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Background: A green hospital building has superior qualities over general hospital buildings in terms of energy conservation, use of natural resources, clean indoor air quality, green housekeeping, and other characteristics that improve patient outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare organizations worldwide faced significant challenges and difficulties running hospitals. These challenges motivated the healthcare administration to find possible solutions for possible protocols for the functioning of the hospital. Methods: It was a prospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in north India from March 2020 to Feb 2022. After multiple changes in the fields of committee formation, human resource management, training, setting of the donning area and the doffing area, setting of the patient care areas and the infection control practices, equipment utilization, protocols for the support services, patient status updation to family members, and finally maintaining the patient data for the official purpose. Results: The hospital statistics showed a recovery rate of 81%, a mortality rate of 18%, and average length of stay of 8 days in COVID-19 patient care. Conclusion: The experiences, the challenges learned, and the solutions made to combat this pandemic will be the guide for future pandemics. The green hospital building proved its supremacy in patient outcomes and is recommended by hospital administrators as a future hospital building.

Several studies have demonstrated the prognostic value of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA); however, the correlation of mean tumor molecules (MTM)/ml of plasma and mean variant allele frequency (mVAF; %) with clinical parameters is yet to be understood. In this study, we analyzed ctDNA data in a pan‐cancer cohort of 23 543 patients who had ctDNA testing performed using a personalized, tumor‐informed assay (Signatera™, mPCR‐NGS assay). For ctDNA‐positive patients, the correlation between MTM/ml and mVAF was examined. Two subanalyses were performed: (a) to establish the association of ctDNA with tumor volume and (b) to assess the correlation between ctDNA dynamics and patient outcomes. On a global cohort, a positive correlation between MTM/ml and mVAF was observed. Among 18 426 patients with longitudinal ctDNA measurements, 13.3% had discordant trajectories between MTM/ml and mVAF at subsequent time points. In metastatic patients receiving immunotherapy (N = 51), changes in ctDNA levels expressed both in MTM/ml and mVAF showed a statistically significant association with progression‐free survival; however, the correlation with MTM/ml was numerically stronger.

Abstract Choroidal vascularity index (CVI) is an image-based metric applied to assess the choroid in disease but poorly explored in natural aging. In this retrospective cohort study, we assessed a single eye of 309 healthy individuals from 20 to 70 + years, and quantified spatial topography of total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA) and CVI (LA: TCA) in cluster and standard retinal templates using a semi-automated approach. CVI was found to be greatest in the central vs. periphery (CVIcentral 67.08% [66.85–67.73] vs. CVIperiphery65.68% [65.32–66.01], p

Abstract Evidence from homogeneous liquid or flat-plate cultures indicates that biochemical cues are the primary modes of bacterial interaction with their microenvironment. However, these systems fail to capture the effect of physical confinement on bacteria in their natural habitats. Bacterial niches like the pores of soil, mucus, and infected tissues are disordered microenvironments with material properties defined by their internal pore sizes and shear moduli. Here, we use three-dimensional matrices that match the viscoelastic properties of gut mucus to test how altering the physical properties of their microenvironment influences the growth of bacteria under confinement. We find that low aspect ratio (spherical) bacteria form compact, spherical colonies under confinement while high aspect ratio (rod-shaped) bacteria push their progenies further outwards to create elongated colonies with a higher surface area, enabling increased access to nutrients. As a result, the population growth of high aspect ratio bacteria is, under the tested conditions, more robust to increased physical confinement compared to that of low aspect ratio bacteria. Thus, our experimental evidence supports that environmental physical constraints can play a selective role in bacterial growth based on cell shape.

Introduction Schools provide an ideal setting for teaching first-aid skills. A concern is who should train these students when medical doctors and paramedics are busy in hospitals. School teachers can be enabled with instructors’ skills for delivering first-aid training to students under the supervision of one lead instructor. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of structured first-aid training by trained teachers on knowledge and practice of first aid among school children of Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. Methods This was a school-based pre- and post-test study. A convenient sample of 109 students (30–40 in each group) were recruited. The first phase was the assessment of needs by focus group discussion with school teachers and students, followed by the development and validation of the module and questionnaire. In the implementation phase, teachers were trained in first aid and facilitation skills, followed by students’ training. Knowledge and skill assessment was carried out. Feedback was noted. Result Need assessment interviews revealed first aid is needed for injuries and bleeding, sprain and fractures, basic life support, choking, nose bleed, animal/insect bites, and lifting/transport of victims. The pretest mean score of students was 6 (2) and increased to 16 (2.1). The relative learning gain was 167%, and absolute was 50%. All students were satisfied with the course and instructors. The facilitation skills score of teachers increased from 39-49 just after training to 67-72 by the end of the second workshop. Conclusion Teachers as facilitators for first-aid training of school students were found to be effective and feasible, and students were highly satisfied with the course and facilitators.

We report the case of a 60-year-old female who presented with postmenopausal bleeding after she underwent investigations followed by a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. A diagnosis of low-grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma admixed with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) was made based on the histomorphology and immunohistochemical profile. NEC of the endometrium is a rare and highly aggressive neoplasm requiring a multidisciplinary approach for its treatment. As treatment strategies are changing over time, preoperating imaging evaluation and histopathological examination with molecular characterization whenever possible are essential to follow, to offer the appropriate information to surgeons and/or oncologists for optimal management in these patients.

Cellular angiofibroma (CA) is a relatively recently described, rare, benign soft tissue tumor that predominantly occurs in the vulvoperineal region. It was first described in 1997 as a mesenchymal-origin tumor composed of connective (fibrous) tissue and blood vessels. We report a case of vaginal CA in a 40-year-old woman who presented with pressure symptoms, incidentally diagnosed with a vaginal mass and clinically suspected as vaginal myoma. This case was diagnosed based on histomorphology and immunohistochemistry and underwent surgical treatment. This tumor was a diagnostic dilemma for other benign and aggressive spindle cell tumors in the same area, such as endometrial stromal nodule, spindle cell lipoma, solitary fibrous tumors, and mixed tumors of the vagina.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a tailored progressive dietary intervention against the standard care instructions on the nutritional status and nutrient intake in geriatric patients receiving new complete dentures. Settings and Design: Randomized controlled trial. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on completely edentulous patients seeking complete dentures. The participants were randomly allocated into two groups, and each group received a separate set of advice. The cognitive function was assessed using the mini–mental state examination (MMSE) form. The outcome measures were assessed at the baseline and 3 months after denture insertion. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) form was used to evaluate the nutritional status and the nutrient intake was calculated by a 3-day 24-h dietary recall and fed into the DietCal software. Statistical Analysis Used: The analysis was done using the independent sample t-test, paired sample t-test, and analysis of co-variance. The significance level was set at 0.05 for all tests. Results: In total, 68 participants completed the trial. There were no significant differences in food intake between the two groups at baseline. However, at 3-month follow-up, the intervention group displayed a statistically significant improvement in body mass index (BMI) compared to the control group. Although the nutrient intake such as protein, dietary fiber, total fat, calcium, carbohydrate, energy, iron, and Vitamin B12 was higher in the intervention group than in the control group, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Simple, tailored dietary intervention with prosthetic restoration of the edentulous patients significantly improved BMI and MNA scores.

Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising candidates for immune modulation in various diseases that are associated with dysregulated immune responses like Graft-versus-Host-Disease (GVHD). MSCs are pleiotropic and the fate of MSCs following administration is a major determinant of their therapeutic efficacy. Methods Human MSCs were derived from bone marrow (BM) and Wharton’s Jelly (WJ) and preconditioned through exposure to hypoxia and induction of apoptosis, either sequentially or simultaneously. The immune programming potential of preconditioned MSCs was evaluated by assessing their effects on T cell proliferation, induction of Tregs, programming of effector T-cell towards Th2 phenotype, macrophage polarization in the direct co-culture of MSCs and aGVHD patients-derived PBMNCs. Additionally, efferocytosis of MSCs and relative change in the expression of immunomodulatory soluble factors were examined. Results Our study demonstrated that hypoxia preconditioned apoptotic MSCs (BM-MSCs, WJ-MSCs) bear more immune programming ability in a cellular model of acute Graft-versus-Host-Disease (aGVHD). Our findings revealed that WJ-MSCsHYP+APO were superior to BM-MSCsHYP+APO for immune regulation. These induced the differentiation of CD4+T-cell into Tregs, enhanced Th2 effector responses, and simultaneously mitigated Th1- and Th17 responses. Additionally, this approach led to the polarization of M1 macrophages toward an M2 phenotype. Conclusion Our study highlights the potential of WJ-MSCs conditioned with hypoxia and apoptosis concurrently, as a promising therapeutic strategy for aGVHD. It underscores the importance of considering MSC apoptosis in optimizing MSCs-based cellular therapy protocols for enhanced therapeutic efficacy in aGvHD. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Air is an essential human necessity, and inhaling filthy air poses a significant health risk. One of the most severe hazards to people’s health is air pollution, and appropriate precautions should be taken to monitor and anticipate its quality in advance. Among all the countries, the air quality in India is decreasing daily, which is a matter of concern to the health department. Many studies use machine learning and Deep learning methods to predict atmospheric pollutant levels, prioritizing accuracy over interpretability. Many research studies confuse researchers and readers about how to proceed with further research. This paper aims to give every detail of the considered air pollutants and brief about the techniques used, their advantages, and challenges faced during pollutant prediction, which leads to a better understanding of the techniques before starting any research related to air pollutant prediction. This paper has given numerous prospective questions on air pollution that piqued the study’s interest. This study discussed various machine and deep learning methods and optimization techniques. Despite all the discussed machine learning and deep learning techniques, the paper concluded that more datasets, better learning techniques, and a variety of suggestions would enhance interpretability while maintaining high accuracy for air pollution prediction. The purpose of this review is also to reveal how a family of neural network algorithms has helped researchers across the globe to predict air pollutant(s).

Background: Over the last decade, the rate of cesarean sections has steadily increased owing to various reasons, and along with it the incidence of wound sepsis. Different risk factors identified are maternal age, socioeconomic status, educational status, antenatal visits, pregestational diabetes, obesity, recurrent pregnancy losses, duration of surgery, preterm rupture of membranes, etc. Hence, assessing infections and their management is an integral part of health care, as it helps develop strategies for prevention, better management of infection, reducing the hospital stay, and cost of healthcare. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess and note the variability of social and demographic profiles of patients undergoing cesarean sections and developing wound infection, along with its various presentations and categories. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on patients who developed wound sepsis after undergoing cesarean section at a tertiary center in India. Results: Among the patients enrolled, 35.83% were illiterate and 45.83% were educated up to the tenth standard. About 74% of patients were not registered during the antenatal period. Furthermore, the majority of patients were overweight and obese (74%) and were from lower socioeconomic strata. About 85% of the patients who developed wound infection had their surgery lasting for more than 60 minutes. About 87.50% developed a superficial category of infection, and 68.33% presented within the first 5 days of surgery. Patients with deep infected wounds had significantly bigger wounds and longer hospitalization. Conclusion: Illiteracy and lower socioeconomic conditions predispose women to wound sepsis. A longer duration of surgery was associated with a higher risk of infection. Superficial wounds are the most common type of infection encountered. Deep and organ space categories of wound infection are associated with increased morbidity and longer hospitalization warranting aggressive management. Reducing the incidence of wound sepsis can help to reduce morbidity by identifying risk factors before pregnancy and supporting the implementation of preconception counseling centers and prenatal programs to educate and raise awareness among patients.

Abstract Background Goat milk is gaining popularity as a superior alternative to bovine milk due to its closer resemblance to human milk. Understanding the molecular processes underlying lactation is crucial for improving milk quality and production in goats. However, the genetic mechanisms governing lactation in goats, particularly in indigenous breeds like the Jakhrana, remain largely unexplored. Results In this study, we performed a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of Jakhrana goat mammary glands during early and late lactation stages. We isolated milk somatic cells and conducted RNA sequencing, followed by transcript quantification and mapping against the ARS1.2 Capra hircus reference assembly. Our analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and commonly expressed genes (CEGs) across the lactation phases. Early lactation showed enrichment of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and lubrication proteins, while late lactation exhibited heightened expression of genes encoding major milk proteins. Additionally, DEG analysis revealed upregulation of pivotal genes, such as the ABC transporter gene MRP4, implicated in modulating milk composition and quality. Conclusion Our findings provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying lactation dynamics in the Jakhrana goat. Understanding these mechanisms could help in improving milk production and quality in goats, benefiting both the dairy industry and consumers.

Abstract The negative impact of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection on cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients is well established. This research article explores the cellular pathways involved in underlying heart diseases after infection. The systemic inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection likely exacerbates this increased cardiovascular risk; however, whether the virus directly infects cardiomyocytes remains unknown due to limited multi-omics data. While public transcriptome data exists for COVID-19 infection in different cell types (including cardiomyocytes), infection times vary between studies. We used available RNA-seq data from human heart tissue to delineate SARS-CoV-2 infection and heart failure aetiology specific gene expression signatures. A total of fifty-four samples from four studies were analysed. Our aim was to investigate specific transcriptome changes occurring in cardiac tissue with SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to non-infected controls. Our data establish that SARS-CoV-2 infects cardiomyocytes by the TNF-NF-κB pathway, potentially triggering acute cardiovascular complications and increasing the long-term cardiovascular risk in COVID-19 patients.

Introduction: Cannabis is the second most widely-used substance in India, after alcohol. Several researches show how cannabis use can impair emotion recognition capacity, but relatively few researchers have explored this among cannabis abstainers. Aims: The present study’s authors aimed at assessing emotion recognition, emotion differentiation, self-reported anxiety, depression, stress, withdrawal intensity and impact in a sample of men who abstain from cannabis. Methods: Heavy cannabis users (N = 70 males) were assessed via questionnaires regarding their cannabis use frequency, their age at onset of usage, anxiety, depression, and stress levels as well as their performance on computerised tasks of emotion recognition and discrimination within 24 hours of their admission (T0), then after 15 days of abstinence (T1), and finally after 30 days of abstinence (T2). At T1 and T2, they were also assessed for withdrawal intensity and the impact of withdrawal on daily activities. Results: Findings revealed that, with abstinence, successive improvement in emotion recognition and emotion differentiation developed, even after accounting for declines in psychological distress from T0 to T1. However, from T1 to T2, further declines in psychological distress and withdrawal impact mainly accounted for this improvement. Happiness was the best recognised and well-differentiated emotion while the poorest discrimination was observed for anger. Conclusions: This study’s findings corroborate and significantly add to the limited existing literature, demonstrating improved emotion recognition and differentiation due to initial cannabis abstinence, but later this improvement proceeds with a decline in distress and withdrawal impact.

Crouzon Syndrome (CS) with Acanthosis Nigricans is a disorder characterised by the premature joining of certain bones of the skull {Craniosynostosis (CSO)} during development and a skin condition called Acanthosis Nigricans. Two cases of CSO with abnormal facies were referred to the present tertiary genetic centre. The first case was a one-year-three-month-old female with CSO, normal Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and normal limbs, clinically diagnosed as CS. The second case was a two-year-two-month-old male child with CSO, choanal atresia, hydrocephalus, normal limbs, post-surgical follow-up and suspected as a syndromic CSO. Both cases showed the presence of diffuse Acanthosis Nigricans and the final diagnosis was CS with Acanthosis Nigricans. This condition is distinct from classical CS due to its dermatological features, hydrocephalus, choanal atresia and impaired glucose values. CS with Acanthosis Nigricans (CAN) showed a specific mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, while Classical CS, in contrast, has a mutation in the FGFR 2 gene. Both of these cases were confirmed by molecular testing as CAN. This is a very rare condition in our population because of its peculiar clinical associations.

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) resulting from uncontrolled activation of the alternate complement pathway. It is necessary to distinguish a recurrent aHUS posttransplant from de novo aHUS, as the former is usually associated with complement abnormalities and has a poorer prognosis. Furthermore, COVID-19 is believed to unmask underlying complement defects triggering a relapse of aHUS. In this report, we present one such unique histologic presentation of recurrent TMA following a COVID-19 infection, which was not just a diagnostic challenge but could easily have been misdiagnosed as an antibody-mediated rejection.

Background: Thyroid dysfunction evaluation during pregnancy is important for the mother’s health, obstetric outcomes, and the child’s cognitive development. This study is conducted to know various thyroid disorders that can occur during antenatal and their impact on mother and fetus outcomes. Materials and Methods: This observational research was conducted over two years at a tertiary center in Western Rajasthan, India. Seven hundred and seventy-two low-risk singleton pregnant patients who met the inclusive criteria were recruited. The estimation of T3, T4, and TSH was done along with a routine investigation in antenatal women. Antenatal having abnormal thyroid profiles were then analyzed for mother and fetus problems. Results: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in antenatal women is 16.5%. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) was seen in 12.5% of cases, overt hypothyroidism in 3.36%, and subclinical hyperthyroidism in only 0.51% of cases. Anti-TPO was positive in 46 (41.44%) women with hypothyroidism and 1 (25%) with hyperthyroidism. Compared to euthyroid women, women with overt hypothyroid (19.23% vs 3.1%, P = 0.002) and subclinical hypothyroid (9.27% vs 3.1%, P = 0.003) were found to be associated with a higher risk of hypertensive disease. Concerning fetal outcomes. There was a high risk for preterm (12.37% v/s 4.9%, P = 0.004) and fetal growth retardation (FGR) in patients with SCH (7.21% v/s 3.1%, P = 0.04). Conclusion: Considering the significant influence of thyroid disorders on mother and fetus outcomes, the screening for thyroid during pregnancy should be considered universally, particularly in developing countries with high prevalent rates, such as India.

Abstract Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like elements (SETTLE) is a rare malignant neoplasm of the thyroid gland which is believed to arise from intrathyroidal thymic tissue. It predominantly affects young adults and children presenting with a thyroid mass of variable duration and rarely occurs in adults. It has a high overall survival with a tendency for delayed metastasis. SETTLE is a biphasic lobulated tumor composed of spindle shaped cells along with glandular formations seen on histopathological examination. Despite its typical morphology it is commonly misdiagnosed on histopathology due to its rarity and overlapping morphology with other close mimics such as a carcinoma, synovial sarcoma and thymoma. Herein we report such a case occurring in a middle aged female presenting with a neck mass. She had an initial diagnosis of metastatic poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma possibly with an orophayngeal primary in view of co expression of CK, p40 and p16 on immunohistochemistry. The patient underwent surgical resection with modified neck dissection. On review at our hospital it was diagnosed as SETTLE and she remains disease free after a follow-up period of 1 year. Diligent histopathological examination espoused with a judicious panel of IHC markers in conjunction with clinicoradiological findings forms the mainstay of diagnosis. Diffuse and strong p16 immunoexpression has not been documented or evaluated in literature so far, and needs to be explored for its diagnostic utility in this rare entity.

Abstract Introduction The India Hypertension Control Initiative (IHCI) emphasizes decentralized patient-centric care to boost hypertension control in public healthcare facilities. We documented the decentralization process, enrolment pattern by facility type, and treatment outcomes in nine districts of Punjab and Maharashtra states, India, from 2018–2022. Methods We detailed the shift in hypertension care from higher facilities to Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) using the World Health Organization (WHO) health system pillar framework. We reviewed hypertension treatment records in 4,045 public facilities from nine districts in the two states, focusing on indicators including registration numbers, the proportion of controlled, uncontrolled blood pressure (BP), and missed visits among those under care. Results The decentralization process involved training, treatment protocol provision, supervision, and monitoring. Among 394,038 individuals registered with hypertension from 2018–2021, 69% were under care in 2022. Nearly half of those under care (129,720/273,355) received treatment from HWCs in 2022. Care of hypertensive individuals from district hospitals (14%), community health centres (20%), and primary health centres (24%) were decentralized to HWCs. Overall BP control rose from 20% (4,004/20,347) in 2019 to 58% (157,595/273,355) in 2022, while missed visits decreased from 61% (12,394/20,347) in 2019 to 26% (70,894/273,355) in 2022. This trend was consistent in both states. HWCs exhibited the highest BP control and the lowest missed visits throughout the study period compared to other facility types. Conclusion We documented an increase in decentralized access to hypertension treatment and improved treatment outcomes over four years. We recommend operationalizing hypertension care at HWCs to other districts in India to improve BP control.

Postpneumonectomy syndrome (PPS) is a rare, life-threatening complication characterized by dynamic airway obstruction due to mediastinal rotation at any time point following pneumonectomy. This can produce life-threatening respiratory and cardiovascular complications. We report a case who developed PPS following right pneumonectomy in a 55-year-old female patient with small cell carcinoma (SCC) right lung.

Objective(s): Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world and requires novel medications or existing ones should be improved. Nanotechnology is a modern science that helps to avoid adverse reactions and resistance to drugs. The current regimen for standard therapy calls for routine administration of medications over six months. Since the noncompliance of patients and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, therapies become more challenging. The objective of the current study was to develop Isoniazid-Rifampicin-loaded (INH-RIF-NPs) nanoparticles to improve release properties and drug encapsulation efficiency.Materials and Methods: Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used for optimizing the nanoparticles. Eudragit was used in the preparations in varying concentrations (1-2% w/v). The compatibility of the drug and excipients was shown. The existence of the nanoparticles was confirmed by the analytical results of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: The optimized nanoparticles showed no drug-polymer interaction. The mean size of the INH-RIF-NPs was around 112±8.73 nm, and they were sphere-like, smooth, fairly uniform in size, and well-dispersed, and entrapment efficiencies were high at 98.7±0.68%. Drug release was slow and sustained with 66.91% INH cumulative release and 80.06 of RFP after 24 hr. Conclusion: Significant drug uptake with higher encapsulation efficiency, uniform size, good dispersion, and prolonged release characteristics are all present in INH-RIF-NPs. This suggests the existence of a delivery system capable of effectively encapsulating and delivery of combined drug formulation in polymeric nanoparticles.

Purpose: To study the risk factors, clinical features, and treatment outcomes of patients with culture-negative keratitis (CNK). Methods: A retrospective data review of 933 patients with CNK was performed from January 2018 to December 2020. The variables such as the history of injury, visual acuity, slit-lamp findings with measurements of size and depth of ulcer, microbiological evaluation, duct patency, blood glucose levels, and treatment were considered, and clinical outcome was analyzed. Results: Of the 933 patients with CNK, 763 (81.8%) were medically managed, with a mean treatment duration of 2.08 ± 1.7 weeks. Among them, 622 (66.7%) were both smear and culture-negative, and 311 (33.3%) showed only smear positivity. Smear-positive patients showed a positive correlation with the history of injury. A higher incidence of fungal growth on repeat culture was observed. Surgical interventions were done only in 18.2% of the patients; the rest were treated with topical medications alone. Conclusion: High clinical suspicion, differentiation of causative organisms based on clinical findings, and initiating empirical therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungals improve the ultimate prognosis in patients with CNK, even though a standard protocol for empirical medical treatment may differ among institutions and surgeons based on their clinical experience and geographical variations.

Abstract Within the context of Molecular Electronic Density Theory (MEDT), this study investigates the Diels–Alder reaction among isoprene (2) and R-carvone (1R) applying DFT simulations, with and without Lewis acid (LA) catalysis. The results show that carvone (1R) acts as an electrophile and isoprene (2) as a nucleophile in a polar process. LA catalysis increases the electrophilicity of carvone, thereby improving the reactivity and selectivity of the reaction by reducing the activation Gibbs free energy. Parr functions reveal that the C5=C6 double bond is more reactive than the C9=C10 double bond, indicating chemoselectivity. The examination of the Electron Localization Function (ELF) reveals high regio- and stereoselectivity, indicating an asynchronous mechanism for the LA-catalyzed DA reaction. Furthermore, it is suggested that cycloadduct 3 has great anti-HIV potential because it exhibits lower binding energies than azidothymidine (AZT) in the docking studies of cycloadducts 3 and 4 amongst a primary HIV-1protein (1A8O plus 5W4Q).

Abstract An influenza vaccine approach that overcomes the problem of viral sequence diversity and provides long-lived heterosubtypic protection is urgently needed to protect against pandemic influenza viruses. Here, to determine if lung-resident effector memory T cells induced by cytomegalovirus (CMV)-vectored vaccines expressing conserved internal influenza antigens could protect against lethal influenza challenge, we immunize Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) with cynomolgus CMV (CyCMV) vaccines expressing H1N1 1918 influenza M1, NP, and PB1 antigens (CyCMV/Flu), and challenge with heterologous, aerosolized avian H5N1 influenza. All six unvaccinated MCM died by seven days post infection with acute respiratory distress, while 54.5% (6/11) CyCMV/Flu-vaccinated MCM survived. Survival correlates with the magnitude of lung-resident influenza-specific CD4 + T cells prior to challenge. These data demonstrate that CD4 + T cells targeting conserved internal influenza proteins can protect against highly pathogenic heterologous influenza challenge and support further exploration of effector memory T cell-based vaccines for universal influenza vaccine development.

Objective Hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD) are characterized by joint hypermobility, joint subluxations and dislocations, hyperextensible skin, and chronic and progressive multiorgan comorbidities. Diagnosing hEDS and HSD is difficult because of variable phenotypes and unknown genetic etiology. In our clinic, we observed many patients with hEDS and HSD with a high serum level of unmetabolized folate, which suggests that hypermobility may be linked to methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)–mediated folate metabolism. The present study aims to examine the prevalence of MTHFR polymorphisms, C677T and A1298C, among patients with hEDS and HSD. Methods Clinical and demographic information of patients visiting our hypermobility clinic from January 2023 to July 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Continuous variables were reported as mean ± SD and range, whereas categorical variables were reported as total count and percentage. Results Among 157 patients, 93% of patients were female patients, 52.2% were diagnosed with hEDS, and 47.8% were diagnosed with HSD. Interestingly, 85% of the patients had MTHFR C677T and/or A1298C polymorphisms in heterozygous or homozygous state. MTHFR 677CT/TT genotype was present in 52.9% of cases, and 49.7% of patients had 1298AC/CC genotype. In addition,14% of patients with hypermobility exhibited MTHFR 677TT genotype, 10.2% showed 1298CC genotype, and 17.2% displayed combined heterozygosity, collectively representing 41.4% hypermobile patients with two copies of MTHFR variant alleles. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of MTHFR polymorphisms among patients with hypermobility, which supports the hypothesis that hypermobility may be dependent on folate status.

Abstract Here, a high gain DC–DC converter which is based on switched capacitor (SC) and switched LCL (SLCL) cells is presented. The diode employed in the classical passive switched inductor (SI) cell is replaced by a capacitor in the proposed SLCL cell to achieve higher voltage gain. Two switches—one each in the positive and negative DC rails of the supply are employed to charge and discharge the inductors of SLCL cells. A generic structure comprising of N and M number of SLCL cells in the positive and negative DC rails respectively along with K number of SC cells is presented. To validate the proposed gain extension concept, a two‐switch based converter comprising of 2 SLCL and 1 SC cells is synthesized and its operation is described in detail. The voltage gain expression of the proposed SLCL‐SC converter is derived. Experimental results are obtained from a 25 to 380 V prototype converter which operates at a full‐load efficiency of 94.22% at 200 W. Since the switches employed in the proposed converter are operated at a moderate and safe duty ratio of D = 0.51, the voltage stress on the switches is about 25% of the output voltage while the diodes are subjected to even lesser voltage stress levels of only one‐fifth of the output voltage. The main salient features of the proposed topology are its (i) modular structure, (ii) ability to provide higher voltage gain values at lower duty ratios (iii) reduced voltage stress on the semiconductor devices and (iv) reduced conduction losses due to the replacement of diodes with capacitors in SLCL cells.

In the realm of marketing, certain facets often find themselves relegated to the periphery, overlooked and underestimated. This theoretical exploration delves into strategies for reviving these neglected elements, aiming to reclaim their significance within the broader marketing landscape. In the dynamic world of consumer behavior and evolving market trends, it becomes imperative to reassess and reinvigorate those components that have been marginalized over time. This study postulates that a theoretical foundation can catalyze innovation, offering marketers a blueprint for revitalizing overlooked aspects. By challenging conventional norms and engaging in theoretical discourse, professionals can uncover latent potential and undiscovered opportunities within their marketing arsenal. The theoretical lens allows for a comprehensive examination of the overlooked facets, dissecting the intricacies that may have led to their neglect. This process not only facilitates a deeper understanding of the dynamics at play but also sets the stage for strategic interventions. As marketing evolves, embracing a theoretical framework becomes paramount in deciphering the nuances of consumer psychology, technology integration, and societal shifts, ultimately empowering marketers to breathe new life into forgotten realms and redefine the boundaries of effective engagement.

Introduction:Dermatophytosis is a disease of worldwide importance and a public health concern, particularly in developing countries. The clinical manifestation of Dadru resembles tinea infection affecting approximately 15% of the population. Here, a case of a 35-year-old female diagnosed with tinea corporis for the last 3 years, treated successfully with topical application of Ayurvedic interventions, is being reported.Main Clinical Finding:Dermatological examination revealed elevated oval to circular reddish to whitish patches with dryness, erythema, and eruptions over the abdomen, left leg, and hand.Diagnosis:The lesions presenting with Kandu, Raga, Pidika, and Utsaana mandala diagnosed as Dadru in classics.Interventions:She was given Chakramarda beeja lepa in kanji and Tankana bhasma as a local application for 1 month.Outcome:After completion of treatment, significant improvement was observed in all the parameters of disease along with no relapse in follow-up period.Conclusion:Ayurvedic interventions may be employed in dermatophytosis.

Background: Periodontal disease is associated with immune dysregulation, and cytokines released can add on to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated cytokine storm, further worsening the related adverse outcomes. Specific studies investigating cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients with periodontal disease are lacking. Examining the correlation between these conditions could aid in categorizing risk categories, determining referrals, and strengthening oral hygiene protocols. The current study sought to evaluate cytokine levels in the saliva of COVID-19-positive patients with and without periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six COVID-19-positive patients were subjected to periodontal examination, saliva collection, and assessment of cytokine levels through cytokine bead-based multiplex assay, using fluorescence-encoded beads with flow cytometry (BD FACS LSRFortessa). Eleven cytokines were assessed (interleukin [IL] 2, 4, 6, 10, 17A, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 8/IL 8, CXCL 9/monokine-induced gamma interferon [MIG]), and CXCL 10 (chemokine IFN-gamma inducible protein 10 kDa). The cytokine levels of the recruited subjects were also compared graphically with the salivary cytokine levels reported in the literature for health, COVID-19, and periodontal disease alone. Results: Out of 26 COVID-19-positive patients, 17 had periodontal disease. Levels of all cytokines were raised in patients with both diseases when compared to values reported in literature for health, periodontal disease alone, or COVID-19 alone. However, there was no statistical difference among the recruited subjects for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-gamma, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL 8, and CXCL 10. MIG levels were found to be higher in periodontally healthy, COVID-19-positive subjects (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Periodontal disease might contribute to the COVID-19-induced cytokine storm, potentially amplifying its impact.

Infantile systemic hyalinosis (ISH) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by widespread hyaline deposition in various tissues, resulting in multi-organ dysfunction. We present a case of a 6-month-old male child with minimal limb movements and skin lesions, emphasizing the diagnostic challenges and multidisciplinary approach involved in managing ISH. Medical history revealed intrauterine growth retardation and a neonatal intensive care unit admission, prompting referral to a tertiary care hospital. A comprehensive evaluation, including imaging, electrophysiological studies, and histology, confirmed the diagnosis of ISH-associated myopathy. Dermatological manifestations and genetic implications are discussed, highlighting the need for early recognition and genetic counseling. Our case contributes to the limited literature on ISH, emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts in diagnosing and managing this complex disorder.

Geopolymer materials, alternatives to cement that are synthesized using industrial byproducts, have emerged as some of the leading champion materials due to their environmentally friendly attributes. They can significantly reduce pollution by utilizing a plethora of waste products and conserving natural resources that would otherwise be used in the production of conventional cement. Much work is being carried out to study geopolymers’ characteristics under different conditions. Here, a geopolymer derived from fly ash (FA) was synthesized using a combination of sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide (KOH) (2.5:1 ratio) as an alkali activator (AA) liquid. The FA/AA ratios were optimized, resulting in distinct geopolymer samples with ratios of 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75. By adjusting the contribution of alkaline liquid, we investigated the impacts of subtle changes in the FA/AA ratio on the morphology and microstructure using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) techniques. The FESEM analysis illustrated a mixed matrix and morphology, with the sample with a ratio of 1.00 displaying consistently fused and homogenous morphology. The XRD results revealed the prevalent amorphous nature of geopolymer with a few crystalline phases of quartz, sodalite, hematite, and mullite. An electrical study confirmed the insulating nature of the geopolymer samples. Insulating geopolymers can provide energy-efficient buildings and resistance to fire, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Additionally, using KOH as a part of the alkali activator introduced a less-explored aspect compared to conventional sodium hydroxide-based activators, highlighting the novelty in the synthesis process.

Introduction: Husband and wife as a couple are fully responsible for their current and future. In our society, the husband is mostly responsible for making the decision regarding any expenses. In India, there is a need to reduce the maternal mortality rate, and Husband’s involvement in antenatal care could be a key to success as it will enable them to support their partner in adequate preparation for birth and to utilize emergency obstetric care early if complications arise. Aim and Objectives: To find out about male involvement in the utilization of maternal healthcare services by their spouse and various factors affecting male involvement in the utilization of maternal healthcare services. Methods: This study was conducted in urban and rural field practice areas attached to the Department of Community Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak. The study included 400 couples where 200 each were recruited from rural and urban areas. Out of 17 subcenters under CHC Chiri eight, subcenters were selected randomly by lottery method. A line list of these couples was prepared at each subcenter using ANC and birth register. Couples were enrolled from this line list till a sample size of 25 was reached at each of these eight subcenters. In this way, a total of 200 couples were enrolled from rural areas in which women delivered and availed maternal health services in the last 6 months. In urban areas, an equal number of couples were enrolled from each of these three urban health posts till the sample size of 200 was reached in an urban area. Results: The majority of the husbands (73%) reported that they participated in their wives’ utilization of maternal health services. Twenty-seven percent did not participate in their wives’ utilization of maternal health services. It also showed that 71.0% of the husbands did not know about the investigations that needed to be performed during a woman’s pregnancy. Only 29% were aware of it. On analysis, it was observed that 73% of the husbands had good participation in their spouses’ maternal and child health (MCH) care, while the rest had poor participation (27%). It also showed that as the education level of the participants’ husbands increased, their participation in their spouses’ MCH care increased, with the highest being observed among graduates (91.3%) and the lowest among those with primary schooling level education (66.7%) which were statistically significant.

Abstract Background Many individuals with neurodegenerative (NDD) and immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMID) experience debilitating fatigue. Currently, assessments of fatigue rely on patient reported outcomes (PROs), which are subjective and prone to recall biases. Wearable devices, however, provide objective and reliable estimates of gait, an essential component of health, and may present objective evidence of fatigue. This study explored the relationships between gait characteristics derived from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and patient-reported fatigue in the IDEA-FAST feasibility study. Methods Participants with IMIDs and NDDs (Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primary Sjogren’s syndrome (PSS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)) wore a lower-back IMU continuously for up to 10 days at home. Concurrently, participants completed PROs (physical fatigue (PF) and mental fatigue (MF)) up to four times a day. Macro (volume, variability, pattern, and acceleration vector magnitude) and micro (pace, rhythm, variability, asymmetry, and postural control) gait characteristics were extracted from the accelerometer data. The associations of these measures with the PROs were evaluated using a generalised linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) and binary classification with machine learning. Results Data were recorded from 72 participants: PD = 13, HD = 9, RA = 12, SLE = 9, PSS = 14, IBD = 15. For the GLMM, the variability of the non-walking bouts length (in seconds) with PF returned the highest conditional R2, 0.165, and with MF the highest marginal R2, 0.0018. For the machine learning classifiers, the highest accuracy of the current analysis was returned by the micro gait characteristics with an intrasubject cross validation method and MF as 56.90% (precision = 43.9%, recall = 51.4%). Overall, the acceleration vector magnitude, bout length variation, postural control, and gait rhythm were the most interesting characteristics for future analysis. Conclusions Counterintuitively, the outcomes indicate that there is a weak relationship between typical gait measures and abnormal fatigue. However, factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted gait behaviours. Therefore, further investigations with a larger cohort are required to fully understand the relationship between gait and abnormal fatigue.

Title compound 1Ni, [Ni(C46H32N4O2)], a secochlorin nickel complex, was prepared by diol cleavage of a precursor trans-dihydroxydimethylchlorin. Two crystallographically independent molecules in the structure are related by pseudo-A lattice centering, with molecules differing mainly by a rotation of one of the acetyls and an adjacent phenyl groups. The two molecules have virtually identical conformations characterized by noticeable in-plane deformation in the A1g mode and a prominent out-of-plane deformation in the B1u (ruffling) mode. Directional interactions between molecules are scarce, limited to just a few C—H...O contacts, and intermolecular interactions are mostly dispersive in nature.

The aim of the study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Alpinia purpurata leaves and evaluate their cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, dye degradation, and larvicidal potentials. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed AgNPs synthesis and revealed nanoparticle size (10 to 30 nm) and the presence of silver. Cytotoxicity tests showed IC50 values of 4.59 ± 0.6 µg/mL in A549 cells and 3.48 ± 0.4 µg/mL in PA1 cells, inducing apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometry revealed cell cycle arrest at G0-G1 phase. AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, with maximum inhibition zones against K. pneumoniae (23 ± 2 mm) and F. oxysporum (17 ± 2 mm), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 12.5 ± 0.25 to 75 ± 2.5 µg/mL. They also reduced bacterial and fungal biomass and showed antibiofilm effects. Photocatalytic activity degraded methylene blue dye by 88.4 ± 1.4% in 60 minutes. Larvicidal activity resulted in 100% mortality of A. aegypti larvae after 48 hours exposure to AgNPs (10 mg/L), additionally reducing chemical oxygen demand (55.1 ± 2.1% to 63.8 ± 1.5%) and microbial load in wastewater (2.5 to 10 ppm).

A large amount of used cooking oil (UCO) is improperly disposed of in sewage and rivers, leading to environmental pollution and posing health risks such as carcinogenic diseases. This study explores an eco-friendly approach to addressing this issue by repurposing UCO for laundry soap production, contributing to waste management and environmental decontamination. The soap was prepared by treating UCO with an alkaline solution (NaOH) through a simple saponification process, providing a greener alternative to traditional methods that rely on imported vegetable oils. The prepared soaps were evaluated for cleansing capacity as well as physical, chemical, and physicochemical properties. The results showed moisture content of 9.27 % to 10.34 %, pH ranging from 6.03 to 4.46, chloride percentage from 0.055 % to 0.29 %, free caustic alkali between 0.152 and 0.175, and total alkali content from 0.29 % to 0.73 %. These values meet the requirements of East African Standards (EAS), validating the quality of UCO-based soaps. By diverting UCO from waste streams and utilizing it in soap production, this approach supports waste management, minimizes environmental pollution, and contributes to sustainable production practices.

The present study was carried out to analyse the indicators of women empowerment and evaluate the effectiveness of microfinance on women empowerment. Empowerment indicators were identified and analysed based on the responses of 60 SHG (Self-Help Group) women in Mudigere Taluk of Chikmagalur District of Karnataka state. The findings pointed the impact of microfinance on women empowerment based on women empowerment indicators using five-point Likert scale. It was concluded that women’s participation in microfinance empowers them in family, social and economic security in terms of decision making, mobility, ownership of assets and independent savings.

Large language models (LLMs) have become transformative tools in areas like text generation, natural language processing, and conversational AI. However, their widespread use introduces security risks, such as jailbreak attacks, which exploit LLM’s vulnerabilities to manipulate outputs or extract sensitive information. Malicious actors can use LLMs to spread misinformation, manipulate public opinion, and promote harmful ideologies, raising ethical concerns. Balancing safety and accuracy require carefully weighing potential risks against benefits. Prompt Guarding (Prompt-G) addresses these challenges by using vector databases and embedding techniques to assess the credibility of generated text, enabling real-time detection and filtering of malicious content. We collected and analyzed a dataset of Self Reminder attacks to identify and mitigate jailbreak attacks, ensuring that the LLM generates safe and accurate responses. In various attack scenarios, Prompt-G significantly reduced jailbreak success rates and effectively identified prompts that caused confusion or distraction in the LLM. Integrating our model with Llama 2 13B chat reduced the attack success rate (ASR) to 2.08%. The source code is available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13501821.

BackgroundIntegrating pediatric palliative care (PPC) into pediatric oncology standard care is essential. Therefore, it is important to assess physicians’ knowledge and perceptions of PPC to optimize its practice.ObjectiveTo evaluate the knowledge, comfort levels, and perspectives of physicians regarding the timing and perceived barriers to integrating PPC into pediatric cancer care across Europe.DesignThe Assessing Doctors’ Attitudes on Palliative Treatment (ADAPT) survey, originally developed for other global regions, was culturally and contextually adapted for Europe.Setting/SubjectsThe survey was distributed via the European Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOPE) membership listserv. Any physicians caring for children with cancer across Eastern, Southern, Central, and Northern Europe were invited to complete the survey.ResultsA total of 198 physicians from 29 European countries completed the ADAPT survey. Physicians demonstrated relative agreement with the World Health Organization’s guidance; median alignment was 83.4% (range 59.9%-94.1%). Although most respondents felt comfortable addressing physical (84.4%) and emotional (63.4%) needs, they felt less comfortable addressing spiritual needs (41.9%) and providing grief and bereavement support (48.5%). There were significant regional differences, such as physicians in Eastern and Southern Europe reporting a lack of PPC specialists, opioids, and home-based care, while those in Northern and Central Europe did not.ConclusionPhysicians caring for children with cancer throughout Europe have a good understanding of PPC. However, misconceptions about PPC persist, requiring educational and capacity-building efforts. Additionally, the regional differences in perceived barriers must be addressed to ensure equitable access to PPC for all European children with cancer.

The rapid expansion of urban areas and the increasing number of vehicles on the road have resulted in accidents, traffic congestion, economic repercussions, environmental deterioration, and excessive fuel consumption. A dependable traffic management system is necessary to anticipate and regulate urban traffic patterns. Traffic forecast aids in the prevention of traffic issues. Urban traffic predictions often utilise historical and current traffic flow data to forecast road conditions. This article presents a traffic flow prediction system that utilises the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, and feature selection. Internet of Things (IoT) devices located on highways or within cars gather sensor data in real-time. The input data set comprises both real-time Internet of Things (IoT) data and historical traffic statistics. The input data is stored in a centralized cloud. The data is subjected to preprocessing in order to eliminate any unwanted interference and identify any exceptional values. The accuracy and root mean square error are contingent upon the process of feature selection. Particle swarm optimization identifies and extracts crucial features from input data. The classification model is constructed using K Nearest Neighbor, Multi layer Perceptron, and Bayes network approaches. The UCI traffic data is used for conducting experiments. The dataset has 47 attributes and 2102 occurrences. The accuracy of traffic flow prediction using PSO KNN is 96 %. The PSO KNN algorithm achieved a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 0.00289 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.0595.

Proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) and proactive consumers has mooted over the pre-existing pricing mechanisms for active distribution networks (ADNs). This entails the need for a pricing mechanism in conjunction with cost-effective ADN operations. Locational marginal price (LMP) is a well-established pricing mechanism of the day-ahead wholesale market in most countries and provides economic signals and incentives to market participants. However, the alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) model (being non-deterministic polynomial-time hard) has inherent complexities and convergence issues. Besides, the approximations involved in its implementation for transmission networks may not be applicable to ADN due to their technical and structural differences. Hence, a distribution LMP (DLMP) model is indispensable for the evolving ADN. This paper proposes a network-dependent sensitivity-based branch-flow quadratic OPF model for evaluating active and reactive power DLMPs of ADNs. The DLMPs are calculated using the sensitivities and dual variables of the OPF model, which consist of incremental costs for energy, loss, congestion, and voltage components. These signals would offer an equitable price for each DER, accounting for their contribution to network conditions. The efficacy of the proposed model has been elucidated on the 33, 69, 118, and 141-node ADNs, and the results are compared with five state-of-the-art models.

Medicinal plants consist of complex chemical compounds that have been acknowledged for their important role in treating persistent human illnesses. This research concentrates on the phyto-physicochemical evaluation of Moringa oleifera Lam. extract and its in vitro anti-arthritic properties, as determined by inhibiting protein denaturation utilizing varying concentrations of the extract and a standard drug, diclofenac sodium. The study's results revealed a significant in vitro anti-arthritic impact of the extract, with an 85.8% inhibition compared to the standard drug's 99.9% inhibition. Furthermore, this research involved creating sustained-release tablets using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based formulations and various grades of hydrophilic polymers along with a fixed quantity of a hydrophobic polymer. The manufactured tablets demonstrated favourable sustained-release traits through direct compression, with the MF2 formulation showing a 73.8% cumulative release over 10 hours.

Coinfection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses is associated with multiple diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the co-infection of other pathogens with SARS-CoV-2 was one of the important determinants of the severity. Although primarily a respiratory virus gastric manifestation of the SARS-CoV-2 infection was widely reported. This study highlights the possible consequences of SARS-CoV-2 -Helicobacter pylori coinfection in the gastrointestinal cells. We utilized the transfection and infection model for SARS-CoV-2 spike Delta (δ) and H. pylori respectively in colon carcinoma cell line HT-29 to develop the coinfection model to study inflammation, mitochondrial function, and cell death. The results demonstrate increased transcript levels of inflammatory markers like TLR2 (p

This study warrants a broad analysis on the simultaneous effects of Brownian and thermophoresis on the chemically reacting Williamson nanofluid flow via a permeable expanding sheet. The analysis includes the properties of slip velocity and thermal radiation, providing a more representative picture of the physical phenomena. The differential equations governed by demonstrating the fluid flow phenomena are renewed to a set of nonlinear differential equations utilizing similarity rules. These transformed equations are subsequently handled numerically adopting the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results reveal the significant control of Brownian motion together with thermophoresis and additionally, the inclusion of velocity slip and thermal radiation remarkably affect the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions. Parametric studies show the validation of the present system to variations in the Williamson fluid parameter, slip parameter, radiative heat parameter, Brownian motion parameter, and thermophoresis parameter.

Introduction: Glycyrrhizic acid which is the most important active ingredient extracted from the licorice root shows great potential as a carrier material in traditional chinese medicine. Nanotechnologies hold tremendous potential as an effective drug delivery system. Recent studies have indicated that the combination of glycyrrhizic acid and nanotechnology had better therapeutic effects. Materials and methods: Literatures were searched from various databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Journals Embase, Google Scholar and Science Direct by using keywords including like “Glycyrrhizic Acid” paired with “Traditional Chinese medicine”, “Pharmacological activities”, “Anti-tumor”, “Anti-viral”, “Hepatoprotective”, “Anti-psoriatic”, “Anti-Inflammatory”, “Nanotechnology”, or “Nanoemulsions” and their combinations, mainly from 2004 to 2024. According to the research reports, glycyrrhizic acid have a wide range of biological activities, containing anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, gastro-protective effects, anti-obesity effects, nephroprotective effect, cardiovascular effects and hepatoprotective activity and so on. Results: This article highlights the pharmacological properties of glycyrrhizic acid and its various potential therapeutic applications. The nanoformulation including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, phytosomes, liposomes, nanofibers, nanoemulsions, and hydrogels, have been explored to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. These formulations may offer enhanced solubility and absorption, as well as controlled and sustained release of glycyrrhizic acid. Conclusions: This review highlights on the recent studies for the pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of glycyrrhizic acid, nanotechnology based drug delivery and major safety and toxicity issues glycyrrhizic acid also have been discussed.