezane obolevnosti in umrljivosti. V svetu je trenutno na voljo 15 metod kontracepcije, zato lahko posameznik izbere tisto, ki mu najbolj ustreza. Ljudje se po nasvet o izbiri kontracepcije pogosto obrnejo na zdravstvene delavce (babice, medicinske sestre), ki delajo na področju zdravstvenega varstva žensk, zato je pomembno, da so ti seznanjeni s posameznimi metodami kontracepcije in poznajo njihove prednosti ter slabosti. Namen: Namen diplomske naloge je raziskati poznavanje metod kontracepcije med študenti babištva in zdravstvene nege. Metode dela: V diplomski nalogi je uporabljena empirična metoda dela. Uporabljena je bila znanstvena in strokovna literatura v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku, objavljena med leti 2011 in 2021. Literatura je bila iskana v podatkovnih bazah COBISS, bibliografske baze DiKUL, ScienceDirect in Cochrane. V kvantitativnem delu je bila izvedena raziskava med študenti babištva in zdravstvene nege na Zdravstveni fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani. Oblikovan je bil spletni vprašalnik v orodju 1KA. Vabilo za sodelovanje je bilo poslano preko elektronske pošte na skupne e-naslove posameznih letnikov izbranih študijskih smeri. Rezultati: Spletni vprašalnik z 21 vprašanji je ustrezno izpolnilo 156 študentov. Študentje dobro poznajo delovanje kontracepcije in posamezne metode, vendar imajo pomanjkljivo znanje o stranskih učinkih in kontraindikacijah uporabe. Največje odstopanje med študenti babištva in zdravstvene nege je predstavljalo znanje o naravnih metodah kontracepcije in sterilizaciji. Razprava in zaključek: Preverjanje poznavanja kontracepcije med študenti je pokazalo, da imajo študentje babištva dobro znanje o kontracepciji, študentje zdravstvene nege pa zadostno. Zdravstveni delavci, ki delajo na področju zdravstvenega varstva žensk, bi morali dobro poznati metode kontracepcije, saj se ljudje pogosto obračajo po nasvet ravno nanje. Večina splošne populacije ob omembi kontracepcije najprej pomisli na kontracepcijske tablete in kondom, zato bi morali zdravstveni delavci več promocije nameniti tudi ostalim metodam, ki nudijo zaščito pred neželeno nosečnostjo. Introduction: An important aspect of sexual and reproductive health is protection against unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Family planning is associated with a number of health benefits, including reducing unwanted pregnancies, improving infant health, and reducing pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality. There are currently 15 methods of contraception available in the world, so an individual can choose the one that suits him best. People often turn to healthcare professionals (midwives, nurses) working in women's health care for advice on choosing contraception, so it is important that they are familiar with individual methods of contraception and know their advantages and disadvantages. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma thesis is to investigate the knowledge of contraceptive methods among students of midwifery and nursing. Methods: The empirical method of work is used in the diploma thesis. Scientific and professional literature in Slovene and English, published between 2011 and 2021, was used. The literature was searched in COBISS databases, DiKUL, ScienceDirect and Cochrane bibliographic databases. In the quantitative part, a survey was conducted among midwifery and nursing students at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana. An online questionnaire in the 1KA tool was created. The invitation to participate was sent via e-mail to the common e-mail addresses of individual classes of selected study programs. Results: An online questionnaire of 21 questions was fuly completed by 156 students. Students are well acquainted with the workings of contraception and individual methods, but have a lack of knowledge about the side effects and contraindications of use. The biggest discrepancy among midwifery and nursing students was knowledge of natural methods of contraception and sterilization. Discussion and conclusion: A test of contraceptive knowledge among students showed that midwifery students have a good knowledge of contraception and nursing students have sufficient. Healthcare professionals working in the field of women's healthcare should be well acquainted with contraceptive methods, as people often turn to them for advice. Most of the general population first think of birth control pills and condoms when they mention contraception, so healthcare professionals should pay more attention to other methods that offer protection against unwanted pregnancies.

L'objectif de cet article est de mettre en exergue les bases permettant d’avoir une efficacité théorique élevée des méthodes de contraception à partir d’un choix raisonné et discuté avec son partenaire. Il montre dans une étude purement qualitative basée sur des entretiens, d’abord une relation certaine entre les types de méthodes modernes de contraception et l’efficacité théorique de la planification familiale mais à condition qu’il y ait efficacité pratique (compréhension et utilisation). Puis, elle montre le rôle prépondérant du partenaire dans le processus d’utilisation des méthodes de planification familiale surtout son approbation et son suivi. La survenance des effets secondaires étant en première position des principales raisons des besoins non satisfaits, un suivi médical dans les centres de santé adaptés avant et après le choix de la méthode, permettrait de les réduire afin d’adapter un choix efficace à chaque couple.

Recent surveys show considerable progress in maternal and child health in Ethiopia. The improvement has been in health outcomes and health services coverage. The study examines how different groups have fared in this progress. It tracked 11 health outcome indicators and health interventions related to millennium development goals one, four, and five. These are stunting, underweight, wasting, neonatal mortality, infant mortality, under -five mortality, measles vaccination, and full immunization, modern contraceptive use by currently married women, antenatal care visits, and skilled birth attendance. Trends in rate differences and rate ratios are analyzed. The study also investigates the dynamics of inequalities, using concentration curves for different years. In addition, a decomposition analysis is conducted to identify the role of proximate determinants. The study finds substantial improvements in health outcomes and health services. Although there still exists a considerable gap between the rich and the poor, the study finds some reductions in inequalities of health services. However, some of the improvements in selected health outcomes appear to be pro-rich.

The health equity and financial protection datasheets provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low- and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. This report show how health outcomes, risky behaviors and health care utilization vary across asset (wealth) quintiles and periods. Benefit-incidence analysis (BIA) shows whether, and by how much, government health expenditure disproportionately benefits the poor the distribution of subsidies depends on the assumptions made to allocate subsidies to households. This reports whether overall health financing, as well as the individual sources of finance, is regressive (i.e. a poor household contributes a larger share of its resources than a rich one), progressive (i.e. a poor household contributes a smaller share of its resources than a rich one) or proportional.

The health equity and financial protection datasheets provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low-and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. The tables in this report show how health outcomes, risky behaviors and health care utilization vary across asset (wealth) quintiles and periods. The quintiles are based on an asset index constructed using principal components analysis. Benefit-Incidence Analysis (BIA) shows whether, and by how much, government health expenditure disproportionately benefits the poor. The distribution of subsidies depends on the assumptions made to allocate subsidies to households. Under the constant unit cost assumption, each unit of utilization is assumed to cost the same and is equal to total costs incurred in delivering this type of service divided by the number of units of utilization.

Kosovo is one of the poorest countries in Europe (World Bank 2010). In 2009, 35 percent of the population lived below the poverty line. This note was prepared primarily as a key input to the Kosovo country partnership strategy (FY2012 to FY2015) and aims to provide an overview of gender disparities in three major domains: human capital, labor market, and entrepreneurship. The note provides a broad picture of gender disparities in Kosovo in education, health, and access to economic opportunities. Lack of statistical data on Kosovo, and particularly of gender-disaggregated data, limits the depth and scope of this gender diagnostic. Men and women in Kosovo have lower education levels than men and women in the European Union (EU). Women comprise less than 10 percent of all entrepreneurs and 0.3 percent of top management positions. This note is organized as follows: section one highlights gender differences in human capital focusing on education and health outcomes; section two describes men's and women's relative employment patterns; section three focuses on gender disparities in entrepreneurship and career advancement in business and politics; and section four provides concluding observations.

Nicaragua, a largely urban country (56 percent of the population lives in urban areas), is one of the least populous (5.53 million) and poorest countries in CentralAmerica. Following reforms in the 1980s, Nicaragua made remarkable progress in gender equity in education and the labor force, while the wide availability of primary health care initiated in the 1970's, including family planning services, led to improvements in infant and child mortality rates. Several lessons emerge from Nicaragua's success at reducing fertility. The government was committed to gender equity and female empowerment through educating girls and women and recruiting women into the labor force. Family planning services were provided within a well functioning primary health care system, including an extensive, efficient contraceptive distribution network that works with international donors, and international and national Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to offer women a good mix of options. Demand must be created through a timely public education campaign. Success requires civic engagement with stakeholders, which may initially mean avoiding unnecessary confrontation and publicity of services for addressing the concerns of more conservative stakeholders.

Despite its volatile history, the Islamic Republic of Iran has performed well on social indicators, especially in providing basic services such as health care and education. Iran's fertility decline may have proceeded in two stages, the first beginning in the late 1960s. The Iranian government introduced a family planning program during the 1960s with explicit health and demographic objectives. Between 1967 and 1977, fertility declined-mainly in urban areas-to an average of 4 children per woman. Although the family planning program continued after the 1979 Islamic revolution, it was suspended after war broke out with Iraq in 1980. During the war, the government pursued a pronatalist population policy, including incentives for childbearing. The fertility decline coincided with improvements in primary and secondary education, possibly affecting the rapid decline in adolescent fertility during 1997-2006, especially when compared to other Middle East and North Africa region countries. Today regional disparities in fertility exist with higher fertility in less developed districts. Yet Iran's example shows how good public policy interventions in health (including family planning) and education can reduce fertility and contribute to human development.

Like other countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, Algeria has undergone a demographic transition. But Algeria's fertility decline defies conventional explanation. Despite inauspicious starting conditions-a high total fertility rate, reluctant policy environment, and delayed implementation of a national family planning program-Algeria has surpassed some of its neighbors in fertility reduction. Before its fertility transition, Algeria had one of the highest crude birth rates in the world, nearly 50 per 1,000. The fertility transition began in 1965-70, before any significant government support for or investment in population control or family planning and before significant external donor funding became available. Since then, profound changes in the traditional family model have led to a 64 percent decline in the total fertility rate in recent decades, from 6.76 in 1980 to 2.41 in 2006. Overall, Algeria's fertility decline is best understood in terms of changes in behavior, especially the delay in age at first marriage, the increase in contraceptive use, and-to a certain degree-the negative effects of the economic crisis manifested in the housing shortage and unemployment of young adults.