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1. Impact of simulated Martian conditions on (facultatively) anaerobic bacterial strains from different Mars analogue sites

Author

Beblo-Vranesevic, Kristina, Bohmeier, Maria, Schleumer, Sven, Rabbow, Elke, Perras, Alexandra K., Moissl-Eichinger, Christine, Schwendner, Petra, Cockell, Charles S., Vannier, Pauline, Marteinsson, Viggo T., Monaghan, Euan P., Riedo, Andreas, Ehrenfreund, Pascale, Garcia-Descalzo, Laura, Gómez, Felipe, Malki, Moustafa, Amils, Ricardo, Gaboyer, Frédéric, Hickman-Lewis, Keyron, Westall, Frances, Cabezas, Patricia, Walter, Nicolas, Rettberg, Petra, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Köln] (DLR), DLR Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Medical University Graz, UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh-University of Edinburgh, Laboratoire de microbiologie des environnements extrêmophiles (LM2E), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), MATIS - Prokaria, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa [Madrid] (CBMSO), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), European Science Foundation (ESF), Rettberg, P. [0000-0003-4439-2395], García Descalzo, L. [0000-0002-0083-6786], Cabezas, P. [0000-0002-6336-4093], Marteinsson, V. [0000-0001-8340-821X], Gómez, F. [0000-0001-9977-7060], and Antunes, André

Subjects
Time Factors, Extraterrestrial Environment, Cell Survival, Firmicutes, Mars, Anaerobic Bacterial, Radiation Tolerance, Bacteria, Anaerobic, Strahlenbiologie, Enterobacteriaceae, Stress, Physiological, MASE, Carnobacteriaceae, Desiccation, Clostridium, Perchlorates, simulated Martian conditions, Martian conditions, anearobic bacterial strains, Sodium Compounds, Yersinia, Oxidative Stress, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Simulated, Extreme Environments
Abstract

Five bacterial (facultatively) anaerobic strains, namely Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9, Clostridium sp. MASE-IM-4, Halanaerobium sp. MASE-BB-1, Trichococcus sp. MASE-IM-5, and Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 isolated from different extreme natural environments were subjected to Mars relevant environmental stress factors in the laboratory under controlled conditions. These stress factors encompassed low water activity, oxidizing compounds, and ionizing radiation. Stress tests were performed under permanently anoxic conditions. The survival rate after addition of sodium perchlorate (Na-perchlorate) was found to be species-specific. The inter-comparison of the five microorganisms revealed that Clostridium sp. MASE-IM-4 was the most sensitive strain (D10-value (15 min, NaClO4) = 0.6 M). The most tolerant microorganism was Trichococcus sp. MASE-IM-5 with a calculated D10-value (15 min, NaClO4) of 1.9 M. Cultivation in the presence of Na-perchlorate in Martian relevant concentrations up to 1 wt% led to the observation of chains of cells in all strains. Exposure to Na-perchlorate led to a lowering of the survival rate after desiccation. Consecutive exposure to desiccating conditions and ionizing radiation led to additive effects. Moreover, in a desiccated state, an enhanced radiation tolerance could be observed for the strains Clostridium sp. MASE-IM-4 and Trichococcus sp. MASE-IM-5. These data show that anaerobic microorganisms from Mars analogue environments can resist a variety of Martian-simulated stresses either individually or in combination. However, responses were species-specific and some Mars-simulated extremes killed certain organisms. Thus, although Martian stresses would be expected to act differentially on microorganisms, none of the expected extremes tested here and found on Mars prevent the growth of anaerobic microorganisms., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)

Published
2020
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2. Anaerobic microorganisms in astrobiological analogue environments: from field site to culture collection

Author

Felipe Gómez, Elke Rabbow, L. Garcia-Descalzo, Patricia Cabezas, Pauline Vannier, Ricardo Amils, Rüdiger Pukall, Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic, E. Monaghan, Pascale Ehrenfreund, Petra Schwendner, Petra Rettberg, Christine Moissl-Eichinger, Frances Westall, L. Wink, Charles S. Cockell, M. Malki, Maria Bohmeier, F. Gaboyer, A. Perras, Nicolas Walter, Viggó Þór Marteinsson, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh-University of Edinburgh, DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Köln] (DLR), BioTechMed-Graz, Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz)-Medical University Graz-Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche], MATIS - Prokaria, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), European Science Foundation (ESF), and Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz)-Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche]-Medical University Graz

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Meridiani Planum, anaerobic samples, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Mars, Context (language use), Biology, 01 natural sciences, model organisms, Astrobiology, 03 medical and health sciences, HABITABILITY, TERRESTRIAL ANALOGS, HISTORY, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, media_common.cataloged_instance, Extremophile, GALE CRATER, SUBSURFACE WATER, European union, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, extremophiles, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, METEORITES, 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA, MERIDIANI-PLANUM, MARS, Mars Exploration Program, Anoxic waters, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, BACTERIA, Extraterrestrial Environment, ddc:570, Sample collection, analogues, isolation
Abstract

Astrobiology seeks to understand the limits of life and to determine the physiology of organisms in order to better assess the habitability of other worlds. To successfully achieve these goals we require microorganisms from environments on Earth that approximate to extraterrestrial environments in terms of physical and/or chemical conditions. The most challenging of these environments with respect to sample collection, isolation and cultivation of microorganisms are anoxic environments. In this paper, an approach to this challenge was implemented within the European Union's MASE (Mars Analogues for Space Exploration) project. In this review paper, we aim to provide a set of methods for future field work and sampling campaigns. A number of anoxic environment based on characteristics that make them analogous to past and present locations on Mars were selected. They included anoxic sulphur-rich springs (Germany), the salt-rich Boulby Mine (UK), a lake in a basaltic context (Iceland), acidic sediments in the Rio Tinto (Spain), glacier samples (Austria) and permafrost samples (Russia and Canada). Samples were collected under strict anoxic conditions to be used for cultivation and genomic community analysis. Using the samples, a culturing approach was implemented to enrich anaerobic organisms using a defined medium that would allow for organisms to be grown under identical conditions in future physiological comparisons. Anaerobic microorganisms were isolated and deposited with the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH) culture collection to make them available to other scientists. In MASE, the selected organisms are studied with respect to survival and growth under Mars relevant stresses. They are artificially fossilized and the resulting biosignatures studied and used to investigate the efficacy of life detection instrumentation for planetary missions. Some of the organisms belong to genera with medical and environmental importance such asYersiniaspp., illustrating how astrobiology field research can be used to increase the availability of microbial isolates for applied terrestrial purposes.

Published
2017
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3. Beyond chloride brines: Variable metabolomic responses in the anaerobic organism Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to NaCl and MgSO4 identical water activity

Author

Petra Schwendner, Maria Bohmeier, Petra Rettberg, Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic, Frédéric Gaboyer, Christine Moissl-Eichinger, Alexandra K. Perras, Pauline Vannier, Viggó T. Marteinsson, Laura Garcia-Descalzo, Felipe Gómez, Moustafa Malki, Ricardo Amils, Frances Westall, Andreas Riedo, Euan P. Monaghan, Pascale Ehrenfreund, Patricia Cabezas, Nicolas Walter, Charles Cockell, UAM. Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), Schreiber, Frank, European Commission, Matvæla- og næringarfræðideild (HÍ), Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition (UI), Heilbrigðisvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Health Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, University of Iceland, Frapart, Isabelle, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Köln] (DLR), DLR Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, MATIS - Prokaria, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa [Madrid] (CBMSO), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], and Georgetown University [Washington] (GU)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Water activity, Osmotic shock, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Sodium, Natrín, Örverur, Sodium chloride, 030106 microbiology, lcsh:QR1-502, Microbial metabolism, chemistry.chemical_element, Microbiology, lcsh:Microbiology, Magnesíum (næringarefni), 03 medical and health sciences, Strahlenbiologie, Yersinia intermedia, Original Research, biology, Stress response, Compatible solutes, Efnaskipti, biology.organism_classification, Biología y Biomedicina / Biología, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Metabolic pathway, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Biochemistry, 13. Climate action, Osmolyte, Metabolome, Osmoprotectant, Magnesium sulfate
Abstract

Growth in sodium chloride (NaCl) is known to induce stress in non-halophilic microorganisms leading to effects on the microbial metabolism and cell structure. Microorganisms have evolved a number of adaptations, both structural and metabolic, to counteract osmotic stress. These strategies are well-understood for organisms in NaCl-rich brines such as the accumulation of certain organic solutes (known as either compatible solutes or osmolytes). Less well studied are responses to ionic environments such as sulfate-rich brines which are prevalent on Earth but can also be found on Mars. In this paper, we investigated the global metabolic response of the anaerobic bacterium Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to osmotic salt stress induced by either magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) or NaCl at the same water activity (0.975). Using a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach, the intensity of hundreds of metabolites was measured. The compatible solutes L-asparagine and sucrose were found to be increased in both MgSO4 and NaCl compared to the control sample, suggesting a similar osmotic response to different ionic environments. We were able to demonstrate that Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 accumulated a range of other compatible solutes. However, we also found the global metabolic responses, especially with regard to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, to be salt-specific, thus, suggesting ion-specific regulation of specific metabolic pathways., MASE is supported by European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-013) under Grant Agreement no. 607297.

Published
2018
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4. Lack of correlation of desiccation and radiation tolerance in microorganisms from diverse extreme environments tested under anoxic conditions

Author

Viggó Thór Marteinsson, F. Gaboyer, Nicolas Walter, M. Malki, L. Garcia-Descalzo, Pauline Vannier, Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic, E. Monaghan, Ricardo Amils, Patricia Cabezas, Elke Rabbow, Felipe Gómez, Frances Westall, Petra Rettberg, Maria Bohmeier, Pascale Ehrenfreund, Christine Moissl-Eichinger, Charles S. Cockell, A. Perras, Petra Schwendner, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Köln] (DLR), Medical University Graz, Universität Regensburg (UR), UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh-University of Edinburgh, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz)-Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche]-Medical University Graz, MATIS - Prokaria, University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Space Policy Institute [Washington], The George Washington University (GW), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa [Madrid] (CBMSO), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), European Science Foundation (ESF), Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz)-Medical University Graz-Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche], Matvæla- og næringarfræðideild (HÍ), Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition (UI), Heilbrigðisvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Health Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, and University of Iceland

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Ionizing, Örverur, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, Microbial metabolism, Microorganisms, Adaptation, Biological, Biology, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Microbiology, Radiation Tolerance, survival, Desiccation tolerance, 03 medical and health sciences, Strahlenbiologie, desiccation, Radiation, Ionizing, Botany, Genetics, Research Letter, Environmental Microbiology, Extreme environment, extreme environment, Desiccation, Hypoxia, Molecular Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Facultative, Radiation, Microbial Viability, Obligate, Bacteria, Extreme environments, anaerobes, Anoxic waters, Radiation tolerance, radiation, 030104 developmental biology, correlation, Gerlar, Geislun, Anaerobic bacteria, Extreme Environments
Abstract

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Four facultative anaerobic and two obligate anaerobic bacteria were isolated from extreme environments (deep subsurface halite mine, sulfidic anoxic spring, mineral-rich river) in the frame MASE (Mars Analogues for Space Exploration) project. The isolates were investigated under anoxic conditions for their survivability after desiccation up to 6 months and their tolerance to ionizing radiation up to 3000 Gy. The results indicated that tolerances to both stresses are strain-specific features. Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 showed a high desiccation tolerance but its radiation tolerance was very low. The most radiation-tolerant strains were Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 and Halanaerobium sp. MASE-BB-1. In both cases, cultivable cells were detectable after an exposure to 3 kGy of ionizing radiation, but cells only survived desiccation for 90 and 30 days, respectively. Although a correlation between desiccation and ionizing radiation resistance has been hypothesized for some aerobic microorganisms, our data showed that there was no correlation between tolerance to desiccation and ionizing radiation, suggesting that the physiological basis of both forms of tolerances is not necessarily linked. In addition, these results indicated that facultative and obligate anaerobic organisms living in extreme environments possess varied species-specific tolerances to extremes, This work was supported by European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) [grant agreement no. 607297].

Published
2018
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5. Genome expression of Thermococcus barophilus and Thermococcus kodakarensis in response to different hydrostatic pressure conditions

Author

Grégoire Michoud, Viggó Þór Marteinsson, Pauline Vannier, Mohamed Jebbar, Philippe Oger, MATIS - Prokaria, Laboratoire de microbiologie des environnements extrêmophiles (LM2E), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Microbiologie, adaptation et pathogénie (MAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL)

Subjects
DNA Replication, Carbohydrate transport, Hydrostatic pressure, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Biology, 7. Clean energy, Microbiology, Genome, Archaeal, Stress, Physiological, Hydrostatic Pressure, Amino Acids, Molecular Biology, Gene, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, Gene Expression Profiling, Nucleotide transport, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Amino acid, Thermococcus kodakarensis, Thermococcus, Thermococcus barophilus, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, chemistry, Biochemistry, Coenzyme transport
Abstract

Transcriptomes were analyzed for two related hyperthermophilic archaeal species, the piezophilic Thermococcus barophilus strain MP and piezosensitive Thermococcus kodakarensis strain KOD1 subjected to high hydrostatic pressures. A total of 378 genes were differentially expressed in T. barophilus cells grown at 0.1, 40 and 70 MPa, whereas 141 genes were differentially regulated in T. kodakarensis cells grown at 0.1 and 25 MPa. In T. barophilus cells grown under stress conditions (0.1 and 70 MPa), 178 upregulated genes were distributed among three clusters of orthologous groups (COG): energy production and conversion (C), inorganic ion transport and metabolism (P) and carbohydrate transport and metabolism (G), whereas 156 downregulated genes were distributed among: amino acid transport and metabolism (E), replication, recombination and repair (L) and nucleotide transport and metabolism (F). The expression of 141 genes was regulated in T. kodakarensis cells grown under stress conditions (25 MPa); 71 downregulated genes belong to three COG: energy production and conversion (C), amino acid transport and metabolism (E) and transcription (K), whereas 70 upregulated genes are associated with replication, recombination and repair (L), coenzyme transport (H) and defense mechanisms (V).

Published
2015
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6. The responses of an anaerobic microorganism, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined simulated Martian stresses

Author

Elke Rabbow, L. Garcia-Descalzo, A. Perras, Pascale Ehrenfreund, M. Malki, Pauline Vannier, Charles S. Cockell, E. Monaghan, Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic, Petra Rettberg, F. Gaboyer, Rüdiger Pukall, Ricardo Amils, Maria Bohmeier, Nicolas Walter, Viggó Þór Marteinsson, Patricia Cabezas, Petra Schwendner, Christine Moissl-Eichinger, Frances Westall, Felipe Gómez, Matvæla- og næringarfræðideild (HÍ), Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition (UI), Heilbrigðisvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Health Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, University of Iceland, UAM. Departamento de Biología Molecular, Amendola, Roberto, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Köln] (DLR), Medical University Graz, UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh-University of Edinburgh, DLR Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, MATIS - Prokaria, Matis Ltd, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa [Madrid] (CBMSO), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire de microbiologie des environnements extrêmophiles (LM2E), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Georgetown University [Washington] (GU), European Science Foundation (ESF), LEGOUPIL, Laëtitia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microorganism, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ENTEROCOLITICA-LIKE, Örverur, lcsh:Medicine, Planets, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, Astronomical Sciences, Yersinia, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Medicine and Health Sciences, Osmotic pressure, Yersinia intermedia, OXIDATIVE STRESS, lcsh:Science, Organism, CLEAN ROOMS, Multidisciplinary, DEINOCOCCUS-RADIODURANS, Radiation, Perchlorates, biology, Planetary Sciences, Physics, MARS, Biología y Biomedicina / Biología, Celestial Objects, Bacterial Pathogens, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Cold Temperature, Laboratory Equipment, Chemistry, Medical Microbiology, Physical Sciences, Stöðuvötn, Engineering and Technology, Laboratory glassware, Tissue Dehydration, Pathogens, Anaerobic exercise, Oxidation-Reduction, Research Article, Chemical Elements, Freshwater Environments, Ionizing radiation, Vacuum Desiccation, 030106 microbiology, Mars, Equipment, Vacuum desiccation, WATER-ACTIVITY, Anaerobic microorganisms, Martian surface, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Strahlenbiologie, HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE, Stress, Physiological, Desiccation, Microbial Pathogens, Nuclear Physics, Bacteria, Mars (reikistjarna), X-Rays, lcsh:R, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Chemical Compounds, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Aquatic Environments, Deinococcus radiodurans, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Laboratory Glassware, Bodies of Water, biology.organism_classification, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1, PLANETARY PROTECTION, Oxygen, Lakes, Specimen Preparation and Treatment, Desiccation and irradiation, Ionizing Radiation, Súrefni, Earth Sciences, Geislun, lcsh:Q, Salts, IONIZING-RADIATION, RESISTANCE
Abstract

The limits of life of aerobic microorganisms are well understood, but the responses of anaerobic microorganisms to individual and combined extreme stressors are less well known. Motivated by an interest in understanding the survivability of anaerobic microorganisms under Martian conditions, we investigated the responses of a new isolate, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined stresses associated with the Martian surface. This organism belongs to an adaptable and persistent genus of anaerobic microorganisms found in many environments worldwide. The effects of desiccation, low pressure, ionizing radiation, varying temperature, osmotic pressure, and oxidizing chemical compounds were investigated. The strain showed a high tolerance to desiccation, with a decline of survivability by four orders of magnitude during a storage time of 85 days. Exposure to X-rays resulted in dose-dependent inactivation for exposure up to 600 Gy while applied doses above 750 Gy led to complete inactivation. The effects of the combination of desiccation and irradiation were additive and the survivability was influenced by the order in which they were imposed. Ionizing irradiation and subsequent desiccation was more deleterious than vice versa. By contrast, the presence of perchlorates was not found to significantly affect the survival of the Yersinia strain after ionizing radiation. These data show that the organism has the capacity to survive and grow in physical and chemical stresses, imposed individually or in combination that are associated with Martian environment. Eventually it lost its viability showing that many of the most adaptable anaerobic organisms on Earth would be killed on Mars today., MASE is supported by European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement no 607297.

Published
2017
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7. Mineralization and Preservation of an extremotolerant Bacterium Isolated from an Early Mars Analog Environment

Author

Gaboyer, F., Le Milbeau, C., Bohmeier, M., Schwendner, P., Vannier, P., Beblo-Vranesevic, K., Rabbow, E., Foucher, F., Gautret, P., Guégan, R., Richard, A., Sauldubois, A., Richmann, P., Perras, A. K., Moissl-Eichinger, C., Cockell, C. S., Rettberg, P., Marteinsson, Monaghan, E., Ehrenfreund, P., Garcia-Descalzo, L., Gomez, F., Malki, M., Amils, R., Cabezas, P., Walter, N., Westall, F., Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Köln] (DLR), UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh-University of Edinburgh, MATIS - Prokaria, Centre de Microscopie Electronique, Université d'Orléans (UO), Universität Regensburg (UR), BioTechMed-Graz, Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz)-Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche]-Medical University Graz, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), European Science Foundation (ESF), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz)-Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz-Medical University Graz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), POTHIER, Nathalie, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), and Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz)-Medical University Graz-Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche]

Subjects
EXTREMOPHILIC ARCHAEA, Science, EXPERIMENTAL SILICIFICATION, MERIDIANI-PLANUM, Mars, BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE, Article, EXPERIMENTAL DIAGENESIS, [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], Strahlenbiologie, RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], EXPERIMENTAL FOSSILIZATION, MASE project (Mars Analogue for Space Exploration), Medicine, ARCHEAN CHERTS, MOLECULAR PRESERVATION, ATACAMA DESERT
Abstract

International audience; The artificial mineralization of a polyresistant bacterial strain isolated from an acidic, oligotrophic lake was carried out to better understand microbial (i) early mineralization and (ii) potential for further fossilisation. Mineralization was conducted in mineral matrixes commonly found on Mars and Early-Earth, silica and gypsum, for 6 months. Samples were analyzed using microbiological (survival rates), morphological (electron microscopy), biochemical (GC-MS, Microarray immunoassay, Rock-Eval) and spectroscopic (EDX, FTIR, RAMAN spectroscopy) methods. We also investigated the impact of physiological status on mineralization and long-term fossilisation by exposing cells or not to Mars-related stresses (desiccation and radiation). Bacterial populations remained viable after 6 months although the kinetics of mineralization and cell-mineral interactions depended on the nature of minerals. Detection of biosignatures strongly depended on analytical methods, successful with FTIR and EDX but not with RAMAN and immunoassays. Neither influence of stress exposure, nor qualitative and quantitative changes of detected molecules were observed as a function of mineralization time and matrix. Rock-Eval analysis suggests that potential for preservation on geological times may be possible only with moderate diagenetic and metamorphic conditions. The implications of our results for microfossil preservation in the geological record of Earth as well as on Mars are discussed. Redrawing the history of early life on Earth requires being able to assess if microstructures present in the oldest terrestrial rocks are of biological origin or not. Such assessments are still very challenging mainly due to the degradation of microbial remains during diagenesis and to microbial-like morphologies abiotically produced. Several Archaean rocks could nevertheless be described as ancient unambiguous biological systems, representative of the early-Earth fossil record, like strata of South Africa and Australia containing evidence of phototrophic 1–6 and heterotrophic microbial. To better understand the processes leading to microfossil formation and preservation, artificial mineralization of microorganisms, also called fossilisation, was first undertaken by Oehler and Schopf with the silicification of

Published
2017
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8. What Is SIMBAD, and What Is It Not?

Author

Loup, C., Oberto, A., Allen, M., Lesteven, S., Boch, T., Bot, C., Bonnarel, F., Brouty, M., Brunet, C., Buga, M., Cambresy, L., Delacour, T., Derriere, S., Eisele, A., Fernique, P., Genova, F., Guehenneux, S., Landais, G., Louys, M., Nebot, A., Neuville, M., Ocvirk, P., Perret, E., Pineau, F.-X., Schaaff, A., Siebert, A., Son, E., Vannier, P., Vollmer, B., Vonflie, P., Woelfel, F., Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (OAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Sofia, RiverLy (UR Riverly), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and MATIS - Prokaria

Subjects
[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

International audience; The purpose of the SIMBAD database is to provide the bibliography and some fundamental data on astronomical objects of interest which have been studied in scientific articles. It includes objects of any nature, stars - galaxies - interstellar medium - transient events - etc. SIMBAD is a meta-compilation built from what is published in the literature, and from our expertise on cross-identifications. It is a dynamic database, updated every working day. By construction its content is heterogeneous as data come from any kind of instruments at all wavelengths with any resolution and astrometry, and different names from one publication to another. Thus SIMBAD is not a catalogue, and should not be used as a catalogue. It is not the purpose of SIMBAD to contain “everything”. Especially, lists of uncharacterised sources detected in photometric surveys of any size are usually not processed in SIMBAD. But they are available at CDS in the VizieR database which contains published tables of objects, as well as most very large surveys. The idea now is to use both SIMBAD and VizieR as complementary research tools.

Published
2016

9. Complete Genome Sequence of the Hyperthermophilic and Piezophilic Archaeon Thermococcus barophilus Ch5, Capable of Growth at the Expense of Hydrogenogenesis from Carbon Monoxide and Formate

Author

Alexander V. Lebedinsky, T. G. Sokolova, Darya A. Kozhevnikova, Sung Gyun Kang, Kae Kyoung Kwon, E. A. Taranov, Pauline Vannier, Philippe Oger, Elizaveta A. Bonch-Osmolovskaya, Hyun Sook Lee, Jung-Hyun Lee, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Microbiologie, adaptation et pathogénie (MAP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Microbiology of Extreme Environments (M2E), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), MATIS - Prokaria, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, and Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Whole genome sequencing, Strain (chemistry), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, Computational biology, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, Thermococcus barophilus, Complete sequence, chemistry.chemical_compound, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Biochemistry, chemistry, Genetics, Formate, Prokaryotes, Molecular Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Carbon monoxide, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract

We report here the complete sequence and fully manually curated annotation of the genome of strain Ch5, a new member of the piezophilic hyperthermophilic species Thermococcus barophilus .

Published
2016
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10. Impact of Simulated Martian Conditions on (Facultatively) Anaerobic Bacterial Strains from Different Mars Analogue Sites.

Author

Beblo-Vranesevic K, Bohmeier M, Schleumer S, Rabbow E, Perras AK, Moissl-Eichinger C, Schwendner P, Cockell CS, Vannier P, Marteinsson VT, Monaghan EP, Riedo A, Ehrenfreund P, Garcia-Descalzo L, Gómez F, Malki M, Amils R, Gaboyer F, Hickman-Lewis K, Westall F, Cabezas P, Walter N, and Rettberg P

Subjects
Bacteria, Anaerobic drug effects, Bacteria, Anaerobic radiation effects, Carnobacteriaceae drug effects, Carnobacteriaceae growth & development, Carnobacteriaceae radiation effects, Cell Survival drug effects, Cell Survival radiation effects, Clostridium drug effects, Clostridium growth & development, Clostridium radiation effects, Desiccation, Enterobacteriaceae drug effects, Enterobacteriaceae growth & development, Enterobacteriaceae radiation effects, Firmicutes drug effects, Firmicutes growth & development, Firmicutes radiation effects, Mars, Oxidative Stress, Perchlorates toxicity, Radiation Tolerance, Sodium Compounds toxicity, Stress, Physiological radiation effects, Time Factors, Yersinia drug effects, Yersinia growth & development, Yersinia radiation effects, Bacteria, Anaerobic growth & development, Extraterrestrial Environment, Extreme Environments
Abstract

Five bacterial (facultatively) anaerobic strains, namely Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9, Clostridium sp. MASE-IM-4, Halanaerobium sp. MASE-BB-1, Trichococcus sp. MASE-IM-5, and Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 isolated from different extreme natural environments were subjected to Mars relevant environmental stress factors in the laboratory under controlled conditions. These stress factors encompassed low water activity, oxidizing compounds, and ionizing radiation. Stress tests were performed under permanently anoxic conditions. The survival rate after addition of sodium perchlorate (Na-perchlorate) was found to be species-specific. The inter-comparison of the five microorganisms revealed that Clostridium sp. MASE-IM-4 was the most sensitive strain (D10-value (15 min, NaClO4) = 0.6 M). The most tolerant microorganism was Trichococcus sp. MASE-IM-5 with a calculated D10-value (15 min, NaClO4) of 1.9 M. Cultivation in the presence of Na-perchlorate in Martian relevant concentrations up to 1 wt% led to the observation of chains of cells in all strains. Exposure to Na-perchlorate led to a lowering of the survival rate after desiccation. Consecutive exposure to desiccating conditions and ionizing radiation led to additive effects. Moreover, in a desiccated state, an enhanced radiation tolerance could be observed for the strains Clostridium sp. MASE-IM-4 and Trichococcus sp. MASE-IM-5. These data show that anaerobic microorganisms from Mars analogue environments can resist a variety of Martian-simulated stresses either individually or in combination. However, responses were species-specific and some Mars-simulated extremes killed certain organisms. Thus, although Martian stresses would be expected to act differentially on microorganisms, none of the expected extremes tested here and found on Mars prevent the growth of anaerobic microorganisms.

Published
2020
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11. Microbial Markers Profile in Anaerobic Mars Analogue Environments Using the LDChip (Life Detector Chip) Antibody Microarray Core of the SOLID (Signs of Life Detector) Platform.

Author

García-Descalzo L, Parro V, García-Villadangos M, Cockell CS, Moissl-Eichinger C, Perras A, Rettberg P, Beblo-Vranesevic K, Bohmeier M, Rabbow E, Westall F, Gaboyer F, Amils R, Malki M, Marteinsson V, Vannier P, Ehrenfreund P, Monaghan E, Riedo A, Cabezas P, Walter N, and Gómez FG

Abstract

One of the main objectives for astrobiology is to unravel and explore the habitability of environments beyond Earth, paying special attention to Mars. If the combined environmental stress factors on Mars are compatible with life or if they were less harsh in the past, to investigate the traces of past or present life is critical to understand its potential habitability. Essential for this research is the characterization of Mars analogue environments on Earth through the development of techniques for biomarker detection in them. Biosensing techniques based on fluorescence sandwich microarray immunoassays (FSMI) have shown to be a powerful tool to detect biosignatures and depict the microbial profiles of different environments. In this study, we described the microbial biomarker profile of five anoxic Mars analogues sites using the Life Detector Chip (LDChip), an antibody microarray for multiple microbial marker detection. Furthermore, we contributed to new targets by developing a new 26-polyclonal antibodies microarray using crude extracts from anaerobic sampling sites, halophilic microorganisms, and anaerobic isolates obtained in the framework of the European Mars Analogues for Space Exploration (MASE) project. The new subset of antibodies was characterized and implemented into a microarray platform (MASE-Chip) for microbial marker searching in salty and anaerobic environments.

Published
2019
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12. Beyond Chloride Brines: Variable Metabolomic Responses in the Anaerobic Organism Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to NaCl and MgSO 4 at Identical Water Activity.

Author

Schwendner P, Bohmeier M, Rettberg P, Beblo-Vranesevic K, Gaboyer F, Moissl-Eichinger C, Perras AK, Vannier P, Marteinsson VT, Garcia-Descalzo L, Gómez F, Malki M, Amils R, Westall F, Riedo A, Monaghan EP, Ehrenfreund P, Cabezas P, Walter N, and Cockell C

Abstract

Growth in sodium chloride (NaCl) is known to induce stress in non-halophilic microorganisms leading to effects on the microbial metabolism and cell structure. Microorganisms have evolved a number of adaptations, both structural and metabolic, to counteract osmotic stress. These strategies are well-understood for organisms in NaCl-rich brines such as the accumulation of certain organic solutes (known as either compatible solutes or osmolytes). Less well studied are responses to ionic environments such as sulfate-rich brines which are prevalent on Earth but can also be found on Mars. In this paper, we investigated the global metabolic response of the anaerobic bacterium Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to osmotic salt stress induced by either magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) or NaCl at the same water activity (0.975). Using a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach, the intensity of hundreds of metabolites was measured. The compatible solutes L-asparagine and sucrose were found to be increased in both MgSO 4 and NaCl compared to the control sample, suggesting a similar osmotic response to different ionic environments. We were able to demonstrate that Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 accumulated a range of other compatible solutes. However, we also found the global metabolic responses, especially with regard to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, to be salt-specific, thus, suggesting ion-specific regulation of specific metabolic pathways.

Published
2018
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13. The responses of an anaerobic microorganism, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined simulated Martian stresses.

Author

Beblo-Vranesevic K, Bohmeier M, Perras AK, Schwendner P, Rabbow E, Moissl-Eichinger C, Cockell CS, Pukall R, Vannier P, Marteinsson VT, Monaghan EP, Ehrenfreund P, Garcia-Descalzo L, Gómez F, Malki M, Amils R, Gaboyer F, Westall F, Cabezas P, Walter N, and Rettberg P

Subjects
Cold Temperature, Desiccation, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Oxidation-Reduction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Salts, X-Rays, Yersinia classification, Yersinia genetics, Yersinia radiation effects, Mars, Stress, Physiological, Yersinia physiology
Abstract

The limits of life of aerobic microorganisms are well understood, but the responses of anaerobic microorganisms to individual and combined extreme stressors are less well known. Motivated by an interest in understanding the survivability of anaerobic microorganisms under Martian conditions, we investigated the responses of a new isolate, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined stresses associated with the Martian surface. This organism belongs to an adaptable and persistent genus of anaerobic microorganisms found in many environments worldwide. The effects of desiccation, low pressure, ionizing radiation, varying temperature, osmotic pressure, and oxidizing chemical compounds were investigated. The strain showed a high tolerance to desiccation, with a decline of survivability by four orders of magnitude during a storage time of 85 days. Exposure to X-rays resulted in dose-dependent inactivation for exposure up to 600 Gy while applied doses above 750 Gy led to complete inactivation. The effects of the combination of desiccation and irradiation were additive and the survivability was influenced by the order in which they were imposed. Ionizing irradiation and subsequent desiccation was more deleterious than vice versa. By contrast, the presence of perchlorates was not found to significantly affect the survival of the Yersinia strain after ionizing radiation. These data show that the organism has the capacity to survive and grow in physical and chemical stresses, imposed individually or in combination that are associated with Martian environment. Eventually it lost its viability showing that many of the most adaptable anaerobic organisms on Earth would be killed on Mars today.

Published
2017
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14. Mineralization and Preservation of an extremotolerant Bacterium Isolated from an Early Mars Analog Environment.

Author

Gaboyer F, Le Milbeau C, Bohmeier M, Schwendner P, Vannier P, Beblo-Vranesevic K, Rabbow E, Foucher F, Gautret P, Guégan R, Richard A, Sauldubois A, Richmann P, Perras AK, Moissl-Eichinger C, Cockell CS, Rettberg P, Marteinsson, Monaghan E, Ehrenfreund P, Garcia-Descalzo L, Gomez F, Malki M, Amils R, Cabezas P, Walter N, and Westall F

Abstract

The artificial mineralization of a polyresistant bacterial strain isolated from an acidic, oligotrophic lake was carried out to better understand microbial (i) early mineralization and (ii) potential for further fossilisation. Mineralization was conducted in mineral matrixes commonly found on Mars and Early-Earth, silica and gypsum, for 6 months. Samples were analyzed using microbiological (survival rates), morphological (electron microscopy), biochemical (GC-MS, Microarray immunoassay, Rock-Eval) and spectroscopic (EDX, FTIR, RAMAN spectroscopy) methods. We also investigated the impact of physiological status on mineralization and long-term fossilisation by exposing cells or not to Mars-related stresses (desiccation and radiation). Bacterial populations remained viable after 6 months although the kinetics of mineralization and cell-mineral interactions depended on the nature of minerals. Detection of biosignatures strongly depended on analytical methods, successful with FTIR and EDX but not with RAMAN and immunoassays. Neither influence of stress exposure, nor qualitative and quantitative changes of detected molecules were observed as a function of mineralization time and matrix. Rock-Eval analysis suggests that potential for preservation on geological times may be possible only with moderate diagenetic and metamorphic conditions. The implications of our results for microfossil preservation in the geological record of Earth as well as on Mars are discussed.

Published
2017
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15. Thermus islandicus sp. nov., a mixotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from the Torfajokull geothermal area.

Author

Bjornsdottir SH, Petursdottir SK, Hreggvidsson GO, Skirnisdottir S, Hjorleifsdottir S, Arnfinnsson J, and Kristjansson JK

Subjects
DNA, Bacterial genetics, DNA, Ribosomal genetics, Fatty Acids chemistry, Fatty Acids metabolism, Iceland, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidation-Reduction, Phospholipids metabolism, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Thermus genetics, Thermus metabolism, Sulfur metabolism, Thermus classification, Thermus isolation & purification
Abstract

Strains PRI 2268 and PRI 3838(T) were isolated from two separate hot springs in the Torfajokull geothermal area of South Iceland. The cells were non-motile rods, approximately 0.3 microm in width and 1.5-2.5 microm in length. Electron microscopy revealed a Gram-negative cell-wall structure. The strains grew at 45-79 degrees C (optimum, 65 degrees C) and pH 5.5-10.5 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that they formed a separate branch within the genus Thermus with 'Thermus kawarayensis' KW11 as their closest cultured relative (96.5 % similarity). The gene sequence similarities of both new isolates to Thermus aquaticus YT-1(T) and Thermus igniterrae RF-4(T) were 96.1 % and 95.5 %, respectively. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain PRI 3838(T) and 'T. kawarayensis' was 46.1 %. The DNA G+C content of strain PRI 3838(T) was 69.0 mol%. The predominant menaquinones, pigmentation, fatty acid profiles and phospholipid profiles of the novel strains were similar to those of other members of the genus Thermus. However, the new strains could be differentiated from the type strains of all other species of the genus Thermus by their lack of catalase activity and their utilization of only a few carbon sources. Furthermore, the novel strains exhibited mixotrophic growth with sulfur oxidation. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, DNA-DNA hybridization and physiological and biochemical characteristics, the new isolates represent a novel species. Since the species appears to be ubiquitous in Icelandic hot springs, the name Thermus islandicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PRI 3838(T) (=DSM 21543(T)=ATCC BAA-1677(T)).

Published
2009
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16. Characterization of 18 new microsatellite loci in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.).

Author

Skirnisdottir S, Pampoulie C, Hauksdottir S, Schulte I, Olafsson K, Hreggvidsson GO, and Hjorleifsdottir S

Abstract

Eighteen new microsatellite loci consisting of 10 di-, 5 tri-, 2 tetra- and 1 heptanucleotide repeats are introduced for the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). All loci were co-amplified in two polymerase chain reactions (plus two previously published microsatellites) and all products were typed clearly. The number of alleles per locus ranged from six (PGmo130) to 45 (PGmo76) and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.356 (PGmo130) to 0.957 (PGmo95). All loci except one followed Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Genetic linkage disequilibrium analysis between all pairs of loci did not yield any significant values., (© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Published
2008
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