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3. Unleashing the Power of Plant Structural and Functional Diversity: From Common Observations to Theory and Management Models.

Author

Bravo, Felipe, van der Werf, Wopke, Tognetti, Roberto, Mazía, Noemí, Anten, Niels P. R., Piazza, María‐Victoria, Tomelleri, Enrico, and Pretzsch, Hans

Subjects
SPECIES diversity, AGRICULTURE, WORKFLOW, MANAGEMENT philosophy, RESILIENT design
Abstract

New approaches for managing agricultural and forestry systems are needed to bring back inputs to levels that are within planetary boundaries and make greater and better use of ecosystem services based on biodiversity. A new scientific framework informed by ecology, agronomy, forestry, and agroforestry is key to designing resilient plant‐based ecosystems to meet this challenge. Integrating information on plant functional traits, ontogenetic development stages, site characteristics, and structural stand characteristics can unleash the power of diversity (in species traits and structural and temporal arrangements) as a crucial factor for sustaining environmental services in times of global change. To leverage the benefits of diversity, a general theoretical framework and scalable simulation models are needed to understand structural and species diversification effects and interactions at multiple levels, from plant to field/forest stand to landscape. By working across established research boundaries, the scientific community can harness the power of structural and functional diversity to develop resilient, production‐oriented ecosystems. With this integrative approach, our objectives are as follows: (i) to conceptualize processes and methodologies for managing resilient terrestrial ecosystems that can guarantee sustainable and diversified ecosystem services within planetary boundaries, and (ii) to outline the workflow for crafting a system capable of sustaining human well‐being amid space, resource, and energy constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Grass layer limits tree seedling survival but not tree seedling growth in African and South American savannas.

Author

Mochi, Lucía S., Morrison, Thomas A., Stevens, Nicola, Mazía, Noemí, Anderson, T. Michael, and Holdo, Ricardo M.

Subjects
CARBON in soils, TREE seedlings, PLANT competition, TREE mortality, TREE growth
Abstract

Questions: How does the grass layer affect seedlings across large environmental gradients in savannas? Location: Savanna sites in Argentina, Tanzania, and South Africa. Methods: We carried out a joint analysis of three grass removal experiments in which seedlings of various Fabaceae species were transplanted into plots with native grass and companion plots where grass had been removed. First, we estimated the effect of grasses on tree seedling mortality and seedling growth rate at each site. Then, we used the resulting coefficient estimates from site‐level models to examine the impact of two climate (monthly precipitation and aridity index) and two soil (soil organic carbon content and clay content) variables on the direction and magnitude of the grass effects. Results: Grasses increased the risk of mortality, but there was no evidence for a global effect of grasses on tree seedling rate of height growth. The best model fit indicated a high mortality risk of tree seedlings in response to grasses at intermediate aridity index values. No other climate or soil variable influenced tree seedling survival or growth (monthly precipitation, soil organic carbon content and clay content). Conclusions: Our results support the notion that the grass layer consistently creates a bottleneck to tree seedling establishment in African and South American savannas beyond climate and soil conditions, mainly by affecting tree seedling survival. The negative effect of grasses on seedling survival was lower in dry conditions compared to intermediate aridity levels. These results suggest that grass–seedling interaction is less intense in drier conditions, possibly due to reduced total grass biomass, which leads to decreased site evapotranspiration and improved soil water retention capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. Tree invasion in secondary grasslands diminishes herbaceous biomass and diversity: A study of mechanisms behind the process.

Author

Ferraina, Antonella, Molina, Cecilia D., Mazía, Noemí, Piñeiro, Gervasio, Miranda, Isabel, Chaneton, Enrique José, and Overbeck, Gerhard

Subjects
GRASSLAND soils, PLANT biomass, GRASSLANDS, BIOMASS, CARBON content of water, PLANT diversity, SOIL moisture
Abstract

Questions: How is plant biomass, composition and diversity in secondary grasslands affected by tree invasion? How do light conditions generated by invasive trees and soil legacy affect grassland's structure and functioning? Which mechanism is more important? Location: Inland Pampa, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methods: We established a long‐term manipulative reciprocal transplant experiment by transplanting soil monoliths coming from two origins: grasslands (G) and invaded woody patches (W) into three different habitats: open grasslands (OG), woody patches (WP), and artificially shaded grasslands (SG). Results: Seven years after the beginning of the experiment, litter, above‐ and below‐ground herbaceous biomass decreased from OG to WP habitats, with SG habitats showing intermediate values. However, differences between OG and WP habitats disappeared when tree (coarse) roots, and tree litter biomass were considered. No significant differences between the origin of the soil monoliths (G or W) were detected (p > 0.10), except for herbaceous roots biomass that, contrary to expectations, was higher in all habitats when the transplanted soil monoliths came from a W origin. Additionally, biomass of C3 grasses was higher in WP habitats and biomass of C4 grasses was higher in OG habitats, while biomass of forbs had the highest biomass in SG habitats. The inverse Simpson's index decreased from OG (2.08), through SG (1.73) to WP habitats (1.14), suggesting higher dominance in WP. Conclusions: Our study helps to glimpse the main mechanism driving community changes after tree invasions in temperate grassland communities. We demonstrated that light reduction beneath the tree canopies has a more important role than soil legacy in determining structure and functioning of grasslands, even though invasion of Gleditsia triacanthos also affected soil properties such as water content and organic carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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15. Impact of volcanic ash deposition on foliar productivity and insect herbivory in northern Patagonia deciduous forests

Author

Chaneton, Enrique J., Mazía, Noemí, Garibaldi, Lucas A., Chaij, Jaquelina, and Kitzberger, Thomas

Subjects
productividad, disturbance, vulcanismo, volcanism, long-term study, productivity, Disturbios, estudio de largo plazo, herbivoría, Canopy insects, herbivory, Nothofagus pumilio, insectos defoliadores
Abstract

El vulcanismo ha moldeado la dinámica de los paisajes andinos durante todo el Holoceno. Sin embargo, aún se conoce poco sobre las consecuencias de eventos volcánicos modernos en el funcionamiento de los bosques nativos. La caída masiva de cenizas puede generar múltiples efectos directos e indirectos sobre procesos clave del ecosistema. Aquí evaluamos el impacto de la deposición de cenizas emitidas por la erupción del complejo Volcán Puyehue-Cordón Caulle en junio de 2011, sobre la productividad foliar y la herbivoría por insectos del dosel en bosques de Nothofagus pumilio del norte de la Patagonia Argentina. La producción de hojas fue medida antes y después de la erupción, en bosques húmedos y secos situados a 22 y 80 km del volcán y afectados por la caída de pumicita gruesa y fina, respectivamente. El área foliar dañada por insectos fue monitoreada durante 10 años (2004-2013), incluyendo al evento volcánico. La productividad foliar en 2012 cayó un 60% en el bosque húmedo pero no cambió en el bosque seco. El daño foliar se redujo abruptamente en 2012; los niveles de herbivoría post-erupción cayeron por debajo del rango de variación interanual registrado antes de la erupción. El impacto fue más severo en el bosque seco, donde los niveles endémicos de herbivoría son más elevados. En cambio, la herbivoría se mantuvo elevada en otro bosque seco localizado a 98 km del cráter y que recibió pocas cenizas. Los cambios en productividad y herbivoría persistieron por dos años después del evento. Estos resultados muestran una fuerte disrupción de las interacciones planta-herbívoro en áreas boscosas afectadas por la erupción volcánica. Las cenizas actuaron como un biocida de amplio espectro sobre los insectos defoliadores. En el corto plazo, la deposición de cenizas limitó el flujo de energía a través del dosel arbóreo y hacia los consumidores artrópodos. Volcanism has been a major force shaping the dynamics of Andean landscapes during the Holocene. Yet we still know little about the consequences of modern volcanic events on forest functioning. Ash fall may elicit multiple direct and indirect effects on key ecosystem attributes, with disturbance severity likely varying with distance to the crater. We examined the impact of ash deposition on foliage productivity and insect herbivory after the 2011 eruption of the Volcán Puyehue-Cordón Caulle system, in Nothofagus pumilio forests of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Tree leaf litterfall, a surrogate for annual foliar production, was measured before and after the event in wet and dry forest sites, which were located 22 km and 80 km east from the crater and were affected by mass deposition of coarse- and fine-grained tephra, respectively. Leaf damage by insects was monitored over a 10-year span (2004-2013) including the volcanic event. Foliar productivity in 2012 dropped by 60% in the wet forest, but did not change in the dry forest. Leaf area damaged by insects decreased abruptly in 2012, with post-eruption herbivory levels falling outside the range of annual variation recorded before the event. The impact was most severe in the dry forest wich normally supports the highest endemic herbivory. In contrast, leaf damage remained high in another dry forest located 98 km southeast from the crater and little affected by ashfall. Changes in foliar production and insect herbivory persisted for two years after the event. Our results show a widespread disruption of canopy-herbivore interactions in areas heavily affected by tephra. Remarkably, volcanic ash acted as a broad-spectrum insecticide on canopy herbivores. In the short-term, ashfall constrained the energy flow through the forest canopy and the arthropod consumer community, and thus temporarily overwhelmed previously existing differences in productivity and herbivory between wet and dry forest habitats.

Published
2014

16. Herbívoros: actores clave

Author

Gowda, Juan, Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro, Pirk, Gabriela, Blackhall, Melisa, Chaneton, Enrique J., de Paz, Manuel, Diaz, Soledad, Galende, Gladys, Mazía, Noemí, Paritsis, Juan, Raffaele, Estela, Relva, María A., and Sasal, Yamila

Subjects
Herbivoría, Interacciones, Comunidades Vegetales
Abstract

Fil: Gowda, Juan. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Gowda, Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Pirk, Gabriela. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Pirk, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Blackhall, Melisa. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Blackhall, Melisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Chaneton, Enrique. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Chaneton, Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: de Paz, Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Área Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Díaz, Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Díaz, Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Galende, Gladys. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Galende, Gladys. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Mazía, Noemí. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Fil: Paritsis, Juan. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Paritsis, Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Raffaele, Estela. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Raffaele, Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Relva, María A. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Relva, María A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Sasal, Yamila. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Sasal, Yamila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. El consumo de plantas por animales, la herbivoría, es el principal canal de redistribución de la energía solar entre seres vivos. Esta interacción permite su circulación en nuestro entorno generando vida y movimiento, modelando la estructura y dinámica de nuestros paisajes y determinando, muchas veces, nuestra relación con las principales comunidades vegetales que los componen. A continuación exploramos algunas facetas de esta interacción, buscando comprender por qué el sencillo acto de comer una planta ha llevado a una enorme diversidad de adaptaciones, tanto en plantas como en animales.

Published
2014

17. Insectos en bosques de lenga

Author

Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro and Mazía, Noemí C.

Subjects
Biodiversidad y Conservación, Insectos, Ecología, Recuadro, Bosque de Lenga
Abstract

Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Mazía, Noemi. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina. .

Published
2014

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