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3 results on '"MDR, multi drug resistance"'

1. Synergetic antibacterial activity of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern and Buddleja polystachya Fresen on selected human pathogenic bacteria.

Author

Haile F, G/Medhin MT, Kifle ZD, Dejenie TA, and Berhane N

Abstract

Background: Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatments for various human diseases for many years and they are still widely practiced throughout the world. Due to the long history of the practice, medicinal plants have become an integral part of the Ethiopian culture. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern and Buddleja polystachya Fresen leaf extracts and their synergistic effect against some selected human pathogenic bacteria., Methods: Ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane crude extracts of Vernonia auriculifera, Buddleja polystachya, and a mixture of the two-plant respective of each solvent were evaluated against tested pathogenic bacteria using the agar well diffusion method; the inhibition zones were recorded in millimeters. Gentamycin was used as a positive control, while dimethyl sulfoxide served as a negative control. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the plant extracts against test bacteria was evaluated using two-fold broth dilution methods and then Minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by sub-culturing the test dilutions from minimum inhibitory concentration tubes onto fresh Muller Hinton Agar plates incubated at 37 °C for 24 h., Results: Maximum antibacterial inhibition zone was observed on methanol extracts of synergism against S. Typhimurium (ATCC 1333) (31.00 ± 1.73 mm) while, a minimum inhibition zone was observed on methanol extract of Buddleja polystachya , against E. coli (ATCC 35218) (5.67 ± 0.57). Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of the crude extracts of Vernonia auriculifera , Buddleja polystachya , and their mixture lies between (3.125%-12.5%) and (6.25%-25%) respectively. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software package version 20 for windows., Conclusion: The present study revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts of Vernonia auriculifera and Buddleja polystachya possess significant inhibitory effects against tested pathogens and the antibacterial activity of both plants leaf extracts was greater than the activity of currently used antibiotics (Gentamycin) against some selected organisms., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Published
2022
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2. Molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae invasive infections over a decade at Kilifi County Hospital in Kenya

Author

Salim Mwarumba, Susan C. Morpeth, Matthew J. Ellington, Sammy Nyongesa, J. Anthony G. Scott, Neema Mturi, Samuel Kariuki, Nicholas R. Thomson, Ngure Kagia, Sonal P. Henson, and Christine J. Boinett

Subjects
Hospitals, County, Rural Population, 0301 basic medicine, Carbapenem, Klebsiella pneumoniae, AMR, antimicrobial resistance, Disease Outbreaks, Plasmid, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, polycyclic compounds, Phylogeny, Cross Infection, Molecular Epidemiology, Hospital-acquired infections, education.field_of_study, biology, Community-acquired infections, General Medicine, Antimicrobial, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, KCH, Kilifi County Hospital, MGE, mobile genetic elements, medicine.drug, DNA, Bacterial, Microbiology (medical), R Factors, 030106 microbiology, Population, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microbiology, beta-Lactamases, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, MDR, multi drug resistance, education, MLST, multi locus sequence type, Molecular epidemiology, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, bacterial infections and mycoses, Kenya, Klebsiella Infections, Multiple drug resistance, Carbapenems, ESBL, NDM-1, New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1, ESBL, extended spectrum β-lactamase, Multilocus sequence typing, bacteria, Multilocus Sequence Typing
Abstract

Multidrug resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. Recent years have seen an explosion of resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and emergence of carbapenem resistance. Here, we examine 198 invasive K. pneumoniae isolates collected from over a decade in Kilifi County Hospital (KCH) in Kenya. We observe a significant increase in MDR K. pneumoniae isolates, particularly to third generation cephalosporins conferred by ESBLs. Using whole-genome sequences, we describe the population structure and the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes within it. More than half of the isolates examined in this study were ESBL-positive, encoding CTX-M-15, SHV-2, SHV-12 and SHV-27, and 79% were MDR conferring resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes. Although no isolates in our dataset were found to be resistant to carbapenems we did find a plasmid with the genetic architecture of a known New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM)-carrying plasmid in 25 isolates. In the absence of carbapenem use in KCH and because of the instability of the NDM-1 gene in the plasmid, the NDM-1 gene has been lost in these isolates. Our data suggests that isolates that encode NDM-1 could be present in the population; should carbapenems be introduced as treatment in public hospitals in Kenya, resistance is likely to ensue rapidly.

Published
2017

3. Synergist bioassays: A simple method for initial metabolic resistance investigation of field Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations

Author

Mouhamadou Chouaibou, Georgina Bingham Zivanovic, Tessa B. Knox, Bassirou Bonfoh, and Helen Pates Jamet

Subjects
Piperonyl butoxide, Insecticides, KD, knock down, Insecticide resistance, Piperonyl Butoxide, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Anopheles gambiae, Population, P450s, Pharmacology, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, COE, carboxylesterase, P-gp, permeable-glycoprotein, parasitic diseases, Anopheles, Nitriles, Pyrethrins, medicine, Bioassay, Animals, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1, education, PBO, piperonyl butoxide, MDR, multi drug resistance, P-glycoprotein, education.field_of_study, GST, glutathion S-transferase, biology, P-glycoprotein efflux pump, Esterases, biology.organism_classification, Metabolic resistance, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Deltamethrin, chemistry, Verapamil, Insect Science, KDT, knock down time, biology.protein, Parasitology, Biological Assay, Efflux, P450s, cytochrome P450 oxidases, medicine.drug
Abstract

Graphical abstract Bioassays with synergists can provide a quick and easy basis for initial characterization of resistant mosquito populations, without the need of preserved specimens, expensive equipment and substrates or specialized expertise. Pictograme: Knock down time responses of a resistant Anopheles gambiae population from Tiassalé to deltamethrin. A significant reduction in knockdown time was observed after 20 min pre-exposure to the P450 inhibitor (PBO). KDT50 shifted from 63.32 min for deltamethrin alone to 21.86 min for deltamethrin + PBO., Highlights • Resistance to deltamethrin was confirmed in the mosquito population from Tiassale, Ivory Coast. • Pre-exposure to esterase synergists yielded an increase mortality and knockdown. • Pre-exposure to oxidase synergists yielded an increase mortality and knockdown. • Pre-exposure to a P-gps inhibitor caused no significant increase in mortality and knockdown. • Use of synergists is a convenient method for investigating potential metabolic resistance mechanisms in field mosquitoes., Metabolic resistance and the potential role of permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pumps were investigated in a pyrethroid-resistant wild Anopheles gambiae s.l. Tiassalé population, using WHO susceptibility assays with deltamethrin (0.05%), with and without pre-exposure to synergists. The synergists used included an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein efflux pumps (verapamil), an inhibitor of esterases (EN 16-5), and an inhibitor of P450s and esterases (piperonyl butoxide). Pre-exposure to verapamil followed by deltamethrin led to a slight but non-significant (P = 0.59) increase in mortality relative to exposure to deltamethrin alone (64.5% versus 69.2%). Similarly, pre-exposure to EN 16-5 yielded a non-significant increase in mortality (to 76.6%; P = 0.85) but a significant increase in the knock down rate (from 48.3% to 78.7%; P

Published
2013

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