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2. Distinguishable Epidemics of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in Different Hosts

Author

Mather, AE, Reid, SWJ, Maskell, DJ, Parkhill, J, Fookes, MC, Harris, SR, Brown, DJ, Coia, JE, Mulvey, MR, Gilmour, MW, Petrovska, L, de Pinna, E, Kuroda, M, Akiba, M, Izumiya, H, Connor, TR, Suchard, MA, Lemey, P, Mellor, DJ, Haydon, DT, and Thomson, NR

Subjects
Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Genetics, Digestive Diseases, Human Genome, Vaccine Related, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Biodefense, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Infection, Animals, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Epidemics, Genome, Bacterial, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Salmonella Infections, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Salmonella typhimurium, Zoonoses, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The global epidemic of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 provides an important example, both in terms of the agent and its resistance, of a widely disseminated zoonotic pathogen. Here, with an unprecedented national collection of isolates collected contemporaneously from humans and animals and including a sample of internationally derived isolates, we have used whole-genome sequencing to dissect the phylogenetic associations of the bacterium and its antimicrobial resistance genes through the course of an epidemic. Contrary to current tenets supporting a single homogeneous epidemic, we demonstrate that the bacterium and its resistance genes were largely maintained within animal and human populations separately and that there was limited transmission, in either direction. We also show considerable variation in the resistance profiles, in contrast to the largely stable bacterial core genome, which emphasizes the critical importance of integrated genotypic data sets in understanding the ecology of bacterial zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance.

Published
2013

3. Mental Experiences in Wild Animals: Scientifically Validating Measurable Welfare Indicators in Free-Roaming Horses.

Author

Harvey, AM, Beausoleil, NJ, Ramp, D, Mellor, DJ, Harvey, AM, Beausoleil, NJ, Ramp, D, and Mellor, DJ

Abstract

The mental experiences of animals are what characterises their welfare status. The Five Domains Model for assessing welfare aligns with the understanding that physical and mental states are linked. Following measurement of indicators within each of the four physical/functional Domains (1. Nutrition; 2. Physical environment; 3. Health; and 4. Behavioural interactions), the anticipated negative or positive affective consequences (mental experiences) are cautiously inferred and assigned to Domain 5. Those inferences derive credibility from validated knowledge of the underlying systems of physiology, neurophysiology, neuroethology and affective neuroscience. Any indicators used for assessing welfare need to be scientifically validated. This requires, firstly, evidence of the links between a measurable/observable indicator and the physical/functional impact (in Domains 1 to 4), and secondly, a demonstrable relationship between the physical/functional impact and the mental experience it is inferred the indicators reflect (in Domain five). This review refers to indicators of physical/functional states in Domains 1 to 4, which have been shown to be measurable in free-roaming wild horses, and then evaluates the scientific evidence linking them to inferred mental experiences in Domain 5. This is the first time that the scientific evidence validating a comprehensive range of welfare indicators has been synthesised in this way. Inserting these indicators into the Five Domains Model enables transparently justifiable assessment and grading of welfare status in free-roaming horses.

Published
2023

4. Review of the Foundational Knowledge Required for Assessing Horse Welfare.

Author

Harvey, AM, Ramp, D, Mellor, DJ, Harvey, AM, Ramp, D, and Mellor, DJ

Abstract

A detailed understanding of what is usual for a species under optimal conditions is critical for identifying and interpreting different features of body function that have known impacts on animal welfare and its assessment. When applying the Five Domains Model to assess animal welfare, the key starting point is therefore to acquire extensive species-specific knowledge relevant to each of the four physical/functional Domains of the Model. These Domains, 1 to 4, address areas where objective information is evaluated and collated. They are: (1) Nutrition; (2) Physical environment; (3) Health; and (4) Behavioural interactions. It is on the basis of this detailed knowledge that cautious inferences can then be made about welfare-relevant mental experiences animals may have, aligned with Domain 5, Mental State. However, this review is focused entirely on the first four Domains in order to provide a novel holistic framework to collate the multidisciplinary knowledge of horses required for undertaking comprehensive welfare assessments. Thus, inferring the potential mental experiences aligned with Domain 5, the final step in model-based welfare assessments, is not considered here. Finally, providing extensive information on free-roaming horses enables a better understanding of the impacts of human interventions on the welfare of horses in both free-roaming and domestic situations.

Published
2022

5. Use of Remote Camera Traps to Evaluate Animal-Based Welfare Indicators in Individual Free-Roaming Wild Horses

Author

Harvey, AM, Morton, JM, Mellor, DJ, Russell, V, Chapple, RS, Ramp, D, Harvey, AM, Morton, JM, Mellor, DJ, Russell, V, Chapple, RS, and Ramp, D

Abstract

We previously developed a Ten-Stage Protocol for scientifically assessing the welfare of individual free-roaming wild animals using the Five Domains Model. The protocol includes developing methods for measuring or observing welfare indices. In this study, we assessed the use of remote camera traps to evaluate an extensive range of welfare indicators in individual free-roaming wild horses. Still images and videos were collected and analysed to assess whether horses could be detected and identified individually, which welfare indicators could be reliably evaluated, and whether behaviour could be quantitatively assessed. Remote camera trapping was successful in detecting and identifying horses (75% on still images and 72% on video observation events), across a range of habitats including woodlands where horses could not be directly observed. Twelve indicators of welfare across the Five Domains were assessed with equal frequency on both still images and video, with those most frequently assessable being body condition score (73% and 79% of observation events, respectively), body posture (76% for both), coat condition (42% and 52%, respectively), and whether or not the horse was sweating excessively (42% and 45%, respectively). An additional five indicators could only be assessed on video; those most frequently observable being presence or absence of weakness (66%), qualitative behavioural assessment (60%), presence or absence of shivering (51%), and gait at walk (50%). Specific behaviours were identified in 93% of still images and 84% of video events, and proportions of time different behaviours were captured could be calculated. Most social behaviours were rarely observed, but close spatial proximity to other horses, as an indicator of social bonds, was recorded in 36% of still images, and 29% of video observation events. This is the first study that describes detailed methodology for these purposes. The results of this study can also form the basis of application to o

Published
2021

9. An Animal Welfare Risk Assessment Process for Zoos

Author

Sherwen, SL, Hemsworth, LM, Beausoleil, NJ, Embury, A, Mellor, DJ, Sherwen, SL, Hemsworth, LM, Beausoleil, NJ, Embury, A, and Mellor, DJ

Abstract

There is a growing interest and need for zoos to develop and implement welfare assessment tools that are practical to use and provide meaningful results that can inform management decisions. This paper presents a process that was developed to support this type of evidence-based management in zoo animal welfare. The process is configured to facilitate institutional risk assessment, using an adapted version of the Five Domains Model for animal welfare assessment. It is designed to systematically analyse information gathered from zoo personnel in order to highlight areas of welfare risk, as well as areas that are performing well and areas requiring further investigation. A trial was conducted on three zoos over three years. Results of the trial suggest the process developed is practical and effective in identifying areas of welfare risk in a wide range of species in a zoo setting. It represents a further step towards achieving high-level animal welfare in zoos by integrating animal welfare as an institutional priority. The more zoos that employ such strategies, the greater the ability of the sector to advance the welfare of the animals in their care.

Published
2018

10. 'Feelings and Fitness' Not 'Feelings or Fitness'-The Raison d'être of Conservation Welfare, Which Aligns Conservation and Animal Welfare Objectives.

Author

Beausoleil, NJ, Mellor, DJ, Baker, L, Baker, SE, Bellio, M, Clarke, AS, Dale, A, Garlick, S, Jones, B, Harvey, A, Pitcher, BJ, Sherwen, S, Stockin, KA, Zito, S, Beausoleil, NJ, Mellor, DJ, Baker, L, Baker, SE, Bellio, M, Clarke, AS, Dale, A, Garlick, S, Jones, B, Harvey, A, Pitcher, BJ, Sherwen, S, Stockin, KA, and Zito, S

Abstract

Increasingly, human activities, including those aimed at conserving species and ecosystems (conservation activities) influence not only the survival and fitness but also the welfare of wild animals. Animal welfare relates to how an animal is experiencing its life and encompasses both its physical and mental states. While conservation biology and animal welfare science are both multi-disciplinary fields that use scientific methods to address concerns about animals, their focus and objectives sometimes appear to conflict. However, activities impacting detrimentally on the welfare of individual animals also hamper achievement of some conservation goals, and societal acceptance is imperative to the continuation of conservation activities. Thus, the best outcomes for both disciplines will be achieved through collaboration and knowledge-sharing. Despite this recognition, cross-disciplinary information-sharing and collaborative research and practice in conservation are still rare, with the exception of the zoo context. This paper summarizes key points developed by a group of conservation and animal welfare scientists discussing scientific assessment of wild animal welfare and barriers to progress. The dominant theme emerging was the need for a common language to facilitate cross-disciplinary progress in understanding and safeguarding the welfare of animals of wild species. Current conceptions of welfare implicit in conservation science, based mainly on "fitness" (physical states), need to be aligned with contemporary animal welfare science concepts which emphasize the dynamic integration of "fitness" and "feelings" (mental experiences) to holistically understand animals' welfare states. The way in which animal welfare is characterized influences the way it is evaluated and the emphasis put on different features of welfare, as well as, the importance placed on the outcomes of such evaluations and how that information is used, for example in policy development and decision-m

Published
2018

12. Potential benefit of a thoracic squeeze technique in two newborn calves delivered by caesarean section.

Author

Stilwell, G, Mellor, DJ, and Holdsworth, SE

Subjects
CESAREAN section, CALVES, RESPIRATION, FOALS, BODY movement, HEART beat
Abstract

Case History: Two calves delivered following elective caesarean section showed behaviour typical of neonatal maladjustment syndrome described in foals, i.e., indifference to environmental stimuli, lack of affinity for the dam, failure to find the udder, refusal to suck, aimless wandering or motionless standing. Calves were subjected to a clinical examination immediate after delivery and there were no signs of defects, illness, pain, dehydration, hypoxia, acidaemia or other causes for the unresponsive behaviour. Clinical Findings and Treatment: Both calves were subjected to the thoracic squeeze technique, one at 6 hours and the other at 20 hours after delivery. A soft rope was looped around the thorax and gentle pressure was applied to the free end of the rope, squeezing the calf's chest for 20 minutes. Both calves exhibited a sleep-like state manifested by closed eyes, no body movements, slow breathing and a decrease in heart rate, for the entire squeezing period. When the rope was removed the calves woke up immediately, rose and walked towards the dam. When led to the dam's udder, the weaker calf began to suck. Both were reported, by the stockperson, to follow the dam and suck normally the following day. Clinical Relevance: Provided all other disease processes are excluded, very young calves that exhibit indifference to environmental stimuli and lack of affinity for the dam may be good candidates for application of the thoracic squeeze technique that has been demonstrated to have clinical efficacy in foals with neonatal maladjustment syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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13. International consensus principles for ethical wildlife control

Author

Dubois, S, Fenwick, N, Ryan, EA, Baker, L, Baker, SE, Beausoleil, NJ, Carter, S, Cartwright, B, Costa, F, Draper, C, Griffin, J, Grogan, A, Howald, G, Jones, B, Littin, KE, Lombard, AT, Mellor, DJ, Ramp, D, Schuppli, CA, Fraser, D, Dubois, S, Fenwick, N, Ryan, EA, Baker, L, Baker, SE, Beausoleil, NJ, Carter, S, Cartwright, B, Costa, F, Draper, C, Griffin, J, Grogan, A, Howald, G, Jones, B, Littin, KE, Lombard, AT, Mellor, DJ, Ramp, D, Schuppli, CA, and Fraser, D

Abstract

© 2017 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology. Human–wildlife conflicts are commonly addressed by excluding, relocating, or lethally controlling animals with the goal of preserving public health and safety, protecting property, or conserving other valued wildlife. However, declining wildlife populations, a lack of efficacy of control methods in achieving desired outcomes, and changes in how people value animals have triggered widespread acknowledgment of the need for ethical and evidence-based approaches to managing such conflicts. We explored international perspectives on and experiences with human–wildlife conflicts to develop principles for ethical wildlife control. A diverse panel of 20 experts convened at a 2-day workshop and developed the principles through a facilitated engagement process and discussion. They determined that efforts to control wildlife should begin wherever possible by altering the human practices that cause human–wildlife conflict and by developing a culture of coexistence; be justified by evidence that significant harms are being caused to people, property, livelihoods, ecosystems, and/or other animals; have measurable outcome-based objectives that are clear, achievable, monitored, and adaptive; predictably minimize animal welfare harms to the fewest number of animals; be informed by community values as well as scientific, technical, and practical information; be integrated into plans for systematic long-term management; and be based on the specifics of the situation rather than negative labels (pest, overabundant) applied to the target species. We recommend that these principles guide development of international, national, and local standards and control decisions and implementation.

Published
2017

14. International consensus principles for ethical wildlife control

Author

Dubois, S, Fenwick, N, Baker, L, Baker, S, Beausoleil, NJ, Carter, SP, Cartwright, B, Costa, F, Draper, C, Griffin, J, Grogan, A, Howald, G, Jones, B, Littin, KE, Lombard, AT, Mellor, DJ, Ramp, D, Ryan, EA, Schuppli, CA, Sharp, TM, and Fraser, D

Abstract

Human-wildlife conflicts are commonly tackled by excluding, relocating or lethally controlling animals, with the goal of preserving public health and safety, protecting property or conserving other valued wildlife. However, declining wildlife populations, a lack of efficacy of control methods in achieving desired outcomes, and changes in how people value animals, have triggered widespread acknowledgement of the need for ethical and evidence-based approaches to managing such conflicts. International perspectives and experiences were explored by a diverse panel of 20 experts in a two-day workshop to develop consensus principles for ethical wildlife control. It is proposed that efforts to control wildlife should: (1) begin wherever possible by altering the human practices that cause human-wildlife conflict and by developing a culture of co-existence; (2) be justified by evidence that significant harms are being caused to people, property, livelihoods, ecosystems and/or animals; (3) have measurable outcome-based objectives that are clear, achievable, monitored and adaptive; (4) use methods that predictably minimize animal welfare harms and cause them to the least number of animals; (5) be informed by community values as well as scientific, technical and practical information; (6) be integrated into plans for systematic long-term management; and (7) be based on the specifics of the situation rather than negative labels (pest, overabundant) applied to the target species. We recommend that these principles guide development of international, national and other standards, together with local control decisions and implementation.

Published
2016
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29. How can managers reduce employee intention to quit?

Author

Firth, L, Mellor, DJ, Moore, KA, Loquet, A, Firth, L, Mellor, DJ, Moore, KA, and Loquet, A

Abstract

This paper reports on an investigation of the variables that may be predictive of intentions to leave a job, and tests a model that includes mediating variables. A total of 173 retail salespeople completed questionnaires measuring commitment to the organization for which they worked, job satisfaction, stress, supervisor support, locus of control, self-esteem, the perceived stressors in the job and their intention to quit. Path analysis was used to test the relationships hypothesized in the model. The majority of hypotheses were supported, with the variables included accounting for 52 per cent of the variance in intention to quit. Emotional support from supervisors and self-esteem mediated the impact of stressors on stress reactions, job satisfaction, commitment to the organization and intention to quit. It is suggested that to ameliorate intention to quit and in turn reduce turnover, managers need to actively monitor workloads, and the relationships between supervisors and subordinates in order to reduce and manage stress. Managers also need to monitor both the extrinsic and intrinsic sources of job satisfaction available to employees. These activities could assist in maintaining and increasing job satisfaction and commitment to the organization.

Published
2004

31. The nature of children's social interactions at school

Author

Moore, KA, Mellor, DJ, Moore, KA, and Mellor, DJ

Abstract

Interpersonal interactions are important for emotional and psychological wellbeing. One attempt to systematically assess social interactions among gifted children was presented by Manor-Bullock et al. (1995) in their Social Interaction Questionnaire (SIQ). However, no psychometric properties of this scale or the nature of the factors that form students' social interactions have been reported. The aim of this study to ascertain the underlying factor structure of students' social interactions on scores on the SIQ and to compare the responses of children attending a regular school to those in Manor-Bullock et al.'s cohort of gifted children. Two independent factors emerged from the data: social/popular and confident/studious with internal reliability of {alpha} = 0.82 and {alpha} = 0.60 respectively. There were no gender differences on these factors in the current data. Chi square analyses revealed concordance between gifted and regular-school children on seven of 16 comparable items. Discussion of the items demonstrating an association is presented. Confirmation of the current factor structure is necessary and a matched comparison with gifted children is recommended.

Published
2003

36. Measurement of αs from jet rates at the Z0 resonance

Author

ABE K, ABT I, ACTON PD, AGNEW G, ASH WW, ASTON D, BACCHETTA N, BAIRD KG, BALTAY C, BAND HR, BARANKO G, BARDON O, BATTISTON R, BAZARKO AO, BEAN A, BELCINSKI RJ, BENDAVID R, BENVENUTI AC, BIASINI M, BIENZ T, BILEI GM, BISELLO D, BLAYLOCK G, BOGART JR, BOLTON T, BOWER GR, BRAU JE, BREIDENBACH M, BUGG WM, BURKE D, BURNETT TH, BURROWS PN, BUSZA W, CALCATERRA A, CALDWELL DO, CALLOWAY D, CAMANZI B, CARPINELLI, Massimo, CARR J, CASSELL R, CASTALDI R, CASTRO A, CAVALLISFORZA M, CHADWICK GB, CHEN L, CHURCH E, CLAUS R, COHN HO, COLLER JA, COOK V, COTTON R, COWAN RF, COYLE PA, COYNE DG, DOLIVERIRA A, DAMERELL CJS, DASU S, DESANGRO R, DESIMONE P, DESIMONE S, DELLORSO R, DU YC, DUBOIS R, DUNWOODIE W, EIGEN G, EISENSTEIN BI, ELIA R, FAN C, FERO MJ, FREY R, FRIEDMAN JI, FURUNO K, GALLINARO M, GILLMAN A, GLADDING G, GONZALEZ S, HALLEWELL GD, HANSLKOZANECKA T, HART EL, HASEGAWA K, HASEGAWA Y, HEDGES S, HERTZBACH SS, HILDRETH MD, HITLIN DG, HONMA A, HUBER J, HUFFER ME, HUGHES EW, HWANG H, IWASAKI Y, IZEN JM, JACQUES P, JAROS J, JOHNSON AS, JOHNSON JR, JOHNSON RA, JUNK T, KAISER S, KAJIKAWA R, KALELKAR M, KARLINER I, KAWAHARA H, KELSEY MH, KENDALL HW, KIM HY, KIM PC, KING M, KING R, KOFLER RR, KOWITT M, KRISHNA NM, KROEGER RS, KWON Y, LABS JF, LANGSTON M, LATH A, LAUBER JA, LEITH DWG, LIU X, LORETI M, LU A, LYNCH HL, MA J, MAJID WA, MANCINELLI G, MANLY S, MANTOVANI G, MARKIEWICZ TW, MARUYAMA T, MASUDA H, MAZZUCATO E, MCGOWAN JF, MCKEMEY AK, MEADOWS BT, MELLOR DJ, MESSNER R, MOCKETT PM, MOFFEIT KC, MORRISON RJ, MOURS B, MUELLER G, MULLER D, NAGAMINE T, NAUENBERG U, NEAL H, NUSSBAUM M, OSBORNE LS, PANVINI RS, PARK H, PAULUZZI M, PAVEL TJ, PERRIER F, PERUZZI I, PESCARA L, PETRADZA M, PICCOLO M, PIEMONTESE L, PIERONI E, PITTS KT, PLANO RJ, PREPOST R, PRESCOTT CY, PUNKAR GD, QUIGLEY J, RATCLIFF BN, REEVES TW, RENSING PE, RICHMAN JD, ROCHESTER LS, ROSENSON L, ROTHBERG JE, ROWSON PC, RUSSELL JJ, SAEZ P, SANTOCCHIA A, SAXTON OH, SCHALK T, SCHINDLER RH, SCHNEEKLOTH U, SCHULTZ D, SCHUMM BA, SEIDEN A, SERVOLI L, SHAEVITZ MH, SHANK JT, SHAPIRO G, SHAPIRO SL, SHERDEN DJ, SIMOPOULOS C, SMITH SR, SNYDER JA, SOKOLOFF MD, STAMER P, STEINER H, STEINER R, STOCKDALE IE, STRAUSS MG, SU D, SUEKANE F, SUGIYAMA A, SUZUKI S, SWARTZ M, SZUMILO A, TAKAHASHI T, TAYLOR FE, TECCHIO M, THALER JJ, TOGE N, TORRANCE E, TURCOTTE M, TURK JD, USHER T, VAVRA J, VANNINI C, VELLA E, VENUTI JP, VERDIER R, VERDINI PG, WAGNER S, WAITE AP, WATTS SJ, WEIDEMANN AW, WHITAKER JS, WHITE SL, WICKENS FJ, WILLIAMS DA, WILLIAMS DC, WILLIAMS SH, WILLOCQ S, WILSON RJ, WISNIEWSKI WJ, WITHERELL MS, WOODS M, WORD GB, WYSS J, YAMAMOTO RK, YAMARTINO JM, YELLIN SJ, YOUNG CC, YUTA H, ZAPALAC G, ZDARKO RW, ZEITLIN C, ZHOU J, ZUCCHELLI P., Abe, K, Abt, I, Acton, P, Agnew, G, Ash, W, Aston, D, Bacchetta, N, Baird, K, Baltay, C, Band, H, Baranko, G, Bardon, O, Battiston, R, Bazarko, A, Bean, A, Belcinski, R, Bendavid, R, Benvenuti, A, Biasini, M, Bienz, T, Bilei, G, Bisello, D, Blaylock, G, Bogart, J, Bolton, T, Bower, G, Brau, J, Breidenbach, M, Bugg, W, Burke, D, Burnett, T, Burrows, P, Busza, W, Calcaterra, A, Caldwell, D, Calloway, D, Camanzi, B, Carpinelli, M, Carr, J, Cassell, R, Castaldi, R, Castro, A, Cavallisforza, M, Chadwick, G, Chen, L, Church, E, Claus, R, Cohn, H, Coller, J, Cook, V, Cotton, R, Cowan, R, Coyle, P, Coyne, D, Doliverira, A, Damerell, C, Dasu, S, Desangro, R, Desimone, P, Desimone, S, Dellorso, R, Du, Y, Dubois, R, Dunwoodie, W, Eigen, G, Eisenstein, B, Elia, R, Fan, C, Fero, M, Frey, R, Friedman, J, Furuno, K, Gallinaro, M, Gillman, A, Gladding, G, Gonzalez, S, Hallewell, G, Hanslkozanecka, T, Hart, E, Hasegawa, K, Hasegawa, Y, Hedges, S, Hertzbach, S, Hildreth, M, Hitlin, D, Honma, A, Huber, J, Huffer, M, Hughes, E, Hwang, H, Iwasaki, Y, Izen, J, Jacques, P, Jaros, J, Johnson, A, Johnson, J, Johnson, R, Junk, T, Kaiser, S, Kajikawa, R, Kalelkar, M, Karliner, I, Kawahara, H, Kelsey, M, Kendall, H, Kim, H, Kim, P, King, M, King, R, Kofler, R, Kowitt, M, Krishna, N, Kroeger, R, Kwon, Y, Labs, J, Langston, M, Lath, A, Lauber, J, Leith, D, Liu, X, Loreti, M, Lu, A, Lynch, H, Ma, J, Majid, W, Mancinelli, G, Manly, S, Mantovani, G, Markiewicz, T, Maruyama, T, Masuda, H, Mazzucato, E, Mcgowan, J, Mckemey, A, Meadows, B, Mellor, D, Messner, R, Mockett, P, Moffeit, K, Morrison, R, Mours, B, Mueller, G, Muller, D, Nagamine, T, Nauenberg, U, Neal, H, Nussbaum, M, Osborne, L, Panvini, R, Park, H, Pauluzzi, M, Pavel, T, Perrier, F, Peruzzi, I, Pescara, L, Petradza, M, Piccolo, M, Piemontese, L, Pieroni, E, Pitts, K, Plano, R, Prepost, R, Prescott, C, Punkar, G, Quigley, J, Ratcliff, B, Reeves, T, Rensing, P, Richman, J, Rochester, L, Rosenson, L, Rothberg, J, Rowson, P, Russell, J, Saez, P, Santocchia, A, Saxton, O, Schalk, T, Schindler, R, Schneekloth, U, Schultz, D, Schumm, B, Seiden, A, Servoli, L, Shaevitz, M, Shank, J, Shapiro, G, Shapiro, S, Sherden, D, Simopoulos, C, Smith, S, Snyder, J, Sokoloff, M, Stamer, P, Steiner, H, Steiner, R, Stockdale, I, Strauss, M, Su, D, Suekane, F, Sugiyama, A, Suzuki, S, Swartz, M, Szumilo, A, Takahashi, T, Taylor, F, Tecchio, M, Thaler, J, Toge, N, Torrance, E, Turcotte, M, Turk, J, Usher, T, Vavra, J, Vannini, C, Vella, E, Venuti, J, Verdier, R, Verdini, P, Wagner, S, Waite, A, Watts, S, Weidemann, A, Whitaker, J, White, S, Wickens, F, Williams, D, Williams, S, Willocq, S, Wilson, R, Wisniewski, W, Witherell, M, Woods, M, Word, G, Wyss, J, Yamamoto, R, Yamartino, J, Yellin, S, Young, C, Yuta, H, Zapalac, G, Zdarko, R, Zeitlin, C, Zhou, J, and Zucchelli, P

Subjects
E+E ANNIHILATION, MONTE-CARLO, ALPHA-S
Abstract

We have determined the strong coupling αs from measurements of jet rates in hadronic decays of Z0 bosons collected by the SLD experiment at SLAC. Using six collinear and infrared safe jet algorithms we compared our data with the predictions of QCD calculated up to second order in perturbation theory, and also with resummed calculations. We find αs(MZ2)=0.118±0.002(stat)±0.003(syst)±0.010(theory), where the dominant uncertainty is from uncalculated higher order contributions.

Published
1993

37. First measurement of the left-right cross section asymmetry in Z boson production by e+e- collisions

Author

ABE K, ABT I, ACTON PD, ADOLPHSEN CE, AGNEW G, ALBER C, ALZOFON DF, ANTILOGUS P, ARROYO C, ASH WW, ASHFORD V, ASTBURY A, ASTON D, AU Y, AXEN DA, BACCHETTA N, BAIRD KG, BAKER W, BALTAY C, BAND HR, BARANKO G, BARDON O, BARRERA F, BATTISTON R, BAZARKO AO, BEAN A, BEER G, BELCINSKI RJ, BELL RA, BENDAVID R, BENVENUTI AC, BERGER R, BERRIDGE SC, BETHKE S, BIASINI M, BIENZ T, BILEI GM, BIRD F, BISELLO D, BLAYLOCK G, BLUMBERG R, BOGART JR, BOLTON T, BOUGEROLLE S, BOWER GR, BOYCE RF, BRAU JE, BREIDENBACH M, BROWDER TE, BUGG WM, BURGESS B, BURKE D, BURNETT TH, BURROWS PN, BUSZA W, BYERS BL, CALCATERRA A, CALDWELL DO, CALLOWAY D, CAMANZI B, CAMILLERI L, CARPINELLI, Massimo, CARR J, CARTWRIGHT S, CASSELL R, CASTALDI R, CASTRO A, CAVALLISFORZA M, CHADWICK GB, CHAMBERLAIN O, CHAMBERS D, CHEN L, CLARKE PEL, CLAUS R, CLENDENIN J, COHN HO, COLLER JA, COOK V, CORDS D, COTTON R, COWAN RF, COYLE PA, COYNE DG, CRADDOCK W, CUTLER H, DOLIVEIRA A, DAMERELL CJS, DASU S, DAVIS R, DESANGRO R, DESIMONE P, DESIMONE S, DEAN T, DECKER FJ, DEJONGH F, DELLORSO R, DISCO A, DOLIN R, DOWNING RW, DU YC, DUBOIS R, DUBOSCQ JE, DUNWOODIE W, DURRETT DD, ECKLUND SD, EIGEN G, EISENSTEIN BI, ELIA R, EMMA PJ, EMMET WT, ENGLISH RL, ERDOS E, ESCALERA J, FAN C, FERO MJ, FERRIE J, FIEGUTH T, FLYNN J, FORBUSH DA, FORTUNE KM, FOX JD, FOX MJ, FREY R, FREYTAG DR, FRIEDMAN JI, FRISCH J, FUJIMOTO J, FURUNO K, GAILLARD M, GALLINARO M, GARWIN E, GILLMAN T, GIOUMOUSIS A, GLADDING G, GONZALEZ S, GURD DP, HALE DL, HALLER GM, HALLEWELL GD, HAMILTON V, HANEY MJ, HANSLKOZANECKA T, HARGIS H, HARRISON J, HART EL, HASEGAWA K, HASEGAWA Y, HEDGES S, HERTZBACH SS, HILDRETH MD, HILOMEN RC, HIMEL TM, HITLIN DG, HODGES TA, HODGSON J, HOEFLICH JJ, HONMA A, HORELICK D, HUBER J, HUFFER ME, HUGHES EW, HWANG H, HYATT E, IWASAKI Y, IZEN JM, JOBE RK, JACQUES P, JAKO C, JOHNSON AS, JOHNSON JR, JOHNSON RA, JONES S, JUNK T, KAISER S, KAJIKAWA R, KALELKAR M, KANG H, KARLINER I, KAWAHARA H, KEELER RK, KELSEY MH, KENDALL HW, KHARAKH D, KIM HY, KIM PC, KING R, KLEIN M, KOFLER RR, KOWITT M, KREJCIK P, KRISHNA NM, KROEGER RS, KULIKOV AV, KUNZ PF, KWON Y, LABS JF, LANGSTAFF RR, LANGSTON M, LARSEN R, LATH A, LAUBER JA, LEITH DWG, LIMBERG T, LINTERN L, LIU X, LORETI M, LU A, LYNCH HL, LYONS T, MA J, MAJID WA, MANCINELLI G, MANLY S, MANSOUR D, MANTOVANI G, MARKIEWICZ TW, MARUYAMA T, MASON GR, MASUDA H, MATHYS L, MAZAHERI G, MAZZUCATO A, MAZZUCATO E, MCCORMICK DJ, MCGOWAN JF, MCHUGH S, MCKEMEY AK, MEADOWS BT, MELLOR DJ, MESSNER R, MINCER AI, MINTY M, MOCKETT PM, MOFFEIT KC, MORRISON RJ, MOURS B, MUELLER G, MULLER D, MUNDY G, NAGAMINE T, NAUENBERG U, NEAL H, NELSON D, NESTEROV V, NORDBY M, NUSSBAUM M, NUTTALL A, OGREN H, OLSEN J, ORAM C, OSBORNE LS, OSSA R, OXOBY G, PAFFRATH L, PALOUNEK A, PANVINI RS, PARK H, PAULUZZI M, PAVEL TJ, PERRIER F, PERUZZI I, PESCARA L, PETERS D, PETERSEN H, PETRADZA M, PHINNEY N, PICCOLO M, PIEMONTESE L, PIERONI E, PITTHAN R, PITTS KT, PLANO RJ, POFFENBERGER PR, PREPOST R, PRESCOTT CY, PRIPSTEIN D, PUNKAR GD, PUTALLAZ G, RAIMONDI P, RANKIN P, RATCLIFF BN, REEVES TW, RENSING PE, RICHMAN JD, RINTA R, ROBERTSON LP, ROCHESTER LS, ROSENSON L, ROSS MC, ROTHBERG JE, ROTHENBERG A, ROWSON PC, RUSSELL JJ, RUST D, RUTZ E, SAEZ P, SANTHA AK, SANTOCCHIA A, SAXTON OH, SCHALK T, SCHENK PR, SCHINDLER RH, SCHNEEKLOTH U, SCHNEIDER M, SCHULTZ D, SCHULTZ GE, SCHUMM BA, SEEMAN JT, SEIDEN A, SERVOLI L, SETTLES M, SHAEVITZ MH, SHANK JT, SHAPIRO G, SHAPIRO SL, SHAW H, SHEPPARD JC, SHERDEN DJ, SHIMOMURA T, SHOUP A, SHYPIT RL, SIEMANN RH, SIMOPOULOS C, SKARPAAS K, SMITH SR, SNYDER A, SNYDER JA, SOBIE R, SOKOLOFF MD, SPENCE WL, SPENCER EN, STLORANT S, STAMER P, STEINER H, STEINER R, STEPHENSON RJ, STEWART G, STILES P, STOCKDALE IE, STRAUSS MG, SU D, SUEKANE F, SUGIYAMA A, SUZUKI S, SWARTZ M, SZUMILO A, TAHAR MZ, TAKAHASHI T, TANG H, TAPPERN GJ, TARNOPOLSKY G, TAYLOR FE, TECCHIO M, THALER JJ, TOEVS F, TOGE N, TURCOTTE M, TURK JD, TURNER JL, USHER T, VAVRA J, VANNINI C, VELLA E, VENUTI JP, VERDIER R, VERDINI PG, WADSWORTH BF, WAITE AP, WALKER NJ, WALZ D, WARNER D, WATT R, WATTS SJ, WEBER T, WEIDEMANN AW, WHITAKER JS, WHITE SL, WICKENS FJ, WICKERT SA, WILLIAMS DA, WILLIAMS DC, WILLIAMS RW, WILLIAMS SH, WILSON RJ, WISNIEWSKI WJ, WITHERELL MS, WOODLY MD, WOODS M, WORD GB, WYSS J, YAMAMOTO RK, YAMARTINO JM, YEE C, YEREMIAN AD, YELLIN SJ, YIM A, YOUNG CC, YOUNG KK, YUTA H, ZAPALAC G, ZDARKO RW, ZEITLIN C, ZHOU J, ZIEMANN V, ZOLOTOREV M, ZUCCHELLI P., Abe, K, Abt, I, Acton, P, Adolphsen, C, Agnew, G, Alber, C, Alzofon, D, Antilogus, P, Arroyo, C, Ash, W, Ashford, V, Astbury, A, Aston, D, Au, Y, Axen, D, Bacchetta, N, Baird, K, Baker, W, Baltay, C, Band, H, Baranko, G, Bardon, O, Barrera, F, Battiston, R, Bazarko, A, Bean, A, Beer, G, Belcinski, R, Bell, R, Bendavid, R, Benvenuti, A, Berger, R, Berridge, S, Bethke, S, Biasini, M, Bienz, T, Bilei, G, Bird, F, Bisello, D, Blaylock, G, Blumberg, R, Bogart, J, Bolton, T, Bougerolle, S, Bower, G, Boyce, R, Brau, J, Breidenbach, M, Browder, T, Bugg, W, Burgess, B, Burke, D, Burnett, T, Burrows, P, Busza, W, Byers, B, Calcaterra, A, Caldwell, D, Calloway, D, Camanzi, B, Camilleri, L, Carpinelli, M, Carr, J, Cartwright, S, Cassell, R, Castaldi, R, Castro, A, Cavallisforza, M, Chadwick, G, Chamberlain, O, Chambers, D, Chen, L, Clarke, P, Claus, R, Clendenin, J, Cohn, H, Coller, J, Cook, V, Cords, D, Cotton, R, Cowan, R, Coyle, P, Coyne, D, Craddock, W, Cutler, H, Doliveira, A, Damerell, C, Dasu, S, Davis, R, Desangro, R, Desimone, P, Desimone, S, Dean, T, Decker, F, Dejongh, F, Dellorso, R, Disco, A, Dolin, R, Downing, R, Du, Y, Dubois, R, Duboscq, J, Dunwoodie, W, Durrett, D, Ecklund, S, Eigen, G, Eisenstein, B, Elia, R, Emma, P, Emmet, W, English, R, Erdos, E, Escalera, J, Fan, C, Fero, M, Ferrie, J, Fieguth, T, Flynn, J, Forbush, D, Fortune, K, Fox, J, Fox, M, Frey, R, Freytag, D, Friedman, J, Frisch, J, Fujimoto, J, Furuno, K, Gaillard, M, Gallinaro, M, Garwin, E, Gillman, T, Gioumousis, A, Gladding, G, Gonzalez, S, Gurd, D, Hale, D, Haller, G, Hallewell, G, Hamilton, V, Haney, M, Hanslkozanecka, T, Hargis, H, Harrison, J, Hart, E, Hasegawa, K, Hasegawa, Y, Hedges, S, Hertzbach, S, Hildreth, M, Hilomen, R, Himel, T, Hitlin, D, Hodges, T, Hodgson, J, Hoeflich, J, Honma, A, Horelick, D, Huber, J, Huffer, M, Hughes, E, Hwang, H, Hyatt, E, Iwasaki, Y, Izen, J, Jobe, R, Jacques, P, Jako, C, Johnson, A, Johnson, J, Johnson, R, Jones, S, Junk, T, Kaiser, S, Kajikawa, R, Kalelkar, M, Kang, H, Karliner, I, Kawahara, H, Keeler, R, Kelsey, M, Kendall, H, Kharakh, D, Kim, H, Kim, P, King, R, Klein, M, Kofler, R, Kowitt, M, Krejcik, P, Krishna, N, Kroeger, R, Kulikov, A, Kunz, P, Kwon, Y, Labs, J, Langstaff, R, Langston, M, Larsen, R, Lath, A, Lauber, J, Leith, D, Limberg, T, Lintern, L, Liu, X, Loreti, M, Lu, A, Lynch, H, Lyons, T, Ma, J, Majid, W, Mancinelli, G, Manly, S, Mansour, D, Mantovani, G, Markiewicz, T, Maruyama, T, Mason, G, Masuda, H, Mathys, L, Mazaheri, G, Mazzucato, A, Mazzucato, E, Mccormick, D, Mcgowan, J, Mchugh, S, Mckemey, A, Meadows, B, Mellor, D, Messner, R, Mincer, A, Minty, M, Mockett, P, Moffeit, K, Morrison, R, Mours, B, Mueller, G, Muller, D, Mundy, G, Nagamine, T, Nauenberg, U, Neal, H, Nelson, D, Nesterov, V, Nordby, M, Nussbaum, M, Nuttall, A, Ogren, H, Olsen, J, Oram, C, Osborne, L, Ossa, R, Oxoby, G, Paffrath, L, Palounek, A, Panvini, R, Park, H, Pauluzzi, M, Pavel, T, Perrier, F, Peruzzi, I, Pescara, L, Peters, D, Petersen, H, Petradza, M, Phinney, N, Piccolo, M, Piemontese, L, Pieroni, E, Pitthan, R, Pitts, K, Plano, R, Poffenberger, P, Prepost, R, Prescott, C, Pripstein, D, Punkar, G, Putallaz, G, Raimondi, P, Rankin, P, Ratcliff, B, Reeves, T, Rensing, P, Richman, J, Rinta, R, Robertson, L, Rochester, L, Rosenson, L, Ross, M, Rothberg, J, Rothenberg, A, Rowson, P, Russell, J, Rust, D, Rutz, E, Saez, P, Santha, A, Santocchia, A, Saxton, O, Schalk, T, Schenk, P, Schindler, R, Schneekloth, U, Schneider, M, Schultz, D, Schultz, G, Schumm, B, Seeman, J, Seiden, A, Servoli, L, Settles, M, Shaevitz, M, Shank, J, Shapiro, G, Shapiro, S, Shaw, H, Sheppard, J, Sherden, D, Shimomura, T, Shoup, A, Shypit, R, Siemann, R, Simopoulos, C, Skarpaas, K, Smith, S, Snyder, A, Snyder, J, Sobie, R, Sokoloff, M, Spence, W, Spencer, E, Stlorant, S, Stamer, P, Steiner, H, Steiner, R, Stephenson, R, Stewart, G, Stiles, P, Stockdale, I, Strauss, M, Su, D, Suekane, F, Sugiyama, A, Suzuki, S, Swartz, M, Szumilo, A, Tahar, M, Takahashi, T, Tang, H, Tappern, G, Tarnopolsky, G, Taylor, F, Tecchio, M, Thaler, J, Toevs, F, Toge, N, Turcotte, M, Turk, J, Turner, J, Usher, T, Vavra, J, Vannini, C, Vella, E, Venuti, J, Verdier, R, Verdini, P, Wadsworth, B, Waite, A, Walker, N, Walz, D, Warner, D, Watt, R, Watts, S, Weber, T, Weidemann, A, Whitaker, J, White, S, Wickens, F, Wickert, S, Williams, D, Williams, R, Williams, S, Wilson, R, Wisniewski, W, Witherell, M, Woodly, M, Woods, M, Word, G, Wyss, J, Yamamoto, R, Yamartino, J, Yee, C, Yeremian, A, Yellin, S, Yim, A, Young, C, Young, K, Yuta, H, Zapalac, G, Zdarko, R, Zeitlin, C, Zhou, J, Ziemann, V, Zolotorev, M, and Zucchelli, P

Subjects
POLARIZATION, DECAYS
Abstract

We present the first measurement of the left-right cross section asymmetry (ALR) for Z boson production by e+e- collisions. The measurement was performed at a center-of-mass energy of 91.55 GeV with the SLD detector at the SLAC Linear Collider which utilized a longitudinally polarized electron beam. The average beam polarization was (22.4±0.6)%. Using a sample of 10 224 Z decays, we measure ALR to be 0.100±0.044(stat)±0.004(syst), which determines the effective weak mixing angle to be sin2θWeff=0.2378 ±0.0056(stat)±0.0005(syst).

Published
1993

48. Scientific assessment of animal welfare.

Author

Hemsworth, PH, Mellor, DJ, Cronin, GM, and Tilbrook, AJ

Subjects
ANIMAL welfare, EMOTIONS in animals, ANIMAL housing, SOWS, PAIN in animals
Abstract

Animal welfare is a state within the animal and a scientific perspective provides methodologies for evidence-based assessment of an animal's welfare. A simplistic definition of animal welfare might be how the animal feels now. Affective experiences including emotions, are subjective states so cannot be measured directly in animals, but there are informative indirect physiological and behavioural indices that can be cautiously used to interpret such experiences. This review enunciates several key science-based frameworks for understanding animal welfare. The biological functioning and affective state frameworks were initially seen as competing, but a recent more unified approach is that biological functioning is taken to include affective experiences and affective experiences are recognised as products of biological functioning, and knowledge of the dynamic interactions between the two is considered to be fundamental to managing and improving animal welfare. The value of these two frameworks in understanding the welfare of group-housed sows is reviewed. The majority of studies of the welfare of group-housed sows have employed the biological functioning framework to infer compromised sow welfare, on the basis that suboptimal biological functioning accompanies negative affective states such as sow hunger, pain, fear, helplessness, frustration and anger. Group housing facilitates social living, but group housing of gestating sows raises different welfare considerations to stall housing, such as high levels of aggression, injuries and stress, at least for several days after mixing, as well as subordinate sows being underfed due to competition at feeding. This paper highlights the challenges and potential opportunities for the continued improvement in sow management through well-focused research and multidisciplinary assessment of animal welfare. In future the management of sentient animals will require the promotion of positive affective experiences in animals and this is likely to be a major focus for animal welfare science activity in the early twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2015
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49. A scientific comment on the welfare of domesticated ruminants slaughtered without stunning.

Author

Johnson, CB, Mellor, DJ, Hemsworth, PH, and Fisher, AD

Subjects
ANIMAL welfare, SLAUGHTERING, CALVES, PAIN in animals, SHEEP, GOATS, RUMINANTS, DOMESTIC animals
Abstract

This review provides a scientific comment on the welfare of ruminants slaughtered by ventral-neck incision without stunning. Evidence is derived from studies of calves, sheep and goats. Reference is also made to findings in other mammals including humans. Pain is an inherently subjective experience and only indirect indices are available in animals. Neurophysiological tools are widely used in humans to assess pain and have demonstrated that electroencephalographic (EEG) variables correlate well with subjective evaluations of pain. These neurophysiological tools have also been applied in animal studies. In humans pain is associated with major cutting injuries and it is widely accepted that farm animals also experience pain due to such injuries. Overwhelming international scientific opinion has long been that slaughter by neck incision of conscious animals causes pain. A series of studies in calves demonstrated that slaughter by ventral-neck incision is likely to be perceived as painful. It is proposed that, as in cattle, non-stunned sheep and goats would experience pain in a similar manner. The precise assessment of the point after slaughter at which non-stunned animals become insensible remains a major methodological challenge. In sheep it is at least 2–8 seconds, but may be 8–20 seconds in duration. In cattle the mean duration is similar, but can commonly be extended to longer than 60 seconds with occasional instances of even greater durations. Taken together, these findings indicate that because the slaughter of cattle, sheep and goats by ventral-neck incision without prior stunning is likely to cause pain, this poses a risk to animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2015
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50. Different animal welfare orientations towards some key research areas of current relevance to pastoral dairy farming in New Zealand.

Author

Webster, JR, Schütz, KE, Sutherland, MA, Stewart, M, and Mellor, DJ

Subjects
ANIMAL welfare, DAIRY industry, DAIRY farming research, ANIMAL behavior, CALVES
Abstract

The New Zealand dairy industry needs to meet public expectations regarding animal welfare in order to retain the freedom to operate and achieve market success. Three key orientations towards animal welfare assessment have been identified, namely biological functioning, affective state and natural living, the last two of which are more recent foci for societal concern. Biological functioning was the first and most-studied aspect of animal welfare and continues to be important, but now the contribution of affective state to animal well-being is emphasised much more. Natural living, or naturalness, has received relatively less attention from animal welfare science. It is proposed that increasing the use of naturalness as a contextual reference point for considering species-specific behavioural expressions of affective state will enhance its inclusion in animal welfare assessment. Nevertheless, all three orientations need to be considered in order to evaluate the significance of welfare research findings. On this basis, five key aspects of the New Zealand dairy industry that have been the subject of recent research, due to the risk of them not meeting public expectations, are highlighted and discussed. The aspects are provision of shade and shelter, meeting targets for body condition, provision of comfortable surfaces for rearing calves, and for adult cows while off pasture, and pain relief for disbudding of calves. Research evidence indicates that the industry guidelines on body condition score, if met, would satisfy public expectations across the three orientations to animal welfare, whereas further work is needed on the other aspects. It is concluded that considering these three orientations to animal welfare when planning research and then evaluating the outcomes will help to promote the market success of the dairy industry in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2015
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