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The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between Visual Arts teacher candidates' media literacy, technology integration skills and STEM applications self-efficacy. The research, designed with the relational scanning model, was conducted with the participation of 204 Visual Arts teacher candidates. In order to collect the data, "Media Literacy," "Teacher Technology Skills" and "Teacher STEM Self-Efficacy Perceptions" scales were used in the study. The analysis of the research data was carried out with STEM analysis in the AMOS program. According to the research findings, visual arts teacher candidates' media literacy was found to be high, but their technology integration skills and STEM applications self-efficacy were found to be at moderate level. According to STEM analyses, media literacy and technology integration skills significantly predict STEM self-efficacy in Visual Arts teacher candidates, both separately and together.

The proliferation of digital information technologies has underscored the heightened necessity for online information search. This study is directed towards the analysis of the strategies adopted by prospective teachers in the selection of digital content employed for accessing information, their preferences concerning the use of digital and online tools, and the rationale that underpins these preferences. To achieve this aim, the case study method was used. Employing the purposive sampling method, the study involved a participant pool of 72 teacher candidates in the 3rd and 4th grades within the faculties of education. To collect data, a personal information form, an online interview form, a focus group interview form, and a word association test were employed. The data were analyzed using the content and descriptive analysis methods. At the end of the study, the prospective teachers expressed a common tendency that when it comes to scientific research, they often prefer to search for articles whereas for more general inquiries, they have a propensity for utilizing internet searches. Most of the prospective teachers follow a step-by-step research process when accessing information. In addition, they employ both goal-oriented and general-content resources while in pursuit of scientific information. They pay attention to data reliability, accurate information, speed, and access to the Internet in the process of obtaining information. They consider the tools they use adequate and reliable. Teacher candidates establish complex conceptual networks among the array of tools they employ to access information. A comprehensive discussion concerning the outcomes of the research is also presented.

Developing media literacy has emerged as a key requirement in our rapidly evolving world. Particularly, the incorporation of media literacy into the secondary school curriculum in Kazakhstan is perceived to have a long-term impact on the employment prospects of graduates and aligns with the country's multi-vector policy. Consequently, teachers recognize the imperative to foster media literacy in their classrooms. The integration of media literacy into the existing school curriculum holds profound importance, challenging students' critical thinking skills, creativity, and functional literacy. This study aims to explore the development of media literacy within English as a Foreign Language (hereinafter, EFL) classrooms, concentrating on teachers' perceptions and challenges related to media literacy. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research entails conducting semi-structured interviews with EFL teachers in Kazakhstan. This study is based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with fifteen EFL teachers in schools in Kazakhstan. The findings reveal that, despite certain barriers, EFL teachers acknowledge the necessity of incorporating media literacy components into their classrooms. The tension associated with teaching media literacy manifests in decisions related to selecting appropriate resources, adopting effective approaches, and navigating the attitudes of other education stakeholders. The research outcomes contribute to filling the current gap in studies within this domain, offering practical insights for teachers working in similar environments.

The purposes of this research were to: 1) develop and determine the efficiency of instruction media in board games to enhance the capability in the Development of Thai Textbook and the happiness in learning for undergraduate students, 2) compare the undergraduate students' learning capability in the Development of Thai Textbook before and after learning instruction media in board game and 3) to study the level of happiness in learning the Development of Thai Textbook for undergraduate students towards learning instruction media in board game. The sample group in this research consisted of 27 third year-undergraduate students, majoring in Thai, at the Faculty of Humanities, Srinakharinwirot University. The data was collected by research and development. The data was analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, t-test dependent, and content analysis. The findings of this study were as follows: (1) The efficiency of the instruction media in board games was 84.81/83.83 which was higher than the specified criteria. (2) The average student's learning capability in the Development of Thai Textbook after learning the instruction media in board games was higher than before using instruction media in board games. (3) The undergraduate students had the highest mean level showing their pleasure in learning the Development of Thai Textbook towards learning instruction media in board game and effective for content analysis regarding the undergraduate students' learning logs from Reflective Journal, it was found that this instruction media in board game enhanced the capability in the Development of Thai Textbook and the happiness in learning abilities.

The objectives of this mixed-method study were to develop strategies for sustainable leadership of school administrators under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Nakhon Phanom. There were 4 research methods: phase I) identify the components of sustainable leadership of school administrators by interviewing 5 experts and confirming factors by 5 experts, phase II) develop strategies for sustainable leadership in a focus group including 7 people, phase III) validate the appropriateness, feasibility and utility of sustainable leadership development by collected of data which comprised 84 school administrators using multi-stage random sampling, and phase IV) produce a user manual of strategies by 5 experts for validate the appropriateness of user manual. The findings were as follows: I) There were four main components in the sustainable leadership of school administrators, namely 1) depth 2) breadth 3) vision, and 4) media literacy. All of the components have appropriateness at the highest level and feasibility at the high. II) The strategies for the development of sustainable leadership of school administrators comprised a vision, 6 missions, 6 objectives, 7 strategies, 61 operational approaches, and 25 indicators. III) The appropriateness, feasibility, and utility of the strategies for the development of sustainable leadership of school administrators were at the highest level. IV) The user manual of the strategies for the development of sustainable leadership of school administrators obtained the overall appropriateness at the highest level.

Today's world is equipped with media and media messages. It has become impossible to prevent all kinds of information in social life from reaching audiences of all ages. Media content attracts children and adults, especially children, who are the most open to interaction and sensitive group under the information bombardment they are exposed to, and they take the material presented to them as it is without filtering it. It is possible to control these effects of the media, reduce its harmful effects, and enable individuals to take a more active and questioning position in the face of the information they receive, rather than being a simple consumer, with media literacy education. In this context, this study aims to determine student opinions regarding the media literacy course in order to investigate the practical situation of the media literacy course in the secondary education curriculum in TRNC and to develop solution suggestions on issues such as the use of technological devices connected to the curriculum to make media literacy courses productive. The field research method was applied, and a survey was used to obtain the data. The data were interpreted by frequency and percentage analysis using the SPSS 26.0 program. The study group in which the quantitative data of the research was collected consisted of 421 eighth-grade students studying at Güzelyurt Sehit Turgut Secondary School and Lefke Gazi High School in the 2023-2024 academic year. Findings obtained in the study: The level and efficiency of teaching the media literacy course in the schools in the sample are low within the framework of student opinions, and the media literacy course should be supported with new media literacy concepts and scopes within the framework of the evolving definition of media literacy. The use of technological devices connected to the curriculum should be increased, and the course contents should be integrated with technological inputs. It also revealed the need for reorganization in this direction.

Since the 1980s, the growing consumption of media by various segments of the population has been of concern to education experts, who have warned of the need for teacher training to integrate Media and Information Literacy (MIL) in their curricula. In this article we analyse the curricular plans and teaching guides for subjects related to MIL in Early Childhood Education and Primary Education degrees in Andalusia. Through these documents, we seek to identify the presence of AMI in initial teacher training, its characteristics, potential and limits, as well as the emerging methodologies arising from the relationship between technology and education. In methodological terms, we conducted a quantitative analysis, using simple descriptive statistics, combined with a qualitative analysis, using the principles of content analysis, according to Bardin (1991). The data indicate that training for AMI is very uneven across the universities and courses analysed. Moreover, most of the subjects related to AMI are optional and deal mainly with aspects related to the presence of technology as a support for teaching, with little presence of emerging methodologies, which leads to a marginalisation of aesthetic training and critical training of future teachers for and with the media.

This literature review examines the significance of Critical Media Literacy (CML) in higher education. The rapid digitalization and globalization have intensified media dissemination, raising critical issues about information authenticity and its societal impacts. CML empowers individuals to critically analyze media, discern between reliable and unreliable sources, recognize biases, and understand the broader socio-political implications of media messages. The study leverages Stuart Hall's Encoding and Decoding Theory to dissect how media messages are constructed, disseminated, and interpreted, emphasizing the need for critical engagement in the post-truth era. The review highlights the detrimental effects of fake news and disinformation on democracy and trust in institutions, stressing the importance of integrating CML into higher education curricula to foster informed and engaged citizens. The paper also discusses the methodological limitations in current research and the necessity for comprehensive teacher training and systemic changes in educational institutions. Ultimately, this study underscores the transformative potential of CML in developing critical thinking, promoting democratic engagement, combating media manipulation and misinformation, and advocating for its inclusion in education policies and practices to prepare students for the complexities of the digital media landscape. [Note: The page range (14-34) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range is 14-35.]

As a fundamental communication tool, media has undergone transformative changes throughout history. This has a lot to do with education. Each era has been characterized by its own unique media paradigms, from the invention of the printing press in the 15th century to the emergence of radio and television in the 20th century. These paradigms not only define how information is disseminated but also shape the social and political landscapes of their respective periods. In the modern age, the emergence of digital technology and the internet has brought about a new media paradigm that deeply influences every aspect of human interaction and the fabric of society. Today, new media, characterized by its interactivity, decentralization, and unprecedented access, dominates our daily lives. The significance of new media, which affects individual behaviors and global politics, economy, and cultures, cannot be underestimated. This process is also of great importance in terms of education. In particular, media literacy education will enable the individual to personally prepare for or otherwise intervene in the positive or negative aspects of their interaction with the media. From connecting distant communities to altering the dynamics of political campaigns, the impact of new media is ubiquitous. However, along with these advantages, new challenges have also emerged. One of the most concerning aspects of this shift in media is the potential for its exploitation by malicious groups, particularly evident in the rise of "terror agencies" utilizing new media platforms. These organizations adeptly employ new media tools for propaganda, recruitment, and operations, forming a symbiotic relationship that poses significant threats to global security. This article explores how new media paradigms enable the existence of terrorist organizations, the place of education in this regard, and what this complex relationship means for our interconnected world.

This correlational cross-sectional study was conducted with 60 graduate students to explore their perceived social experiences with the use of synchronous videoconferencing in the online learning environment. By applying the theories of social presence and media richness, this study investigated the perceived relationship between social presence, social space, sociability, and media richness. The communication theories of social presence and media richness were applied to better understand the relationship between the communication medium (videoconferencing) and the interactions within the mediated environments (e.g., Zoom). This correlational crosssectional study explored graduate students perceived social presence and media richness of a synchronous videoconferencing learning environment by investigating how strongly and in what direction social presence, social space, sociability, and media richness were related. A Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to investigate how strongly and in what direction social presence, social space, sociability, and media richness were related in a synchronous videoconferencing learning environment. The results indicated a strong, positive correlation between Social Presence and Social Space (Positive Group Behavior); Social Presence and Sociability; Social Presence and Media Richness; Social Space (Positive Group Behavior) and Sociability; Social Space (Positive Group Behavior) and Media Richness; and Sociability and Media Richness. A moderate, negative correlation was indicated between Social Space (Negative Group Behavior) and Social Presence; Social Space (Negative Group Behavior) and Sociability; and Social Space (Negative Group Behavior) and Media Richness.

Media literacy has been gaining traction as a part of higher education curricula to support learning as educational institutions are recognizing the importance of developing students' media literacy skills. However, students' emotional reactions towards media literacy can be vastly different and, in turn, may impact their perception of truth and credibility of mixed media messages. In this study, we explored 68 non-health professions university students' unique emotional profiles towards media literacy. We further examined whether students with different emotional profiles would differ in their credibility ratings (truthfulness, trustworthiness, and believability) of media messages that were drawn from mainstream and fake news sources. We also investigated the relationship between emotion profiles and emotional reactions towards mainstream versus fake news messages. We employed a probabilistic, latent clustering approach, latent profiling analysis (LPA), to generate latent categories of emotion profiles. LPA revealed four distinct emotion profiles that students endorsed: (1) low emotions, (2) moderate emotions, (3) high negative emotions, and (4) high positive emotions towards learning media literacy. Additional findings revealed that students with a low emotional profile tended to rate all media messages as more truthful, trustworthy, and believable than other emotion groups. Moreover, we identified that students in the moderate emotions and high negative emotions group rated fake messages with more positive emotions. This study offers insight towards the significance of understanding how emotions towards media literacy can impact the outcomes of media perception. This is an important step that will encourage educators to develop more engaging media literacy instruction and interventions.

Two studies investigated students' critique generation, an elaborated form of content evaluation wherein students identify information selectively, inaccurately, or incompletely presented in text(s) and consider where such selective presentation may stem from. Critique generation, as an important critical reading outcome, was examined here, within the context of students' reasoning about two op-eds, presenting conflicting points of view on a controversial social issue -- whether or not Amazon should replace local libraries. Study 1 catalogued the types of critiques that students generated. Study 2 linked critique generation with both students' conceptions of what the task of critique entails and with students' reports of strategy use, although not with a host of, expected to be relevant, individual difference factors (e.g., need for cognition, media literacy). Both studies found critique generation to be significantly associated with performance on an argumentative writing task. Contributions of these two studies include documenting critique types that may distinctively emerge when students are asked to reason about a controversial social, rather than scientific, issue and identifying learner-reported strategies that constitute promising paths for fostering critique generation in future work.

Media and Information Literacy (MIL) education can combat online misinformation by enhancing users' fact-checking skills. This action research study designed and implemented a problem-based learning MIL project for journalism undergraduates. The objectives are (a) to design a MIL project by using a problem-based learning methodology; (b) to implement the MIL project and to assess its effectiveness in improving students' fact-checking skills; and (c) to identify the challenges and limitations of implementing the project. Analysis shows that the MIL project successfully improved students' MIL skills, including critical analysis, media production, and personal growth. Despite facing challenges like time constraint and limited generalizability, the study suggests that the MIL project could be replicated in other journalism programs to enhance MIL skills and cultivate critical thinking to fight misinformation.

In this article, we aim to contribute to the theoretical conceptualisation and praxis of development education and global learning by engaging with recent discussions in the areas of ecocriticism, ecological literacy and posthumanism. Employing a pedagogical approach that is learner-centred and participatory, and that prepares learners to question dominant, globally relevant social norms, development education and global learning empower learners to be active global citizens. In congruence with this approach, we discuss the transformative pedagogical strategies employed in an innovative transdisciplinary course on the climate crisis jointly offered online by two institutions of higher learning in the US and Germany. We explore the philosophical and pedagogical stakes of this process-oriented, inquiry-based and immersive teaching intervention, and its logistical and organisational parameters, educational goals, course content and methodology, as well as some course specifics and impact. Adopting a critical pedagogical approach to climate change as a central global issue, our conceptualisation blends a focus on critical media skills (ecocriticism) with a posthumanist critique of dominant anthropocentric views of the more-than-human world. Centrally linking ontological, cultural and linguistic diversity in both curriculum design and pedagogy, this approach encourages learners to develop the transcultural skills needed to effect positive change on a local and global scale.

Studies on how smoking media literacy (SML) is associated with susceptibility to smoking among adolescents in South Korea and Vietnam are scarce. Thus, we examined the association of SML with susceptibility to smoking among adolescents in these countries to initiate a collaborative global health program. In total, 460 adolescents (Vietnam: 277, South Korea: 183) aged 15-18 completed an online cross-sectional survey. SML was measured using the 15-item SML scale. Susceptibility to smoking was measured by three questions on future smoking and if offered a cigarette by a friend. A multiple logistic regression model explored the association of SML with susceptibility to smoking. The study revealed that higher SML was significantly associated with lower susceptibility to smoking among Vietnamese, but not South Korean adolescents. Further studies to identify pathways between other factors associated with SML and susceptibility to smoking are needed to develop culture-specific intervention strategies for smoking prevention.

Editing techniques enable audiovisual producers to merge viewpoints of a single subject and condense time and space between scenes, leading to more engaging videos. However, for content aimed at young children, these techniques may compromise intelligibility if not correctly understood, thus posing a risk to the overall learning experience. This study investigates the impact of first-order editing techniques and various shot types on the effectiveness of educational videos for preschool children, comparing edited videos with continuous, unedited shots. A total of 92 Portuguese preschool children participated. Results showed no significant difference in learning outcomes between unedited videos (continuous shots) and edited videos (diverse shot types, such as wider and closer shots), with both groups demonstrating high success rates. These findings suggest that the cognitive load related to processing first-order editing techniques and different shot sizes does not hinder learning experiences. The study also highlights the importance of early exposure to audiovisual content in enhancing media sign literacy and promoting a better understanding of editing techniques. Our research supports the notion that preschool children can process and integrate first-order editing techniques and various shot types, thus enabling effective learning from edited videos when crucial visual information is centered on the screen. Future research should further explore the relationship between the comprehension of editing techniques and the level of exposure of children to audiovisual media across different content types.

Sourcing and intertextual integration skills are critical to the development of young students' digital literacy skills. Sourcing skills include identifying source parameters (e.g., recognizing the author, publication date, publisher) and analyzing the author's expertise. The objective of this study is to investigate which sourcing skills used by students in document selection are most associated with intertextual integration skills. A total of 165 students attending lower secondary school participated in the research. Students completed a sourcing inventory, an intertextual integration task (after reading multiple texts), and control variables measures (prior knowledge, prior beliefs, and text comprehension). The results of exploratory factor analysis showed three dimensions for sourcing, namely source identification, author's competence, and judgment on website choice. Furthermore, hierarchical regressions showed that author competence was the only sourcing factor associated with intertextual integration skills, after controlling for the effect of control variables. These results suggest that even younger students pay attention to author expertise when choosing texts to use for their assignments, and doing so enhances their competence in integrating information across sources.

Scholars have long recognized that reading in digital spaces requires unique skills, strategies, and competencies in comparison to those needed for reading printed text. In recent years, the ubiquity of social media and algorithmically targeted content has radically changed the nature of online reading and meaning making. Technological changes have occurred simultaneously with radically altered sociocultural and sociopolitical contexts. To account for an altered technological and sociocultural landscape, new approaches to teaching digital reading and critical media literacy are needed. Addressing these concerns, this case study detailed a digital reading curriculum designed to be responsive to both the contemporary digital media environment and to students' out-of-school digital literacy practices and contexts. The curriculum was collaboratively designed by five middle-school language arts teachers who participated in a semester-long professional learning group focused on digital reading. Drawing upon sociocultural, asset-based, and culturally relevant philosophies of education, these five teachers designed a unique digital reading curriculum. This study examined the nature of this curriculum. The findings detailed four aspects of the teachers' unit: (1) digital reading instruction situated within students' literate lives; (2) critical instruction regarding systemic features of the internet such as algorithms and clickbait; (3) lessons in which students interrogate socially situated meaning making; and (4) lessons focused on the role of emotions while reading online. The findings have implications for future digital reading and media literacy curricula intended to be responsive to students' funds of knowledge, ever-changing literacy technologies, and new, emergent ways of reading and practicing literacy on the internet.

The study aims to examine the new media literacy levels of adults living in Turkey and North Cyprus in terms of various demographic levels by administrating the New Media Literacy Scale (NMLS). The NMLS comprises four factors: Functional Consumption, Critical Consumption, Functional Prosumption, and Critical Prosumption. Previous research studies have not been done on a national scale and new media literacy emerges as a need in every field that concerns society. According to the results from the study group consisting of 2927 individuals, the scores of the NMLS are above the average. The new media literacy level of young adults is higher than the other ages. As the education level of the participants increases, the level of new media literacy increases on the whole scale and on the sub-dimensions of functional consumption and functional production. In the critical consumption sub-dimension, graduate and undergraduate graduates have higher results than high school graduates. According to the income level, the scores of the high-income levels are high in all sub-dimensions and in the total score of the scale. The region of residence is an important variable since the new media literacy level is higher in the western regions of the country with a high population density and developed service sector. The NMLS of the participants did not differ significantly by gender and by marital status. The most frequently used media tools and the most frequently followed subject areas in digital media are discussed in descriptive results about the use of new media.

The curricular integration of Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is crucial for cultivating informed, critical, and engaged citizens in contemporary society. It assists in addressing the challenges of the digital era and capitalizing on the opportunities presented by the ever-changing media landscape. Thus, the present systematic literature review uses the PRISMA guidelines to examine three dimensions in the process of integration of Media and Information Literacy (MIL) in the prescribed curriculum: formulation, implementation, and evaluation and challenges. Starting with the search criteria, 131 studies were found in the Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, Dialnet and Google Scholar databases, published between January, 2013, and March, 2023, written in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Turkish. The findings suggest that the will of the political sphere and the activism of the triad composed by passionate teachers, civil society, and academia, are key factors for promoting the introduction of MIL in formal education. Likewise, it is underlined that the evaluation of this education policy requires special attention, in order to guarantee the analysis of its reach, effectiveness, and capacity to adapt against the challenges that emerge in the media ecosystem. Thus, the intention is to provide up-to-date information for the creation of policies, research studies, and curricular content on this subject.

The paper explores the effects of the sociological concept of reflexivity to parents' media education of preschool children. It draws upon the recommendations of the American Academy of Paediatrics referring to the restrictions of screen exposure based on different age groups, coviewing and discussing media content. It applies a social survey on the Slovenian national sample of parents to (1) review their media education practices, (2) identify the factors affecting these practices through regression analyses and (3) use path analysis to provide an explanatory model of the factors affecting children's screen exposure. A Reflexivity Measurement Tool is applied to assess the parents' meta-reflexivity scores. The hypothesis that meta-reflexivity is one of the key factors affecting media education is confirmed. The results show differences in screen exposure between age groups and higher exposure of boys when compared to girls. Children of the divorced/separated parents are more exposed to screens. Setting restrictions is quite common but it is also the quality of media content and the interaction with children that matters. Meta-reflexivity not only decreases the quantity of screen exposure. but it also makes coviewing and discussing media content with children more likely. Moreover, the significance of parents as role models is confirmed.

The COVID-19 pandemic has fast-tracked the development of digital applications and inspired everyone to adapt to the technologies to curb the spread of outbreak. As this crisis intensifies, the rapid usage of digital devices and apps has echoed the serious concerns about civil liberties, privacy, and data protection. Considering the situation, this research aimed to explore the internet using habits of the youths of West Bengal, a state in eastern India, during COVID-19. Besides, the paper explored their experiences of using various digital applications, the fundamental digital literacy and how safely they protect data from breaches. Thus, the paper presents the results by conducting an online survey among the youths in West Bengal. The result, from 215 participants, highlighted that the increased use of these digital applications has not matched the demand for digital privacy literacy among the young generation of the state. While this pandemic has raised their concerns over digital privacy and data protection, yet they do not undertake any strong protection mechanisms to safeguard them digitally. Besides, this paper suggests suitable plans to raise awareness among this generation and form a healthy digital citizenship with a proper regulatory framework as it is the need of the hour.

In accordance with the development of technology, the disinformation known as "fake news" has become a global issue, leading to the labeling of these times as the "post-truth" era. Discussion of global citizenship education, intended to shape citizens with critical thinking abilities, is thus essential in this era. This paper, with reference to media literacy research on the basis of its close connection to digital citizenship, examines the possibilities of pedagogy toward moving beyond the dystopian society of digital monitoring. [This article was translated by Nadezhda Murray.]

This paper explores the social media literacies of Dakari, a 16-year-old Black teen reader, writer, and activist, within a broader 3-month multi-case study on diverse teens' online literacies. The focus is on Dakari's multimodal literacy practices related to social justice activism and civic engagement. The study highlights how social media platforms empower youth, exemplified by teens like Dakari who utilize these spaces to influence culture, practice critical literacies, and establish civic identities. Examining Dakari's case, three key themes emerge: (1) addressing systemic racism, (2) driving change as a content creator, and (3) challenging the idea that one must wait until adulthood to make a difference. The study highlights the transformative potential of youth of Color's social media literacies, suggesting a reimagining of educators' roles to recognize and respect teens' online literacies while fostering youth identity and political engagement. It is imperative to reshape teaching methods for justice and social change in the digital age. This involves supporting student literacy development and acknowledging the timely language and literacies of youth in social media contexts.

This study focused on the impact that online "just-in-time" learning modules had on teacher candidates' beliefs about media literacy as well as their personal beliefs about learning in an online environment with online learning modules. Our findings indicate that the delivery of a self-paced online learning module may be an effective solution for integrating content into otherwise "full" curricula. In order to most effectively implement this concept, however, programs should be prepared to overcome the negative perceptions that teacher candidates may have regarding online learning, particularly in a post-pandemic era.

Media education is an educational subject whose parent fields are not firmly defined. It is located at the intersection of subjects like pedagogy, media studies, film science, aesthetics, sociology, psychology and other humanities and social disciplines. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of various factors on the perception of media education among teachers. 600 teachers participated in the research, and the research tool was a self-designed questionnaire. It was divided into several parts, with the media part containing 12 items focused on the perception of education. The multiple regression model was used as the statistical method for the identification of significant factors. Also, Pearson's correlation coefficient and a student t-test were used for the identification of a significant relationship and whether the use of different methods and forms had a significant effect on media education perception. The length of teaching experience, the benefits of media education in the areas of knowledge, abilities and skills, as well as the last variable -- receptive circles, were shown to be significant factors. Higher implementation of media education into the school subjects would be beneficial for every participant of the teaching process.

Disney, widely regarded as the dominant force in children's media and one of the world's most powerful entities, has always succeeded in attracting attention with the works it produces. In the context of values education, this study tried to uncover the stereotypes that Disney World's key characters reveal. The 2016 films Zootopia, The Jungle Book, Alice in Wonderland 2/Alice Through the Looking Glass, Finding Dory, The Big Friendly Giant, Pete's Dragon, and Moana provided the data for the document analysis method. The data were submitted to descriptive analysis that emphasized the dominant characteristics of the characters, followed by content analysis that investigated each type of character in depth. According to data collected from 749-minute films and animations, it was established that Disney's principal characters focus on two stereotypes. The first of them was the qualified character, followed by the heavenly character. According to the research findings, even though the qualified characters exhibited exceptional behavior, they were found to have some major flaws. On the other hand, it was revealed that, while possessing superhuman abilities, the divine figures needed humans.

Exposure to harmful content, fake news, and hate speech, calls to question whether citizens are 'responsible' when it comes to their online news behavior. This exploratory study aims to positioning news literacy as a mediating factor toward fostering civic responsibility by investigating its role in enhancing youth's online news experience and preparing them against harmful content. News literacy is defined as a multi-structural construct with three main constituents: motivation, knowledge, and skills. The study's main goal is accomplished through delving into youth's online news experience, and assessing their level of news literacy through a mixed methods approach relying on focus group discussions as a qualitative method and survey as a quantitative method. The study is applied to a sample of youth from Egypt and a sample of youth from Spain, on whom comparative analysis is conducted. Findings reveal a positive correlation between news literacy and: the ability to identify fake news, the ability to identify hate speech, engagement with news, caring about the veracity of content before sharing, and motivation to seek news. Negative perceptions about professional news media's performance have been expressed by respondents from both countries, with the main justification being that news media are not fulfilling their role as should be.

Transmedia storytelling has the potential to be an effective approach for non-formal education. Previous research has suggested that there may be a reciprocal relationship between transmedia storytelling and the characteristics of non-formal learners. However, there is limited literature on how to structure and design educational processes using this approach in nonformal settings, and even less literature that integrates the perspectives of stakeholders on the necessary components for instructional design. To address this gap, a qualitative analysis of multiformat focus groups was conducted to describe the necessary items to be considered when developing transmedia educational process (TEP) in non-formal educational proposals when these are designed to families, children, and/or adolescents. Based on the findings, seven important levels were identified for instructional designing of TEPs: level of intentions (1), level of facilitators' indications (2), level of participants' needs (3), level of narrative integrations (4), level of elaboration and production (5), level of means and technological/physical support (6), and level of sharing willingness (7). The study discusses the importance to consider multiple perspectives, including those of facilitators, children and adolescents, and parents, when designing TEPs. Additionally, it is important to use a variety of media platforms, formats, and channels to engage diverse and heterogeneous groups of participants in non-formal educational settings. Further research could focus on developing and validating tools and strategies to guide instructional design in these types of educational processes.

Gender stereotyping and perception of gender roles have been a pervasive issue in media discourse. Studies have shown that language plays a crucial role in shaping our perceptions and understanding of gender. Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is a linguistic framework that analyzes the functional and social aspects of language use. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between SFL and gender stereotyping as well as the impact of SFL on gender stereotyping and perception of gender roles in international media discourse. Additionally, the study investigated whether language proficiency moderated the relationship between SFL and gender stereotyping. The study recruited 287 participants from colleges in Beijing and Shanghai cities of China. Participants were selected based on their language proficiency in English and Mandarin. Data were collected through a self-administered online questionnaire. The results indicated that SFL had a significant positive effect on both gender stereotyping and perception of gender roles in international media discourse. Furthermore, language proficiency was found to moderate the relationship between SFL and gender stereotyping, such that the effect of SFL on gender stereotyping was stronger for individuals with higher language proficiency. However, the mediating effect of perception of gender roles on the relationship between SFL and gender stereotyping was not significant. This study provided insights into the potential impact of SFL on gender stereotyping in international media discourse. It highlights the importance of language proficiency in shaping the perception and understanding of gender in media discourse. The study also provided directions for future research, such as investigating the role of other linguistic frameworks on gender stereotyping and exploring the impact of media literacy on gender perceptions.

Democratic discussion in the classroom has been viewed as a way to increase consensus, however the spread of false and misleading information through social media and influencers can make classroom discussions problematic. This electronic text analysis study highlights the social media site of Quora and posts related to the Gulf War. Posts related to the Gulf War is critically analyzed and their potential impacts are examined. This study also analyzes the posts and potential impacts of a conservative influencer named James Lindsay. It also analyzes specific polarizing posts that Lindsay has made on Instagram and highlight the potential impacts on classroom discussions of some of these posts. A purpose of the study is to analyze negative potential impacts of social media on student's views and on classroom discussions. The study also highlights two potential solutions to overcoming these negative potential impacts. One solution is to use Stanford History Education Group's Civic Online Reasoning, and another solution is to explicitly teach Democratic humility. With democratic humility, individuals learn not to make hyperbolic claims about their beliefs. Students could also be taught when learning about democratic humility, the importance of suspending judgement until they have gathered sufficient information on the topic.

Social media has provided challenges and opportunities for education for democracy. There have always been structural elements of communication that are hidden and perpetuate inequalities. Social media has accelerated and empowered these hidden structures through algorithms. In this argumentative essay, we examine how critical media literacy can uncover hidden power structures and support education for democracy. Critical media literacy can help students identify exclusionary, inaccurate, missing, and polarizing elements of social media while examining and discussing issues and events. Seen through this lens, social media provides opportunities for education for democracy. Critical media literacy and education for democracy provide opportunities for increasing civic engagement and renewal.

The global expansion in the Internet access and the rise of digital media are compatible with students' characteristics as generations-Z who mainly engage in nature through mobile applications. Because of the characteristics of today's students and the growth of digital media and information, there is a need for critical media literacy (CML) instructions and the use of digital-based and student-centered learning approaches such as online discussion forums (ODFs). Through an exploratory study, we aim to understand better students' perceptions of ODF for their CML learning within EFL classes, factors affecting students' active participation in ODF, and teachers' roles in ODF while facilitating students' CML learning in an EFL context and enhancing students' engagement and performance in ODF. 250 EFL students from Indonesian secondary schools took part in this study. The participating students were studying English with CML embedded into the lessons. The research showed significant conclusions about factors that need to consider while having ODF in CML learning within the EFL context and the roles of teachers in ODF. We have also provided some practical and feasible suggestions from which practitioners in the area might benefit.

The purpose of this paper was to provide a theoretical outline of why critical media literacy (CML) should be included in Korean English education teaching practices and teacher training curricula. CML is a pedagogy designed to sensitize students to ideological meanings embedded in media that socialize people into specific values, beliefs, and behaviors. This paper begins with a review of theoretical foundations of CML including the symbolic nature of human consciousness signification and the processes of socialization, which are theoretically encapsulated within the dialectic among post-structural theories of discourse and representation. A review of literature on CML and its application to English as a foreign language (EFL) is then presented. Applications of CML include situated inquiry, discussion, creation of group multimodal projects suggests, how it fosters the development of critical thinking skills, the acquisition and use of new vocabulary idioms, and transforming student perceptions of themselves and their society.

In the information and knowledge society, technology and the COVID-19 pandemic have added to the debate on Media and Information Literacy (MIL). In Peru, in spite of the recommendations from international institutions, proper attention has not been given, generating gaps in the study curricula. From this perspective, the study investigates the level of development of MIL in students studying the last cycle of intermediate education. In order to determine this, the AMI-Peru-21 survey was designed and validated, based on the UNESCO proposals. This research is of a quantitative, descriptive and crosscurricular nature, which made it possible to diagnose the relationship of the socioformative factors with the levels of MIL achievement, based on a sample made up by 1250 students from the province of Arequipa. The results evidence the validity and reliability of the instrument ([alpha]=0.96) in order to measure the level of MIL, from the perspective of student self-perception, as well as the association of certain socioformative factors with MIL (p<0.000), among them, progress with age, i.e., older ages are associated with greater the levels of achievement, and females make more progress than males. It is also verified that access to basic services, such as electricity and the Internet, and the type of educational institution are correlated with higher levels of MIL achievement. From the evidence that is generated, in order to ensure the education of critical, ethical and responsible citizens, a set of initiatives is suggested to further the evolution of MIL in education.

During the last two years, the COVID-19 pandemic had a secondary effect of increased media content loaded with mathematical, often probabilistic information (and misinformation). Our exploratory study investigates the probabilistic intuitions, misconceptions, biases, and fallacies in conditional probability reasoning of mathematics teacher candidates in the context of the pandemic. The pre-service mathematics teachers who participated in our study were given a questionnaire with five contextual conditional probability problems, all formulated similarly to media statements often encountered when discussing the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings confirm the previous findings on biases and fallacies related to conditional probability problems with a social context. They were also indicative of several types of errors (both numerical and logical) as more common than expected. Our results also reveal that pre-service mathematics teachers apparently separate the content learned in the classroom from the application of the knowledge in critical examination of the information to which they are daily exposed by the media.

Due to the lack of success of German students in recent program for international student assessment (PISA) studies since 2001, the question arises whether German teacher training has an impact on this performance. This publication is based on a systematic review which deals with German-language publications of various PISA-relevant areas within the preparatory service in Germany. The results show that there is a clear need for action in the areas of scientific literacy, nature of science as well as media and information literacy. In addition, the structure of the preparatory service as well as the psychological stress of prospective (science) teachers in Germany are explained in more detail. Despite being limited to German publications and individual competencies of PISA surveys, the study identifies a need for action for the German preparatory service. The aim of this publication is to provide a basic description of the German preparatory service in relation to science teacher education to compare German teacher education with better performing teacher training according to PISA.

Promoting citizens' film literacy has become vital in enhancing public media literacy in today's ever-changing media environment. The public dissemination of film education has gradually become an established trend in China. At present, film education in mainland China focuses on the development of both film appreciation and creativity, involves a wide range of individuals and diverse educational methods, and spreads primarily across three areas: (1) university education; (2) primary and secondary education; and (3) public education. Despite this, teaching activities remain widely dispersed, regional development lacks balance, and there is a shortage of film and television production courses. This article argues that school-based film education in China should focus upon improving the curriculum system, improving the quality of teachers, and developing courses focused on creativity, while more socially focused film education outside of schools should focus upon establishing industry norms and encouraging healthy competition between institutions.

In the current socio-digital epoch, the intricate interplay between social media addiction and its potential ramifications on romantic relationships remains largely enigmatic, especially within specific demographic subsets. This study aims to elucidate the repercussions of social media addiction on love relationship closeness and satisfaction among Chinese undergraduates. A cohort of 583 Chinese undergraduates was meticulously analyzed, encompassing an almost equal gender distribution and spanning across diverse academic ranks and relationship durations. Utilizing the "Social Media Addiction Scale -- Adult Form (SMAS-AF)" and validated scales for assessing relationship intimacy and satisfaction, the research painted a multifaceted picture. Findings revealed a high inclination towards social media addiction (X=4.20), with specific aspects of engagement demonstrating profound agreement among participants. An analytic exploration of the addiction demonstrated a pronounced influence on cognitive faculties and emotional regulation while revealing less consistent challenges in curtailing usage. In the romantic realm, while relationship closeness yielded a moderate mean score of 3.38, love relationship satisfaction signaled a moderate-to-high satisfaction degree (X=3.83). Interestingly, while gender and academic progression remained non-determinants for addiction levels, relationship length emerged as a significant variable. Correlational analyses showcased a stark negative association between social media addiction and relationship closeness (r=-0.491) but, surprisingly, a positive correlation with relationship satisfaction (r=0.129). Such dichotomous outcomes advocate for deeper investigation, perhaps suggesting a paradigm wherein intensified digital engagement might enhance superficial relationship contentment at the potential cost of depth and closeness.

Using a mixed-methods approach, this study uses an Internet survey to investigate the curricular freedom reported by Prekindergarten through Grade 8 teachers in the United States concerning the inclusion of children's literature into their classrooms and curriculum, particularly in the current sociopolitical climate. Drawing upon Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, survey responses were analyzed based on the four levels of the ecological model (micro, meso, exo, and macro systems). To account for regional variations existing at the sociopolitical macro level, the study's findings were organized according to the five geographical regions of the United States: Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, and West. Analysis indicated distinct variation in the patterns of the responses across the geographical regions, aligned with the dominant political ideology of their state. Responses of teachers from the Northeast and West were heavily influenced by events and experiences at the national level, whereas teachers from the Southeast and Southwest focused on matters concerning individual, local, and state issues. Teachers from the Midwest, a politically mixed region, least frequently commented on issues related to censorship, a trend noted in the other four regions.

This article argues that it is necessary to develop new approaches to media and information literacy (MIL) education to respond to information seeking on YouTube. The article draws on data from a survey of adult Australians (N=3,510), focusing on their media literacy attitudes, experiences, and needs. A subset of this data focuses on respondents who use YouTube to seek information for a purpose. The article interrogates the data to ask who uses YouTube to access information when they need to make a decision; how these adults' critical dispositions compare to people who do not use YouTube to seek information; and what level of media ability they have compared to other groups. A total of 45% of adult Australians had used YouTube to seek information and make a decision in the month prior to completing the survey. While this group shared a critical disposition towards media and information, they lacked confidence in their own media abilities. We argue that it is necessary to develop new MIL approaches to assist this group. In addition, we argue that this group is more likely to respond to MIL initiatives that are available on YouTube itself and are unlikely to seek MIL learning in community institutions like libraries or community centres.

This paper reviews research "fake news" using a cultural lens to identify possible cross-cultural factors impacting how audiences react to misleading news. A cross-cultural communications cycle provides a framework for understanding the processes behind fake news and theconsequences of the resultant fake news. Linguistic and visual cross-cultural issues are discussed, and strategies for discerning fake news and its cross-cultural implications areprovided, culminating in an argument that fake news can serve as a motivating means to gain news literacy and cross-cultural competence.

Real-life threats are at the root of all possible threats to be encountered on the Internet. All risk headings for the Internet are situations that can be encountered in real life. Therefore, we should pay attention to the risks of the virtual world by learning to use the internet consciously, safely and effectively, and by teaching our children this, just as we make efforts to protect our children from all these dangers in real life. In this research, the role of the family in children's use of digital media, the risks and solutions according to age groups, and the effect on the development of the child are discussed.

The internet and digital ecosystems have enlarged opportunities for literacy activities. Technology has altered social practices and concepts of literacy, which has profound consequences for EFL teaching and learning. This qualitative research aims at studying teachers' ignorance, within the concept of ignorance epistemology, as they navigate their teaching roles in CML teaching, particularly in the EFL context. Through an open-ended questionnaire and interview, this study investigated how teachers assist students to establish the credibility of information and information sources through critical assessment. It also delved into the opportunities and challenges the teachers encounter in assisting students to be critical assessors of information and media sources. All these are critical since building CML aims to prepare students to be active members of today's digital democratic world and to ease the media bubble effects of social media, which can lead to fake news or misinformation, polarization, and complex mediation between parties. Finally, ramifications and future study areas are highlighted to further the field of digital literacy.

Problematic Internet use (PIU) can lead to dysfunction and undesired consequences, especially in adolescents and youths. Studies have shown that personal emotional characteristics and relationships with others are associated with PIU. We pursue the neglected question of whether there is a correlation between personal ability, such as new media literacy (NML), and PIU. Chinese university students' PIU has received insufficient scholarly attention, and its relationship with NML is unclear. Therefore, we examined the correlation between PIU and NML in 462 Chinese university students. The results showed that PIU was widespread in varying degrees, and the NML score was 4.23 out of 5. Personal NML was positively correlated with PIU, especially the critical prosuming dimension. Gender influenced neither PIU nor new media literacy. Students' residence was only positively associated with NML, not PIU. Gender and place of residence did not moderate the correlation between NML and PIU, and place of residence also did not moderate the correlation between gender and PIU. These findings provide insight into the relationship between humans and the Internet and have practical implications regarding preventive interventions for emerging adults.

Traditional information literacy skills (e.g., effectively finding and evaluating information) need to be updated due to the rapidly changing information ecosystem and the growing dominance of online platforms that use algorithms to control and shape information. This article proposes additions to the current ACRL "Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education" that relate to algorithmic literacy. The "Authority is Constructed and Contextual" frame can be applied to recognizing the need to question algorithmic authority (including algorithmic bias), the Information Has Value" frame can be used to acknowledge online platforms' use of proprietary algorithms allowing third parties to access personal data, and the "Searching as Strategic Exploration" frame can draw attention to search results in online platforms are mediated through algorithms. Classroom activities to teach the new knowledge practices and dispositions are also included.

Context: In the last few decades, the constant and exponential changes in the society's consumption of information have increased the awareness of practitioners from the education and training field, on the need for training programs for the enhancement of critical thinking skills and media literacy among students from Initial Vocational Education and Training (IVET) who are less exposed to intellectual trainings than their peers in traditional education pathways. Approach: With this impetus, the present paper reports the results of a mixed methods study evaluating a training program for such competences. Based on a cognitive psychology theoretical framework, the training program consisted in three main techniques through which trainers can work with students in the classroom. N= 35 trainers from five different countries (i.e., Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands) were instructed about the training techniques and implemented them in their training centres. Then, a total of N= 288 students among these countries were involved in the testing of the training, which took place on a duration average of 5 months. Mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the effectiveness and quality of the training. Notably, prospective statistical analysis evaluated the training's impact of the participating students and compared with a control group. Qualitative interviews examined the training's lived experience with a group of students and trainers. Findings: The quantitative and qualitative analysis of pre/post- measures of critical thinking skills and media literacy of the experimental group, and the comparison with the control group, indicate an increase in these competences and confirm the efficacy of the training intervention. Conclusion: These results inform about the usefulness of the training program cross-culturally and the feasibility of training strategies based on cognitive psychology. Moreover, the paper offers a methodological contribution thanks to the proposition of the mixed methods approach for training programs assessment.

This paper considers emotions and learning through multimedia learning, mediated message processing, and affective computing. In multimedia learning, the emotional design includes all relevant features from the visual design, so emotional and motivational features are given through visual appeal. The Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing describes emotions as a product of motivated cognition. It explains how to create the message that will most likely fulfil its communication purpose. Through affective computing, adaptive and multimodal learning, aim is to reduce the gap between instructional message design, and the learner's cognitive and emotional mental model. The paper aims to outline emotions and learning considering multimedia learning, motivated mediated message processing, and affective computing as three perspectives in creating a learning experience.