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Olivier Hanse, Annette Lensing, Birgit Metzger (Hrsg.).Édition papier : ISBN 978-2-8076-0348-6 - Édition numérique : ISBN 978-2-8076-0347-9.; International audience; Im 20. Jahrhundert wurde die Ökologie in Frankreich wie in Deutschland zu einem zentralen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Thema. Wie lassen sich die unterschiedlichen Akteure, ihre Ideen und Handlungsweisen in den politischen Landschaften in Deutschland und Frankreich verorten? Wie bezogen sie sich aufeinander? Inwiefern rufen die Debatten zur schwierigen Verortung der politischen Ökologie im Rechts-Links-Schema in beiden Ländern unterschiedliche Stellungnahmen hervor? Diese Fragen stehen im Zentrum dieses Bandes, der sich einer transnationalen Umweltgeschichte im 20. Jahrhundert verschreibt und über die politischen Bewegungen und Parteien hinaus vielfältige Ausdrucks- und Handlungsformen wie die Gewerkschaften, die Körperkultur, die Naturheilkunde und die biologische Landwirtschaft miteinbezieht.; Au XXe siècle, l’écologie est devenue, en France comme en Allemagne, un sujet social et politique de premier ordre. Quelle place occupent les divers acteurs, leurs idées et leurs modes d’engagement dans le paysage politique allemand et français ? Quels rapports entretenaient-ils ? Dans quelle mesure les débats sur le positionnement difficile de l’écologie politique sur l’axe traditionnel gauche-droite aboutissent-ils à des prises de position différentes en France et en Allemagne ? Ces questions sont au centre des contributions de cet ouvrage, qui s’inscrit dans une approche transnationale de l’histoire environnementale du XXe siècle et inclut dans sa réflexion, en plus des mouvements et partis politiques, des modes d’expression et d’engagement comme le syndicalisme, la culture du corps, la naturopathie et l’agriculture biologique

International audience; We present new observations of the nuclear star cluster in the central parsec of the Galaxy with the adaptive optics assisted, integral field spectrograph SINFONI on the ESO/VLT. Our work allows the spectroscopic detection of early- and late-type stars to mK >= 16, more than 2 mag deeper than our previous data sets. Our observations result in a total sample of 177 bona fide early-type stars. We find that most of these Wolf Rayet (WR), O-, and B-stars reside in two strongly warped disks between 0farcs8 and 12'' from Sgr A*, as well as a central compact concentration (the S-star cluster) centered on Sgr A*. The later type B-stars (mK >15) in the radial interval between 0farcs8 and 12'' seem to be in a more isotropic distribution outside the disks. The observed dearth of late-type stars in the central few arcseconds is puzzling, even when allowing for stellar collisions. The stellar mass function of the disk stars is extremely top heavy with a best-fit power law of dN/dm vprop m -0.45± 0.3. WR/O-stars were formed in situ in a single star formation event ~6 Myr ago, this mass function probably reflects the initial mass function (IMF). The mass functions of the S-stars inside 0farcs8 and of the early-type stars at distances beyond 12'' are compatible with a standard Salpeter/Kroupa IMF (best-fit power law of dN/dm vprop m -2.15± 0.3).

The GIII red giant star epsilon Oph has been found to exhibit several modes of oscillation by the MOST mission. We interpret the observed frequencies of oscillation in terms of theoretical radial p-mode frequencies of stellar models. Evolutionary models of this star, in both shell H-burning and core He-burning phases of evolution, are constructed using as constraints a combination of measurements from classical ground-based observations (for luminosity, temperature, and chemical composition) and seismic observations from MOST. Radial frequencies of models in either evolutionary phase can reproduce the observed frequency spectrum of epsilon Oph almost equally well. The best-fit models indicate a mass in the range of 1.85 +/- 0.05 Msun with radius of 10.55 +/- 0.15 Rsun. We also obtain an independent estimate of the radius of epsilon Oph using high accuracy interferometric observations in the infrared K' band, using the CHARA/FLUOR instrument. The measured limb darkened disk angular diameter of epsilon Oph is 2.961 +/- 0.007 mas. Together with the Hipparcos parallax, this translates into a photospheric radius of 10.39 +/- 0.07 Rsun. The radius obtained from the asteroseismic analysis matches the interferometric value quite closely even though the radius was not constrained during the modelling., Comment: 11 pages, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

International audience

International audience; Gaia will observe up to a billion stellar sources. Automated algorithms are under development to derive the atmospheric parameters of all observed spectra, from low resolution optical spectra alone or in synergy with high resolution spectra in the near-IR Ca II triplet region. To do so, a large database of state-of-the-art stellar libraries has been produced for the Gaia community, computed using different codes optimized for specific purposes. The choice to use different spectral codes in different regions of the H-R diagram raises the problem of the coherence of the different spectra, specifically in the transition zones. We present a comparison between the libraries from the point of view of spectra simulations for training the Gaia algorithms. We also present the implementation of these libraries into a Simple Stellar Population code.

Helioseismology puts strong constraints on the internal sound speed and on the rotation profile in the radiative zone. Young stars of solar type are more active and faster rotators than the Sun. So we begin to build models which include different rotation histories and compare the results with all the solar observations. The profiles of the rotation we get have interesting consequence for the introduction of magnetic field in the radiative zone. We discuss also the impact of mass loss deduced from measured flux of young stars. We deduce from these comparisons some quantitative effect of the dynamical processes (rotation, magnetic field and mass loss) of these early stages on the present sound speed and density. We show finally how we can improve our present knowledge of the radiative zone with PICARD and GOLFNG., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, contribution to SOHO24 in press

Context. The red supergiant (RSG) Betelgeuse is an irregular variable star. Convection may play an important role in understanding this variability. Interferometric observations can be interpreted using sophisticated simulations of stellar convection. Aims. We compare the visibility curves and closure phases obtained from our 3D simulation of RSG convection with CO5BOLD to various interferometric observations of Betelgeuse from the optical to the H band in order to characterize and measure the convection pattern on this star. Methods. We use 3D radiative-hydrodynamics (RHD) simulation to compute intensity maps in different filters and we thus derive interferometric observables using the post-processing radiative transfer code OPTIM3D. The synthetic visibility curves and closure phases are compared to observations. Results. We provide a robust detection of the granulation pattern on the surface of Betelgeuse in the optical and in the H band based on excellent fits to the observed visibility points and closure phases. Moreover, we determine that the Betelgeuse surface in the H band is covered by small to medium scale (5-15 mas) convection-related surface structures and a large (30 mas) convective cell. In this spectral region, H2O molecules are the main absorbers and contribute to the small structures and to the position of the first null of the visibility curve (i.e. the apparent stellar radius)., 11 pages, Accepted for publication on A&A

International audience; Context. The radius of a star is a very important constraint to evolutionary models, particularly when combined with asteroseismology. Diameters can now be measured interferometrically with great precision (better than 1%), but the center-to-limb darkening (CLD) remains a potential source of bias. Measuring this bias is possible by completely resolving the star using long-baseline interferometry, and has only been achieved for a handful of stars. Aims: The red giant eta Ser (K0III-IV) is a particularly interesting target, as asteroseismic oscillations have recently been detected in this star by spectroscopy. We aim to measure its radius with high accuracy, debiased from limb darkening, in order to bring new constraints to its models. Methods: We obtained interferometric observations of eta Ser in the near-infrared using the CHARA/FLUOR instrument, in particular in the so-called second lobe of visibility in order to constrain the CLD and debias our diameter estimation. Results: The limb darkened angular diameter of eta Ser is 2.944 ± 0.010 mas (using spherical photosphere models PHOENIX and MARCS for the limb darkening), that converts into a radius of 5.897 ± 0.028 R_&sun; with the Hipparcos parallax. Thanks to a precise visibility measurement in the second lobe of the visibility function of eta Ser and a one-parameter limb-darkened visibility profile, we were able to show that the photosphere models have the best agreement possible. Conclusions: Our limb darkening measurement of eta Ser is in agreement with existing atmosphere models of this star, with a slightly better agreement for models using spherical geometry. This is a strong indication that interferometric angular diameter measurements for red giants, corrected for the CLD using models, are unbiased at a very small level (a fraction of 1%). In particular, this strengthens our confidence in the existing catalogues of calibrator stars for interferometry that are based on giant stars similar to eta Ser. The high accuracy of our measurement brings a new and strong constraint for the asteroseismic modeling of this star.

Aims. We aim to explore the photosphere of the very cool late-type star VX Sgr and in particular the existence and characterization of molecular layers above the continuum forming photosphere. Methods. We obtained interferometric observations with the VLTI/AMBER interferometer using the fringe tracker FINITO in the spectral domain 1.45-2.50 micron with a spectral resolution of about 35 and baselines ranging from 15 to 88 meters.We perform independent image reconstruction for different wavelength bins and fit the interferometric data with a geometrical toy model.We also compare the data to 1D dynamical models of Miras atmosphere and to 3D hydrodynamical simulations of red supergiant (RSG) and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. Results. Reconstructed images and visibilities show a strong wavelength dependence. The H-band images display two bright spots whose positions are confirmed by the geometrical toy model. The inhomogeneities are qualitatively predicted by 3D simulations. At about 2,00 micron and in the region 2,35 - 2,50 micron, the photosphere appears extended and the radius is larger than in the H band. In this spectral region, the geometrical toy model locates a third bright spot outside the photosphere that can be a feature of the molecular layers. The wavelength dependence of the visibility can be qualitatively explained by 1D dynamical models of Mira atmospheres. The best-fitting photospheric models show a good match with the observed visibilities and give a photospheric diameter of theta = 8,82+-0,50 mas. The H2O molecule seems to be the dominant absorber in the molecular layers. Conclusions. We show that the atmosphere of VX Sgr rather resembles Mira/AGB star model atmospheres than RSG model atmospheres. In particular, we see molecular (water) layers that are typical for Mira stars., 9 Pages, Accepted for publication on Astronomy & Astrophysics, two references updated

Solar activity and helioseismology show the limitation of the standard solar model and call for the inclusion of dynamical processes in both convective and radiative zones. We concentrate here on the radiative zone and first show the sensitivity of boron neutrinos to the microscopic physics included in solar models. We confront the neutrino predictions of the seismic model to all the detected neutrino fluxes. Then we compute new models of the Sun including a detailed transport of angular momentum and chemicals due to internal rotation that includes meridional circulation and shear induced turbulence. We use two stellar evolution codes: CESAM and STAREVOL to estimate the different terms. We follow three temporal evolutions of the internal rotation differing by their initial conditions: very slow, moderate and fast rotation, with magnetic braking at the arrival on the main sequence for the last two. We find that the meridional velocity in the present solar radiative zone is extremely small in comparison with those of the convective zone, smaller than 10^-6 cm/s instead of m/s. All models lead to a radial differential rotation profile but with a significantly different contrast. We compare these profiles to the presumed solar internal rotation and show that if meridional circulation and shear turbulence were the only mechanisms transporting angular momentum within the Sun, a rather slow rotation in the young Sun is favored. The transport by rotation slightly influence the sound speed profile but its potential impact on the chemicals in the transition region between radiation and convective zones. This work pushes us to pursue the inclusion of the other dynamical processes to better reproduce the present observable and to describe the young active Sun. We also need to get a better knowledge of solar gravity mode splittings to use their constraints., Comment: 39 pages, 9 figures, accepted in Astrophysical Journal

The nature of the dark energy is still a mystery and several models have been proposed to explain it. Here we consider a phenomenological model for dark energy decay into photons and particles as proposed by Lima (J. Lima, Phys. Rev. D 54, 2571 (1996)). He studied the thermodynamic aspects of decaying dark energy models in particular in the case of a continuous photon creation and/or disruption. Following his approach, we derive a temperature redshift relation for the CMB which depends on the effective equation of state $w_{eff}$ and on the "adiabatic index" $\gamma$. Comparing our relation with the data on the CMB temperature as a function of the redshift obtained from Sunyaev-Zel'dovich observations and at higher redshift from quasar absorption line spectra, we find $w_{eff}=-0.97 \pm 0.034$, adopting for the adiabatic index $\gamma=4/3$, in good agreement with current estimates and still compatible with $w_{eff}=-1$, implying that the dark energy content being constant in time., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure

We present a detailed analysis of high resolution near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of the potential star cluster IRS13E very close to the massive black hole in the Galactic Center. We detect 19 objects in IRS13E from Ks-band images, 15 of which are also detected reliably in H-band. We derive consistent proper motions for these objects from the two bands. Most objects share a similar westward proper motion. We characterize the objects using spectroscopy (1.45 to 2.45 micrometer) and (narrow-band) imaging from H- (1.66 mircrometer) to L'-band (3.80 micrometer). Nine of the objects detected in both Ks- and H-band are very red, and we find that they are all consistent with being warm dust clumps. The dust emission may be caused by the colliding winds of the two Wolf-Rayet stars in the cluster. Three of the six detected stars do not share the motion or spectral properties of the three bright stars. This leaves only the three bright, early-type stars as potential cluster members. It is unlikely that these stars are a chance configuration. Assuming the presence of an IMBH, a mass of about 14000 solar masses follows from the velocities and positions of these three stars. However, our acceleration limits make such an IMBH nearly as unlikely as a chance occurrence of such a star association. Furthermore, there is no variable X-ray source in IRS13E despite the high density of dust and gas. Therefore, we conclude that is unlikely that IRS13E hosts a black hole massive enough to bind the three stars., Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal

Primordial molecules were formed during the Dark Ages, i.e. the time between recombination and reionization in the early Universe. The purpose of this article is to analyze the formation of primordial molecules based on heavy elements during the Dark Ages, with elemental abundances taken from different nucleosynthesis models. We present calculations of the full non-linear equation set governing the primordial chemistry. We consider the evolution of 45 chemical species and use an implicit multistep method of variable order of precision with an adaptive stepsize control. We find that the most abundant Dark Ages molecules based on heavy elements are CH and OH. Non-standard nucleosynthesis can lead to higher heavy element abundances while still satisfying the observed primordial light abundances. In that case, we show that the abundances of molecular species based on C, N, O and F can be enhanced by two orders of magnitude compared to the standard case, leading to a CH relative abundance higher than that of HD+ or H2D+., Comment: 14 pages, accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics

The central parsec around the super-massive black hole in the Galactic Center hosts more than 100 young and massive stars. Outside the central cusp (R~1") the majority of these O and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars reside in a main clockwise system, plus a second, less prominent disk or streamer system at large angles with respect to the main system. Here we present the results from new observations of the Galactic Center with the AO-assisted near-infrared imager NACO and the integral field spectrograph SINFONI on the ESO/VLT. These include the detection of 27 new reliably measured WR/O stars in the central 12" and improved measurements of 63 previously detected stars, with proper motion uncertainties reduced by a factor of four compared to our earlier work. We develop a detailed statistical analysis of their orbital properties and orientations. Half of the WR/O stars are compatible with being members of a clockwise rotating system. The rotation axis of this system shows a strong transition as a function of the projected distance from SgrA*. The main clockwise system either is either a strongly warped single disk with a thickness of about 10 degrees, or consists of a series of streamers with significant radial variation in their orbital planes. 11 out of 61 clockwise moving stars have an angular separation of more than 30 degrees from the clockwise system. The mean eccentricity of the clockwise system is 0.36+/-0.06. The distribution of the counter-clockwise WR/O star is not isotropic at the 98% confidence level. It is compatible with a coherent structure such as stellar filaments, streams, small clusters or possibly a disk in a dissolving state. The observed disk warp and the steep surface density distribution favor in situ star formation in gaseous accretion disks as the origin of the young stars., Comment: ApJ in press

Around 1900 in Germany, people's “arrhythmia” was presented by a certain number of authors as the symptom of a sick civilisation that absolutely needed to be saved from decline. The disappearance of rhythm observed in a large number of fields seemed moreover to affirm the triumph of a materialistic and “microscopic” vision of the world which blinded man to the miracles of life, while in schools and universities a model of utilitarian tuition was being asserted that favoured technical knowledge to the prejudice of intuition, sense of synthesis and creativity. Concurrently to thisdiagnosis, the same conception of rhythm that is supposed to have initially played a great role in the socialization of mankind and in the development of culture, is to be found at the heart of utopian undertakings based on gymnastics and dance aimed at retransforming a “mechanised” and “dislocated” social body into a healthy and fraternal community.Beyond conflicts of terminology and method opposing different representatives of the “rhythm movement”, this study endeavours to enlighten individual and collective motivations of this discourse, to bring out the psychosocial mechanisms that traverse it, as well as the reasons for its success, while repositioning it in the historical, social and cultural context that engendered it.; Autour de 1900 en Allemagne, l' « arythmie » des individus est présentée par un certain nombre d'auteurs comme lesymptôme d'une civilisation malade, qu'il faut à tout prix sauver du déclin. La disparition du rythme, constatée dans un grand nombre de disciplines, semble par ailleurs accuser le triomphe d'une vision matérialiste et « microscopique » du monde, qui rend l'homme aveugle aux miracles du vivant, tandis que dans les écoles et dans les universités s'impose un modèle de formation utilitariste, qui privilégie les savoirs techniques au détriment de l'intuition, de l'esprit de synthèse et de la créativité. Parallèlement à ce diagnostic, le même concept de rythme, que l'on suppose avoir joué, à l'origine, un grand rôle dans la socialisation de l'être humain et dans le développement de la culture, se retrouve au centre deprojets utopiques fondés sur la gymnastique et la danse, qui visent à retransformer un corps social « mécanisé » et« disloqué » en une communauté saine et fraternelle. Par-delà les conflits de terminologie et de méthode qui opposent les différents représentants du « mouvement du rythme », cette étude tente d'éclairer les motivations individuelles et collectives de ce discours, de faire ressortir les mécanismes psychosociaux qui le traversent, ainsi que les causes de son succès, tout en le replaçant dans le contexte historique, social et culturel qui lui a donné naissance.