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Goal: after a review of the main published data relating to the anatomy of the tonsillar fossa, the epidemiology, the classification, and the trans-oral surgery of squamous cell cancers (SSC) of the tonsillar fossa, we evaluate the impact of robotization at the time of trans-oral surgery for isolated and previously untreated SCC of the tonsillar fossa classified as T1-T2. Method: retrospective analysis of two cohorts of patients with SCC of the tonsillar fossa classified as T1-T2 consecutively operated trans orally with (R = 21) and without (NR = 34) robotization during the years 2006-2014. Three main criteria - survival, local control with the consequences of local failure, operative morbidity - and three accessory ones - pathologic data, incidence and duration of tracheotomy and nasogastric feeding tubes and duration of hospitalisation - were compared between both groups. Statistical significance was set at the .005 level. Results: within the R and NR group, the 3- and 5-year actuarial survival estimate varied from 93.8 % to 73.7 % and from 90.7 % to 74.7 %, while the 3- and 5-year actuarial local control estimate varied from 90.2% to 90.2 % and from 96.9 % to 93,1%, without any significant statistical difference. No difference was noted between the 2 groups in terms of surgical site morbidity, tracheotomy duration or nasogastric tube and length of hospital stay. The percentage of resection margins reached by the EC ranged from 38.1% of cases in the R group to 15.2% in the NR group, without being statistically significant and without impact on the local control rate. Conclusion: robotization does not significantly modify the carcinological and functional results of trans-oral T1-2 tonsil squamous cell carcinoma.; But : après une revue des principales données publiées ayant trait à l’anatomie de la loge amygdalienne ainsi qu’à l’épidémiologie, la classification, et la chirurgie trans-orale des carcinomes épidermoïdes (CE) de la loge amygdalienne, nous évaluons l’impact de la robotisation de la chirurgie trans-orale de ces CE isolés et non préalablement traités, classés T1-T2. Méthode : étude rétrospective de deux cohortes de patients avec CE isolé classé T1-T2 consécutivement opérés par voie trans-orale avec (R = 21) et sans (NR = 34) robotisation sur la période 2006 -2014. Trois critères principaux : survie, contrôle local et morbidité opératoire, et trois critères accessoires : limites de résection, incidence et durée de trachéotomie et de sonde naso-gastrique et durée d’hospitalisation étaient comparées entre les deux groupes. Le seuil de significativité était établi à p < 0,005. Résultats : au sein des groupes R et NR, le taux actuariel de survie à 3 et 5 ans variait, respectivement, de 93,8 % à 73,7 % et de 90,7 % à 74,7 %, pour un taux actuariel de contrôle local à 3 et 5 ans, qui variait respectivement de 90,2% à 90,2 % et de 96.9 % à 93,1%, sans différence statistiquement significative. Aucune différence était notée entre les 2 groupes en termes de morbidité au site opératoire, de durée de trachéotomie ou de sonde naso-gastrique et de durée d’hospitalisation. Le pourcentage de limites de résection atteintes par le CE variait de 38,1 % des cas dans le groupe R à 15,2 % dans le groupe NR, sans être statistiquement significatif et sans impact sur le taux de contrôle local. Conclusion : la robotisation ne modifie pas de façon significative les résultats carcinologiques et fonctionnels de la chirurgie trans-orale des carcinomes épidermoïdes de l’amygdale classés T1-T2.

Astroviruses are known to infect humans and a wide range of animal species, and can cause gastroenteritis in their hosts. Recent studies have reported astroviruses in bats in Europe and in several locations in China. We sampled 1876 bats from 17 genera at 45 sites from 14 and 13 provinces in Cambodia and Lao PDR respectively, and tested them for astroviruses. Our study revealed a high diversity of astroviruses among various Yangochiroptera and Yinpterochiroptera bats. Evidence for varying degrees of host restriction for astroviruses in bats was found. Furthermore, additional Pteropodid hosts were detected. The astroviruses formed distinct phylogenetic clusters within the genus Mamastrovirus, most closely related to other known bat astroviruses. The astrovirus sequences were found to be highly saturated indicating that phylogenetic relationships should be interpreted carefully. An astrovirus clustering in a group with other viruses from diverse hosts, including from ungulates and porcupines, was found in a Rousettus bat. These findings suggest that diverse astroviruses can be found in many species of mammals, including bats., Highlights • Diverse astroviruses detected in bats in Lao PDR and Cambodia • High polymorphism of astroviruses found in insectivorous and frugivorous bats • High level of genome saturation and hypermutation potential evidenced in astrovirus • Detection of additional astrovirus bat hosts, i.e. nectar bats from the genus Eonycteris • Discovery of a new species of astrovirus in fruit bats (Rousettus sp.), Graphical abstract. Image 1

International audience; The estimation of the bulk-solvent contribution to the diffraction of a macromolecular crystal makes use of a solvent mask which delimits the bulk-solvent regions in the crystal. It is shown that the way this mask is usually defined in CNS contains a bias which can lead to absurd results in the case of very large structures, where the calculations can only be made on relatively coarse grids. A modified procedure is described and applied to 70S ribosome data at 5.5 A resolution. The B factor affecting the bulk solvent is also discussed. Even in this case of very high and widely variable atomic B factors, it seems sufficient to consider a constant and isotropic B factor for the bulk solvent. This is initially set to the average value of the atomic B factor, but can be refined.

International audience; Acoustic communication is widespread in animals. According to the sensory drive hypothesis [Endler JA (1993) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 340(1292):215-225], communication signals and perceptual systems have coevolved. A clear illustration of this is the evolution of the tetrapod middle ear, adapted to life on land. Here we report the discovery of a bone conduction-mediated stimulation of the ear by wave propagation in Sechellophryne gardineri, one of the world's smallest terrestrial tetrapods, which lacks a middle ear yet produces acoustic signals. Based on X-ray synchrotron holotomography, we measured the biomechanical properties of the otic tissues and modeled the acoustic propagation. Our models show how bone conduction enhanced by the resonating role of the mouth allows these seemingly deaf frogs to communicate effectively without a middle ear.

International audience; Transient bacteremia from oral cavity related to oral anaerobic bacteria may occur as a result of dental healthcare procedures but also as a result of daily gestures involving the gums (chewing and oral hygiene). The risk of presenting a transient bacteremia is related to oral cavity bacterial load and to the severity of inflammation in the oral cavity. Although bacteremia is transient, in patients with immunodeficiency or comorbidity, this bacteremia may cause extra-oral infections. The bacteremia rate and the identified bacteria vary from one study to the next, depending on the method used to isolate and identify bacteria. Nevertheless, the risk for bacteremia is determined by the infectious and inflammatory conditions of each patient.

The aim of this work was to investigate the early development of the deciduous dentition and oral vestibule in the human embryonic lower jaw. Histological sections and three-dimensional reconstructions from prenatal weeks 6-9 were used. A continuous anlage for the oral vestibule did not exist in the mandible. In contrast to the upper jaw, where we previously observed that the dental and vestibular epithelia developed separately, two dento-vestibular bulges differentiated in the incisor region of the mandible. The lingual parts of each bulge were found to give rise to the respective central and lateral incisors, whereas the labial parts differentiated into the vestibular epithelium. In the canine and molar areas, the dental and vestibular epithelia originated separately. Later, the segments of the vestibular epithelium fused into the labial vestibular ridge, giving rise to the lower oral vestibule in the lip region. In the cheek region, the oral vestibule was found to originate in the mucosal inflection between the developing jaw and the cheek. A similar heterogeneous developmental base for the oral vestibule was also observed in the upper jaw. There is thus no general scheme for the early development of the dental and vestibular epithelia that applies to both the upper and lower jaws, and to both their anterior and posterior regions.

The definitive version is available at ww3.interscience.wiley.com; International audience

International audience; The oral susceptibility to yellow fever virus was evaluated in 23 Aedes aegypti samples from Brazil. Six Ae. aegypti samples from Africa, America and Asia were also tested for comparison. Mosquito samples from Asia showed the highest infection rates. Infection rates for the Brazilian Ae. aegypti reached 48.6%, but were under 13% in 60% of sample tested. We concluded that although the low infection rates estimated for some Brazilian mosquito samples may not favor the establishment of urban cycle of yellow fever in some parts of the country, the founding of Ae. aegypti of noteworthy susceptibility to the virus in cities located in endemic and transition areas of sylvatic yellow fever, do pose a threat of the re-emergence of the urban transmission of the disease in Brazil.